Physiological and sanitary quality of lima bean seeds treated with essential oils

Soares, Maria Geisa da Silva; Silva, Hilderlande Florêncio da; Silva, Edcarlos Camilo da; Melo, Raví Emanoel de; Nascimento, Luciana Cordeiro do

doi:10.1590/1983-40632025v5580602

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Special Supplement: Pulses • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 55 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632025v5580602 linkcopy

Physiological and sanitary quality of lima bean seeds treated with essential oils

Qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de feijão-fava tratadas com óleos essenciais

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Pathogens in lima bean seeds grown by family farmers in the Northeast region of Brazil cause great losses and can make planting areas unviable, making it essential to search for control alternatives that do not harm the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of lemongrass, citronella, fennel, eucalyptus and basil essential oils in controlling pathogens and the seed physiological quality of traditional lima bean varieties. Two hundred seeds of the Caramelo, Raio de Sol Amarela and Raio de Sol Vermelha varieties were used per treatment. The seed physiological quality was determined based on germination, emergence and vigor tests. The following fungal genera were identified: Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. The essential oils showed antifungal effects on the pathogens, in addition to increasing the germination, emergence, shoot and root length and dry mass, as well as the emergence speed index, without interfering with seed vigor.

KEYWORDS:
Phaseolus lunatus (L.); Aspergillus; Penicillium; Fusarium; seed health

Treatments	CCA	CSA	CSV	CCA	CSA	CSV
Treatments	^{_______________________}Aspergillus sp. (%) ^{_______________________}			^{_____________________}Fusarium sp. (%) ^{_____________________}
Control	52.0 aA*	19.0 aB	19.0 abB	2.0 aB	9.0 aA	0.0 aB
Citronella	5.0 cdB	14.0 abA	7.0 deB	0.0 aB	9.0 aA	0.0 aB
Lemongrass	0.0 dB	2.0 dB	8.0 cdeA	0.0 aA	1.0 bcA	0.0 aA
Eucalyptus	9.0 bcB	20.0 aA	11.0 bcdB	0.0 aB	12.0 aA	0.0 aB
Fennel	11.0 bcAB	6.0 cdB	15.0 abcA	3.0 aA	4.0 bA	0.0 aB
Basil	13.0 bB	10.0 bcB	23.0 aA	1.0 aA	2.0 bcA	0.0 aA
Captana	5.0 cdA	9.0 bcdA	4.0 eA	0.0 aA	0.0 cA	0.0 aA
CV (%)	14.41			9.73

Treatments	CCA	CSA	CSV	Mean	CCA	CSA	CSV	Mean
Treatments	^{__________________________} G (%) ^{__________________________}			Mean	^{___________________} FGC (%) ^{___________________}			Mean
Control	100 aA*	100 aA	100 aA	100	100 aA	100 aA	100 aA	100
Citronella	100 aA	99 aA	96 bB	98.33	100 aA	99 aA	96 bB	98.33
Lemongrass	100 aA	100 aA	98 abB	99.33	100 aA	100 aA	98 abB	99.33
Eucalyptus	100 aA	100 aA	100 aA	100	100 aA	100 aA	100 aA	100
Fennel	100 aA	100 aA	100 aA	100	100 aA	100 aA	100 aA	100
Basil	100 aA	100 aA	100 aA	100	100 aA	100 aA	100 aA	100
Captana	100 aA	99 aA	100 aA	99.67	100 aA	99 aA	100 aA	99.67
Mean	100	99.71	99.14		100	99.71	99.14
CV (%)	1.07				1.07
Treatments	^{__________________________} GSI ^{__________________________}			Mean	^{____________________} DS (%) ^{____________________}			Mean
Control	14.62 bB	14.25 aB	19.75 aA	16.21	0.0 aA	0.0 aA	0.0 bA	0.0
Citronella	13.13 bB	14.23 aAB	16.87 abA	14.74	0.0 aB	1.0 aB	4.0 aA	1.67
Lemongrass	15.71 abA	15.46 aA	14.35 bA	15.17	0.0 aB	0.0 aB	2.0 abA	0.67
Eucalyptus	14.21 bB	14.54 aB	19.33 aA	16.03	0.0 aA	0.0 aA	0.0 bA	0.0
Fennel	13.67 bB	14.52 aB	19.42 aA	15.87	0.0 aA	0.0 aA	0.0 bA	0.0
Basil	18.25 aA	14.86 aB	19.93 aA	17.68	0.0 aA	0.0 aA	0.0 bA	0.0
Captana	12.54 bB	14.81 aB	19.37 aA	15.58	0.0 aA	1.0 aA	0.0 bA	0.33
Mean	14.59	14.67	18.43		0.0	0.29	0.86
CV (%)	10.46				27.46

Treatments	CCA	CSA	CSV	Mean	CCA	CSA	CSV	Mean
Treatments	^{____________________} RL (cm) ^{____________________}			Mean	^{____________________} SL (cm) ^{____________________}			Mean
Control	13.96	21.55	12.57	16.03 a*	6.33	14.97	15.00	12.10 a
Citronella	13.62	19.26	12.80	15.23 a	5.76	13.15	14.95	11.28 ab
Lemongrass	15.39	19.68	10.28	15.12 a	5.97	17.33	12.87	12.05 a
Eucalyptus	14.24	21.40	11.39	15.68 a	5.62	12.79	11.13	9.85 ab
Fennel	14.85	22.60	10.88	16.11 a	5.61	12.24	10.78	9.54 b
Basil	14.08	19.16	11.20	14.81 a	3.62	14.25	12.11	9.99 ab
Captana	14.29	19.06	11.94	15.10 a	6.09	13.88	14.56	11.51 ab
Mean	14.35 B	20.39 A	11.58 C		5.57 B	14.09 A	13.06 A
CV (%)	13.37				17.83
Treatments	^{____________________} RDM (g) ^{____________________}			Mean	^{____________________} SDM (g) ^{____________________}			Mean
Control	0.824	0.783	2.342	1.317 ab	2.385	2.518	1.146	2.016 a
Citronella	0.838	0.685	2.689	1.404 a	1.578	2.578	2.108	2.088 a
Lemongrass	0.855	0.405	1.516	0.925 b	2.131	2.592	1.172	1.965 a
Eucalyptus	0.827	0.831	2.650	1.436 a	2.157	2.706	1.324	2.062 a
Fennel	0.842	0.610	1.986	1.146 ab	2.158	2.741	0.882	1.927 a
Basil	0.713	0.632	2.548	1.298 ab	2.219	2.599	1.513	2.110 a
Captana	0.825	0.787	2.129	1.247 ab	2.256	2.315	1.043	1.871 a
Mean	0.818 B	0.676 B	2.266 A		2.126 B	2.579 A	1.313 C
CV (%)	27.87				25.09

Treatments	CCA	CSA	CSV	Mean	CCA	CSA	CSV	Mean
Treatments	^{__________________} EM (%) ^{__________________}			Mean	^{____________________} FEC (%) ^{____________________}			Mean
Control	65	90	100	85.00 ab*	64	95	100	86.33 a
Citronella	64	100	96	86.67 ab	60	83	96	79.67 a
Lemongrass	53	92	98	81.00 b	47	86	98	77.00 a
Eucalyptus	72	98	100	90.00 ab	59	91	100	83.33 a
Fennel	86	100	100	95.33 a	76	89	100	88.33 a
Basil	59	100	100	86.33 ab	79	91	100	90.00 a
Captana	54	91	100	81.67 b	60	92	100	84.00 a
Mean	64.71 B	95.86 A	99.14 A		63.57 C	89.57 B	99.14 A
CV (%)		12.43				14.03
Treatments	^{______________________} ESI ^{______________________}			Mean	^{____________________} RL (cm) ^{____________________}			Mean
Control	9.91	12.13	19.75	13.93 ab	14.22	21.55	12.57	16.11 a
Citronella	8.20	11.62	16.87	12.23 bc	15.15	19.26	12.80	15.74 a
Lemongrass	7.01	10.76	14.35	10.71 c	20.68	19.68	10.28	16.88 a
Eucalyptus	10.24	11.91	19.33	13.83 ab	14.66	21.35	11.40	15.80 a
Fennel	13.00	12.68	19.42	15.03 a	13.01	22.60	10.88	15.50 a
Basil	9.98	12.97	19.79	14.25 ab	13.61	19.16	11.20	14.65 a
Captana	8.45	14.06	19.37	13.96 ab	11.85	19.06	11.94	14.28 a
Mean	9.54 C	12.30 B	18.41 A		14.74 B	20.38 A	11.58 C
CV (%)		16.04				21.92

Treatments	CCA	CSA	CSV	Mean	CCA	CSA	CSV	Mean	CCA	CSA	CSV	Mean
Treatments	^{_________________} SL (cm) ^{_________________}			Mean	^__________ RDM (g) ^__________			Mean	^__________ SDM (g) ^__________			Mean
Control	8.46 aB*	14.94 abA	15.00 aA	12.80	0.891	0.783	0.030	0.568 a	2.118	2.518	0.343	1.660 a
Citronella	12.61 aA	13.15 abA	14.95 aA	13.57	0.822	0.685	0.050	0.519 a	2.044	2.578	0.416	1.679 a
Lemongrass	11.56 aB	17.33 aA	12.87 aB	13.92	0.910	0.405	0.097	0.471 a	2.555	2.592	0.503	1.883 a
Eucalyptus	10.48 aA	12.79 abA	11.13 aA	11.47	0.786	0.831	0.036	0.551 a	1.756	2.706	0.317	1.593 a
Fennel	11.43 aA	12.24 bA	10.78 aA	11.48	0.967	0.610	0.041	0.539 a	1.955	2.741	0.232	1.643 a
Basil	11.75 aA	14.25 abA	12.11 aA	12.70	0.713	0.632	0.067	0.471 a	2.219	2.599	0.212	1.677 a
Captana	10.69 aA	13.88 abA	14.56 aA	13.04	0.699	0.787	0.047	0.511 a	2.069	2.315	0.252	1.545 a
Mean	10.99	14.08	13.06		0.827 A	0.676 A	0.053 B		2.102 B	2.579 A	0.325 C
CV (%)		18.30				54.15				21.44

Essential oils	Retention index compounds	^{______________________} Contribution to the composition ^{______________________}
Essential oils	Retention index compounds	Calculated	Literature	± Standard deviation	Contribution to composition as % of oil
Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus)	Limonene	10.48	10.38	2.14	10.2
	Linalool	11.42	11.12	1.10	29.6
	Citronella	10.37	11.52	32.21	114.8
	Citronellol	12.34	12.36	9.59	2.1
	Citronellyl acetate	15.38	15.22	1.11	15.7
	Geranyl acetate	1,444	1,438	1.82	5.6
	Caryophyllene	1,538	1,522	1.11	15.7
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)	2,6-Octadienal	12.52	12.43	35.82	8.6
	Trans-Geraniol	12.63	12.68	0.96	5.0
	Citral	12.81	-	56.89	-
	Geranyl acetate	13.88	13.83	2.64	4.7
	Naphthalene	1,538	1,524	1.04	13.9
	Caryophyllene oxide	16.14	16.17	1.62	3.3
	1-Naphthalenol	16.49	16.88	1.03	39.1
Fennel (Pimpinella anisum L.)	α-pinene	9.42	9.41	5.41	0.7
	β-pinene	9.90	98.64	0.56	3.4
	Benzene	10.42	1,033	0.46	9.4
	Limonene	10.48	10.39	4.10	9.2
	Eucalyptol	10.54	10.45	0.49	8.6
	Fechone	11.34	10.96	14.16	37.3
	Estragole	12.09	12.01	1.56	7.5
	Benzene; 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)	13.01	12.67	73.25	33.6
Eucalyptus (Eucalypts sp.)	α-pinene	9.42	9.41	2.13	1.3
	β-pinene	9.90	9.86	0.43	3.8
	β-Myrcene	10.29	9.99	0.40	29.8
	Benzene	10.43	10.33	5.49	9.8
	Limonene	10.49	1,039	6.67	10.0
	Eucalyptol	10.54	10.45	84.89	9.0
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)	Linalool	11.41	11.12	19.72	29.2
	Estragole	12.09	12.03	77.34	5.9
	Caryophylene	14.44	14.42	0.46	2.0
	Trans-α-Bergamotene	14.52	14.41	0.87	10.5

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[TFN1] ^*
Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column and uppercase letter in the row are statistically equal according to the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). CCA: Caramelo; CSA: Raio de Sol Amarela; CSV: Raio de Sol Vermelha. Control: sterilized distilled water; Captana fungicide: 240 g 100 kg^-1 of seeds. Data previously transformed into √x + 1.