Type specimens of lice ( Insecta : Phthiraptera ) held in the

The type specimens of 142 nominal species of chewing and sucking lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera and Anoplura) held in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP) are listed. The list includes species in the families: Menoponidae and Gyropidae (Suborder Amblycera); Philopteridae (including species initially described in Heptapsogastridae) and Trichodectidae (Suborder Ischnocera); and Hoplopleuridae (Suborder Anoplura). The following type categories are represented in the collection: holotype, allotype, paratype, syntype, neotype, neoallotype, neoparatype and paralectotype. Information is taken from card data, and includes changes in nomenclatural status for each species since their original description. Two additional lists, one with updated scientific names for the lice (Appendix 1) and another with those for the host taxa (Appendix 2), are included.


InTrodUcTIon
Insect of the order Phthiraptera, commonly known as chewing and sucking lice, are permanent and obligatory ectoparasites of birds and mammals (Johnson & Clayton, 2003).This order currently includes four suborders: Amblycera, Ischnocera, Rhynchophthirina, and Anoplura.The suborder Anoplura (sucking lice) includes those species that are ectoparasites of eutherian mammals exclusively (Durden & Musser, 1994).
The card index of the Phthiraptera collection held in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP) comprises about 1,719 entries relating to specimens from many hosts around the world (e.g.Africa, Europe, Asia, Oceania and the Americas), which are either slide-mounted (72% of them) or preserved in alcohol (28%).This collection originated in the mid-1940's through the efforts of Lindolpho Rocha Guimarães (1908Guimarães ( -1998)), a prominent Brazilian ectoparasitologist.His publications on chewing lice (Amblycera and Ischnocera) include the description of 84 new species, with 73 of them still recognized as valid (Price et al., 2003), and on sucking lice (Anoplura) the only species described by him is valid (Durden & Musser, 1994).
In accordance with Recommendation 72F.4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999: 79), a list of the types of Phthiraptera held in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP) is presented hereby.During the last 15 years, similar lists of Phthiraptera type specimens have been published for specimens housed: in the Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Portugal (Mendes, 1993); in the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil (Cardozo-de-Almeida et al., 1999, 2003); in the United States National Museum of Natural History, U.S.A. (Durden & Adams, 2005); and in the Museo de La Plata, Argentina (Abrahamovich et al., 2006).
The most recently published list of type specimens held in the MZUSP for an insect group was prepared by Scott-Santos et al. (2008) for the "poneromorph" ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae); the format of which is largely followed in this publication.

MATerIAl And MeThodS
All type categories of Phthiraptera held in MZUSP are listed following the proposal made by Lavett Smith & Buerkli (1969).The information given for each species and specimen was taken from cards and confirmed and/or corrected with the original, published, descriptions.
The following data, when available, are provided for each type specimen: original species name, author, year of publication, page number in which the species name first appeared; and the category of the type specimen.In addition, the number of specimens in the type series, their respective sexes, the MZUSP (#) numbers, box ('b'), number of the box, and place inside the box (for slide-mounted specimens); or alcohol vial ('a'), large vial number, small vial number inside the large one (for specimens preserved in alcohol), a note (which includes information from register books), the host's scientific name, the number of bird skins in the MZUSP Ornithological Collection, from which the material was taken off (when applicable), the systematic order and family of the host, its locality, collection date, and collector, are also given.In cases where it was not possible to count the number of specimens in alcohol, they are cited as "few specimens", according to the cards.Where necessary, changes to the taxonomic status of the species listed were indicated.
The nomenclature and classification used in this paper follow those presented in the world checklists by Price et al. (2003) for chewing lice (suborders Amblycera and Ischnocera), and by Durden & Musser (1994) for sucking lice (suborder Anoplura).Host names and their classification were updated following Dickinson (2003) for birds (Aves) and Wilson & Reeder (2005) for mammals (Mammalia).Host names are given throughout the text as in the original publications, with current names following within parentheses.

reSUlTS
The present list includes types of 142 nominal species, of which 126 (89%) are still valid, while 16 (11%) are considered junior synonyms by previous authors and accepted by Price et al. (2003) or for Anoplura by Durden & Mussser (1994).Those 142 nominal species are represented: nine by holotype only; 30 by holotype, allotype and paratypes; seven by holotype and paratypes; two by holotype and allotype; one by allotype and paratype; 77 by paratypes only; five by syntypes; one by paralectotype; one by neotype, neoallotype and neoparatypes; and three by neoparatypes only.Five nominal species represented in MZUSP collection, four only by allotypes and one by paratype, should not be considered as types.One specimen regarded as type, designed as 'autohyle' (for Allobrueelia amsel), also was not considered as having type value.

Genus Psittacobrosus carriker, 1954: 150 Psittacobrosus
Price & Beer (1968)regarded the above specimen as a female, and they did not mention any further locality data other than "Brazil".Moreover, the specimen listed above was not regarded as paratype in original description of the species, and then it has no type value.

Genus Buceroemersonia elbel, 1977b: 798
Included in Brueelia byHopkins & Clay  (1952: 434).The term "Autohyle" is not approved by the ICZN, the slide at MZUSP has a white label written in green, as all slides donated by W. Eichler.It is prudent to not consider this specimen as type at all.