Phylogeny and classification of the Bucconidae (Aves, Galbuliformes) based on osteological characters

Posso, Sérgio Roberto; Donatelli, Reginaldo José; Piacentini, Vitor Q.; Guzzi, Anderson

doi:10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.27

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ARTICLE • Pap. Avulsos Zool. 60 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.27 linkcopy

Phylogeny and classification of the Bucconidae (Aves, Galbuliformes) based on osteological characters

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The puffbirds (Bucconidae) are relatively poorly studied birds whose intrafamilial relationships have not yet been explored within a phylogenetic framework in a published study. Here, we performed a parsimony analysis of osteological data obtained following the examination of all the genera and 32 out of the 36 species recognized in Bucconidae currently. The analysis yielded eight equally parsimonious trees (426 minimum steps). Ambiguous relationships were observed only in Notharcus ordii, Malacoptila fusca, and Nonnula rubecula. Notably, Bucco was polyphyletic, leading to the resurrection of Cyphos and Tamatia. In addition, the osteological data provided a well-resolved phylogeny (topological dichotomies) and the support indices indicated that most of the nodes were robust at all hierarchical levels. We thus propose the first revised classification of the Bucconidae.

Key-Words.
Puffbirds; Morphology; Systematics

Species	Museum and number of collection
Bucconidae
Bucco capensis Linnaeus, 1766	LSU 111183, 118362, 118363; MZUSP 87231, USNM 621739, FMNH 330305, 318888.
Chelidoptera tenebrosa (Pallas, 1782)	LSU 111187, 101291, 101290; MPEG 1029, 1030.
Cyphos macrodactylus (Spix, 1824)	LSU 93946, 74869, 62751, 65001; FMNH 321004, 321000, 315414, 321005.
Hapaloptila castanea (Verreaux, 1866)	LSU 1815, 92014.
Hypnelus ruficollis (Wagler, 1829)	FMNH 339641, 372629.
Malacoptila fulvogularis Sclater, 1854	LSU 107094, 95365; FMNH 291778, 291779, 321035, 321036.
M. fusca (Gmelin, 1788)	LSU 111184, 111185, 107093, 107092, 165799.
M. mystacalis (Lafresnaye, 1850)	FMNH 376707.
M. panamensis Lafresnaye, 1847	LSU 108757, 108758, 108759.
M. rufa (Spix, 1824)	MZUSP 88209; LSU 118364, 118367, 118365, 118366, 553364, 562213; MPEG 2707, 2708.
M. semicincta Todd, 1925	LSU 52694, 70217, 131478; MZUSP 89415.
M. striata (Spix, 1824)	MZUSP 89408, 89409, 89410, 89411, 89412, 89413, 89414.
Micromonacha lanceolata (Deville, 1849)	LSU 118368, 171211.
Monasa atra (Boddaert, 1783)	MZUSP 87231; LSU 68991; FMNH 317350, 317351, 317352.
M. flavirostris Strickland, 1850	LSU 111186, 121041.
M. morphoeus (Hahn & Küster, 1823)	MZUSP 88279; LSU 48581, 62749, 62750, 93947, 101289, 153957; FMNH 290502.
M. nigrifrons (Spix, 1824)	LSU 73066, 118568, 70218, 13215, 48775, 52695, 125757, 136722; MZUSP 88139, MPEG 94.
Nonnula brunnea Sclater, 1881	LSU 48776.
N. frontalis (Sclater, 1854)	LSU 108760, 108761, 108762, 108763.
N. ruficapilla (Tschudi, 1844)	LSU 99592; FMNH 290247.
N. rubecula (Spix, 1824)	LSU 118369; MZUSP 87232.
N. sclateri Hellmayr, 1907	LSU 50771.
Notharcus hyperhynchus (Sclater, 1856)	FMNH 330301; USNM 500432; LSU 108748.
N. macrorhynchus (Gmelin, 1788)	LSU 93945; USNM 623128.
N. ordii (Cassin, 1851)	FMNH 318882.
N. swainsoni (Gray, 1846)	MZUSP 89416.
N. tectus (Boddaert, 1783)	LSU 136721, 165798; USNM 610217.
Nystalus chacuru (Vieillot, 1816)	LSU 125759, 151641; MZUSP 89417, 89418, 89419, 89420; MPEG 19, 252.
N. maculatus (Gmelin, 1788)	FMNH 334413; LSU 153898, 125758.
N. radiatus (Sclater, 1854)	LSU 108756.
N. striolatus (Pelzeln, 1856) or N. obamaiWhitney et al., 2013	LSU 131477; FMNH 291777.
Tamatia tamatia (Gmelin, 1788)	USNM 622256; LSU 151640; FMNH 05547.
Galbulidae
Brachygalba lugubris (Swainson, 1838)	LSU 136720; USNM 345911, 345912, 559511, 622889, 637212, 428703; FMNH 317347, 330287.
B. salmoni (Spix, 1824)	LSU 108755; USNM 430945, 432631.
Caucalias leucogastra (Vieillot, 1817)	LSU 93944; USNM 345910; FMNH 330295.
Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis Des Murs, 1845	LSU 118567, 118353.
G. purusianus Goeldi, 1904	LSU 48773.
Galbina ruficauda (Cuvier, 1816)	LSU 31900, 101288; USNM 555700, 612055, 612056, 612057, 15989, 322980, 289820, 344108, 344109, 345907, 345909, 612066, 345908; FMNH 313424, 313425, 330293, 334410, 335024, 337030.
Galbula albirostris Latham, 1790	LSU 50918, 111180, 118355, 118356; USNM 621409, 621976; FMNH 317348, 317349, 318877, 318878, 343795.
G. cianicolis Cassi, 1851	USNM 492312, 492329; FMNH 330290.
G. cyanescens Deville, 1849	LSU 107091, 48774; FMNH 289330, 289331, 289332, 320995, 320996, 320997, 320998, 320999, 433242.
G. galbula Linnaeus, 1766	USNM 500436.
Jacamerops aureus (Muller, 1776)	LSU 87600, 118361; USNM 429779, 430890, 492873, 637205, 430943; FMNH 397899.
Urogalba dea (Linnaeus, 1758)	LSU 131476, 165796; USNM 492280, FMNH 330299, 376705, 376706.


Subfamily Chelidopterinae, new subfamily
	Genus Chelidoptera Gould, 1837
		C. tenebrosa (Pallas, 1782)
Subfamily Bucconinae Horsfield, 1821
Tribe Monasini, new tribe
	Genus Monasa Vieillot, 1816
		Superspecies M. atra (Boddaert, 1783); M. morphoeus (Hahn & Küster, 1823)
		M. nigrifrons (Spix, 1824)
		M. flavirostris Strickland, 1850
Tribe Nonnulini, new tribe
	Genus Nonnula Sclater, 1854
		Superspecies N. ruficapilla (Tschudi, 1844); N. frontalis (Sclater, 1854); N. amaurocephala Chapman, 1921
		Superspecies N. sclateri Hellmayr, 1907; N. brunnea Sclater, 1881
		N. rubecula (Spix, 1824) incertae sedis
Tribe Malacoptilini Ridgway, 1914
	Genus Malacoptila Gray, 1841
		M. fulvogularis Sclater, 1854
		M. fusca (Gmelin, 1788)
		M. semicincta Todd, 1925
		M. striata (Spix, 1824)
		M. rufa (Spix, 1824)
		M. mystacalis (Lafresnaye, 1850)
		M. panamensis Lafresnaye, 1847
Tribe Bucconini Horsfield, 1821
Subtribe Hapaloptilina, new subtribe
	Genus Hapaloptila Sclater, 1881
		H. castanea (Verreaux, 1866)
Subtribe Micromonachina, new subtribe
	Genus Micromonacha Sclater, 1881
		M. lanceolata (Deville, 1849)
Subtribe Bucconina Horsfield, 1821
	Genus Notharchus Cabanis & Heine, 1863
		Notharchus tectus (Boddaert, 1783)
		Superspecies N. hyperrhynchus (Sclater, 1856); N. swainsoni (Gray, 1846); N. macrorhynchus (Gmelin, 1788); N. pectoralis (Gray, 1846)
		N. ordii (Cassin, 1851) incertae sedis
	Supergenus Bucco
	Genus Cyphos Spix, 1824
		C. macrodactylus Spix, 1824
	Genus Tamatia Cuvier, 1817
		T. tamatia (Gmelin, 1788); T. noanamae (Hellmayr, 1909)
	Genus Bucco Brisson, 1760
		B. capensis Linnaeus, 1766
	Genus Hypnelus Cabanis & Heine, 1863
		H. ruficollis (Wagler, 1829)
	Genus Nystalus Cabanis & Heine, 1863
		N. maculatus (Gmelin, 1788)
		Superspecies N. obamaiWhitney et al., 2013; N. striolatus (Pelzeln, 1856)
		N. radiatus (Sclater, 1854)
		N. chacuru (Vieillot, 1816)

Taxa	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33	34	35	36	37	38	39	40	41	42	43	44	45
Galbulidae	0	0/1	0	0	0	0/1	0	0	0	-	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0/1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M. morphoeus	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	2	1	1	-	1	-	1	3	1	1	2	2	1	0	1	2	0	1	2	0	1	2
M. flavirostris	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	-	2	-	1	2	1	1	2	2	1	0	1	2	0	1	2	0	1	1
M. atra	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	2	1	1	-	1	-	1	2	1	1	2	2	1	0	1	2	0/1	1	2	0	1	2
M. nigrifrons	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	-	1	-	1	1	1	1	2	2	1	0	1	2	0/1	1	2	0	1	1
C. tenebrosa	2	1	2	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	2	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	3	1	1	-	2	-	1	0	0	2	2	1	0	0	1	2	0	1	3	0	1	2
N. frontalis	2	1/2	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0/1	0	1	1	1	1	-	3	-	1	2	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1/2
N. ruficapilla	2	2	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	2	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	-	3	-	1	2	1	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	2
N. rubecula	2	2	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	2	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	-	3	-	1	2	1	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	3	1	1	0	1	2
N. sclateri	2	2	0	?	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	2	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	-	3	-	1	2	1	2	2	1	1	?	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1
N. brunnea	2	2	0	?	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	2	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	-	3	-	1	2	1	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1
M. rufa	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	-	1	-	1	1	1	3	2	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	2
M. panamensis	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	-	1	-	1	2	1	3	2	2	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	2
M. semicincta	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	2	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	-	1	-	1	1	1	3	2	2	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	2
M. fulvogularis	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	-	1	-	1	1	1	3	2	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	2
M. fusca	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	-	1	-	1	1	1	3	2	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	2
M. striata	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	?	1	1	1	1	?	?	1	1	1	?	1	1	1	1	-	?	-	1	?	1	?	2	?	?	?	1	?	0	1	?	0	1	2
M. mystacalis	?	?	?	?	?	0	1	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
H. castanea	2	0	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0/1	1	1	1	1	-	1	-	1	3	1	3	2	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	2	0	1	2
N. radiatus	2	1	1	0	1	2	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	2	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	2	2	1	0	2	4	0	2	0	1	2	0	2	0	1	1	0	1	1	2	2	1	2
N. chacuru	2	1	1	0	1	2	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	2	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	2	1	1	0	2	4	0/1	2	0	1	2	0	2	0	1	1	0	2	1	2	2	1	2
N. maculatus	2	0/1	1	0	1	2	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	2	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	2	1	1	0	1	4	1	2	0	1	2	0	2	0	1	1	0	1	1	2	2	1	1/2
N. striolatus	2	1	1	0	1	2	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	2	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	2	1	1	0	2	4	0	2	0	1	2	0	2	0	1	1	0	1	1	2	2	1	2
M. lanceolata	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	2	0	1	0	2	4	0	2	0	1	2	2	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	3	0	1	1
N. hyperrhynchus	2	0	0	0	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	0	2	2	1	0	1	4	1	2	0	1	2	0	3	0	1	1	0	1	1	3	0	2	0
N. macrorhynchos	2	0	1	0	2	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	2	1	2	1	0	1	1	1	0	2	2	1	0	1	4	1	2	0	1	2	0	3	0	1	1	0	1	1	3	0	2	0
N. swainsoni	2	0	1	0	2	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	2	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	2	2	1	0	1	4	1	2	0	1	2	2	3	0	1	1	0	1	1	3	0	2	1
N. tectus	2	1	1	0	2	2	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	2	2	1	0	2	4	1	2	0	1	2	2	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	3	0	1	2
N. ordii	?	?	?	?	?	2	1	0	1	1	0	2	1	?	-	?	?	?	1	1	1	0	?	2	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	-	1	?	0	?	-
B. macrodactylus	2	1	1	1	2	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	2	1	1	0	2	4	1	2	0	1	2	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	2	1	1	2
B. tamatia	2	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	2	1	1	0	2	4	1	2	0	1	2	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	2	1	1	2
B. capensis	2	1	1	0	1	2	1	0	1	0/1	0	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	2	2	1	1	-	4	0	2	1	1	2	0	3	0	1	1	0	0	1	2	1	1	2
H. ruficollis	?	1	?	?	?	1	1	0	1	1	0	?	1	1	1	?	1	?	1	1	1	0	?	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	?	?	?	?	1	?	1	1	?	?	?	2
Taxa	46	47	48	49	50	51	52	53	54	55	56	57	58	59	60	61	62	63	64	65	66	67	68	69	70	71	72	73	74	75	76	77	78	79	80	81	82	83	84	85	86	87	88	89	90
Galbulidae	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0/1	0	0	0	0/1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0/1	0	0
M. morphoeus	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	2	1	1
M. flavirostris	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	2	0	1	2	1	1	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1
M. atra	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	2	0	1	2	1	1	4	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1
M. nigrifrons	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	3	0	1	2	1	1	4	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	2	1	1
C. tenebrosa	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	4	2	1	2	1	1	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	2	1	0
N. frontalis	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	0	1	2	1	1	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	0	2	1	1/2	1	1	1	1	1/2	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	2	1	1
N. ruficapilla	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	0	1	2	1	1	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	0	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1/2	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	2	1	1
N. rubecula	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	0	1	2	1	1	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	0	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	2	1	1
N. sclateri	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	0	1	2	1	1	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	0	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	2	1	1
N. brunnea	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	0	1	2	1	1	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	0	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	2	1	1
M. rufa	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	3	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	0
M. panamensis	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	3	2	1	1	2	1	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	0
M. semicincta	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	3	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1
M. fulvogularis	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	3	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1
M. fusca	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	3	0	1	1	2	1	1	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1
M. striata	1	?	1	1	1	?	1	?	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	1	?	1	?	0	1	2	1	1	?	1	1	?	1	2	1	1	?	1	2	1	1	1	?	1	?	?	1	1	1
M. mystacalis	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	1	0
H. castanea	1	2	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	2	2	0/1	1	2	2	1	2	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	0
N. radiatus	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	2	1	4	1	0	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	3	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	3	2	1	1	0	1	0
N. chacuru	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	2	2	4	3	0	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	3	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	3	2	1	1	0	1	0
N. maculatus	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	2	2	4	1/3	0	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	3	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	3	2	1	1	0	1	1
N. striolatus	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	2	2	4	3	0	1	2	1	3	1	1	1	1	1	2	3	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	3	2	1	1	0	1	1
M. lanceolata	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	2	0	0	?	2	1	1	?	1	2	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	1	1	1	3	2	1	1	1	1	0
N. hyperrhynchus	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	2	4	0	0	1	2	1	3	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	3	2	1	1	1	1	0
N. macrorhynchos	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	2	4	0	0	1	2	1	3	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	3	2	1	1	1	1	0
N. swainsoni	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	2	4	0	0	1	2	1	3	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	3	2	1	1	1	1	0
N. tectus	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	2	4	0	0	2	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	3	2	1	1	1	1	0
N. ordii	1	?	1	?	1	0	1	?	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	2	1	3	?	1	?	1	1	?	?	1	?	1	-	1	?	?	1	-	1	?	1	?	?	?	?	1	1	0
B. macrodactylus	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	2	2	0	0	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	?	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	2	2	1	1	1	1	1
B. tamatia	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	2	2	0	0	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	1	1	1	1/2	1	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	3	2	1	1	1	1	1
B. capensis	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	0	2	2	2	3	0	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	3	2	1	1	1	2	1	2	2	1	2	1	2	1	3	2	1	1	0	1	1
H. ruficollis	1	?	1	?	1	?	1	1	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	2	?	1	?	?	1	2	2	1	1	1	2	1	?	?	?	2	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	1	1	1
Taxa	91	92	93	94	95	96	97	98	99	100	101	102	103	104	105	106	107	108	109	110	111	112	113	114	115	116	117	118	119	120	121	122	123	124	125	126	127	128	129	130	131	132	133	134	135
Galbulidae	0/1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0/1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
M. morphoeus	-	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	3	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	2	0	1	2	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	2	0
M. flavirostris	-	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	2	0	1	2	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0
M. atra	-	2	1	1	1	1	0	?	?	1	1	0	3	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	2	0	1	2	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	2	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	2	0
M. nigrifrons	-	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	2	0	1	2	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0
C. tenebrosa	1	2	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	2	0	1	2	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	2	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	2	0
N. frontalis	-	0	1	1	1	2	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	2	0	1	2	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1
N. ruficapilla	-	0	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1
N. rubecula	-	1	1	1	1	2	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	2	1	1	0	0	2	1	1	2	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1
N. sclateri	-	2	1	1	1	2	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	2	0	1	1	1	1	0	?	2	0	1	2	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1
N. brunnea	-	0	1	1	1	2	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	2	0	1	1	1	1	0	?	2	0	1	2	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1
M. rufa	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	2	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1
M. panamensis	2	2	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	2	0	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
M. semicincta	-	1	1	1	1	2	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
M. fulvogularis	-	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	2	0	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
M. fusca	-	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	2	1	0	0	1	2	0	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
M. striata	-	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
M. mystacalis	-	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	2	0	1	1	1	2	1	2	1	?	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	?	?	?	1	1
H. castanea	2	0	2	1	2	3	0	1	1	0/1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	2	1	0	1	0	2	0	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	0	0	?	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	0
N. radiatus	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	2	1	0	0	1	1	2	1	3	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	2	1
N. chacuru	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	0	0	1	1	2	1	3	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	1
N. maculatus	-	0	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	4	1	0	0	1	1	2	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1/3	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1
N. striolatus	-	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1
M. lanceolata	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	4	1	0	2	?	0	2	1	0	0	0	2	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	2	1	1	1	?	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
N. hyperrhynchus	2	0	2	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	2	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	3	1
N. macrorhynchos	2	0	2	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	2	1
N. swainsoni	2	0	2	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	?	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	2	1
N. tectus	-	0	2	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	2	1	2	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	2	1
N. ordii	2	0	2	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	2	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	?	1	1	1	1	2	1	?	?	?	1	1	1	1	1	1	?	?	1
B. macrodactylus	-	1	2	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	2	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1
B. tamatia	-	0	2	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
B. capensis	-	0	2	1	1	2	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	2	0	0	2	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	2	1	2	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	1
H. ruficollis	-	0	2	0	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	2	0	1	2	1	0	0	0	2	0	1	2	1	1	1	0	?	1	?	?	?	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1

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Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo Av. Nazaré, 481, Ipiranga, 04263-000 São Paulo SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 2065-8133 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: einicker@usp.br

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