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ARTICLE • Pap. Avulsos Zool. 62 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.029   copy

Checklist of the birds of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil: diversity and conservation

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Several phytogeographic regions (Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, Gran Chaco, and Chiquitano Dry Forests) converge in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and influence regional biodiversity. Despite a list of birds in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul being published by Nunes et al. (2017Nunes, A.P.; Straube, F.C.; Laps, R.R. & Posso, S.R. 2017. Checklist das aves do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 107(Suppl.): e2017154. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017154.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e201715... ), it is necessary to update and critically review avifauna records. In this study, we gathered the results of several records obtained from species lists and online data platforms of the 336 sites in this state over the last decades and grouped them into Main (Primary and Secondary) and Tertiary Lists. The avifauna of Mato Grosso do Sul is composed of 678 species, of which 643 (95%) have records proving their occurrence (Primary List), whereas 34 still lack documentation (Secondary List). The number of related species for Mato Grosso do Sul represents 34% of the Brazilian avifauna. Some species stand out for their unique occurrence in Mato Grosso do Sul, such as Melanerpes cactorum, Celeus lugubris, Phaethornis subochraceus, and Cantorchilus guarayanus, reflecting the influence of different phytogeographic regions of the Chaco and Chiquitano Dry Forests. Migrants represent 20% of the bird community occurring in the state, of which 93 species correspond to migrants from various regions of South America (south and west) and 40 to boreal migrants. Thirty-three species perform nomadic movements across the Pantanal Plain and other regions of the state. Thirty-one species are included in some conservation-threatened categories of global and/or national endangered species lists. Other 30 species are included in the near-threatened category at the global level and 23 at the national level. In addition, species typical of dry forests (in Serra da Bodoquena and Maciço do Urucum) and those from the Atlantic Forest in the south of the state deserve attention due to their restricted distribution and the high anthropogenic pressure on their habitat.

Keywords
Avifaunal inventory; Geographic distribution; Threatened species; Migration; Southwestern Brazil

INTRODUCTION

Scientific expeditions conducted in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, played a critical role in building the knowledge of regional biodiversity. The expeditions conducted by the naturalists Alfredo Borelli and Herbert H. Smith in the 1880s on the outskirts of Corumbá stand out (Allen, 1891Allen, J.A. 1891. On a collection of birds from Chapada, Mato Grosso, Brazil, made by Mr. Herbert H. Smith. Part I - Oscines. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 3: 337-380., 1892Allen, J.A. 1892. On a collection of birds from Chapada, Mato Grosso, Brazil, made by Mr. Herbert H. Smith. Part II - Tyrannidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 4: 331-350., 1893Allen, J.A. 1893. On a collection of birds from Chapada, Mato Grosso, Brazil, made by Mr. Herbert H. Smith. Part III - Pipridae to Rheidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 5: 107-158.; Salvadori, 1895Salvadori, T. 1895. Uccelli raccolti nel Paraguai, nel Mato Grosso, nel Tucumã e nella Provincia di Salta. Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparada della Reale Università di Torino, 10(208): 1-24., 1900Salvadori, T. 1900. Viaggio del Dr. A. Borelli nel Mato Grosso e nel Paraguai. V. Uccelli. Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparada della Reale Università di Torino , 15: 1-19.). Moreover, at the beginning of the 20th century, in 1909, the expeditions of Claude H.B. Grant to the Pantanal, at the service of the British Museum of Natural History, were significant. Additionally, the collections performed by the naturalists George K. Cherrie and Leo E. Miller, from 1913 to 1914, during the Roosevelt-Rondon expedition in the Corumbá region are noteworthy, with the majority of the specimens deposited in the American Museum of Natural History (Naumburg & Cherrie, 1930Naumburg, E.M.B. & Cherrie, G.K. 1930. The Birds of Mato Grosso, Brazil: a report on the birds secured by the Roosevelt-Rondon expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 60: 1-431.; Vasconcelos et al., 2016Vasconcelos, M.F.; Valério, F.A.; Pacheco, J.F. & Gomes, H.B. 2016. Contribuições da Expedição Científica Roosevelt-Rondon ao estudo das aves do Brasil. Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de Mato Grosso, 78: 147-180.). Equally important are the material collections conducted in the Pantanal region, such as in Corumbá (1904, 1917, 1944), Porto Esperança (1930), Aquidauana (1930 to 1931), Salobra (1939, 1941), and Miranda (1930), by the staff of the Paulista Museum, currently the Zoology Museum of the University of São Paulo (Pinto, 1932Pinto, O.M.O. 1932. Resultados ornithológicos de uma excursão pelo Oeste de São Paulo e Sul de Matto Grosso. Revista do Museu Paulista, 17(2): 689-826., 1938Pinto, O.M.O. 1938. Catálogo das aves do Brasil e lista dos exemplares que as representam no Museu Paulista. 1ª Parte: Aves não Passeriformes e Passeriformes não Oscines, excluída a família Tyrannidae e seguintes. Revista do Museu Paulista , 22: 1-566., 1940Pinto, O.M.O. 1940. Nova contribuição à ornitologia de Mato Grosso. Arquivo de Zoologia, 2(1): 1-37., 1944Pinto, O.M.O. 1944. Catálogo das aves do Brasil, 2a parte. Ordem Passeriformes (continuação): superfamília Tyrannoidea e Subordem Passeres. São Paulo, Secretaria de Agricultura de São Paulo. 700p.). These expeditions were conducted by the Paulista Museum together with the Osvaldo Cruz Institute, especially in Salobra and Miranda, between 1939 and 1941 (Travassos & Freitas, 1942Travassos, L. & Freitas, J.F.T. 1942. Relatório da sexta excursão do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, realizada à zona da Estrada de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil, em novembro de 1941. Memória do Instituto Osvaldo Cruz, 37(3): 259-286.).

Undoubtedly, the legacy of the expedition of the German naturalist Emil Kaempfer to Brazil in 1930 is one of the most important contributions to the state ornithology, especially for specimens collected in the Chaco and the southern region of Mato Grosso do Sul (Straube & Urben-Filho, 2010Straube, F.C. & Urben-Filho, A. 2010. Revisão histórica e toponímica do itinerário de Emil Kaempfer no Mato Grosso do Sul. Atualidades Ornitológicas , 158: 61-71.). The collected material is deposited in the American Museum of Natural History. Furthermore, in 1937, Emmet Blake visited Capão Bonito Farm, located in the municipality of Sidrolândia, and collected several specimens, which are deposited in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago (Straube, 2011Straube, F.C. 2011. A viagem de Emmet Blake ao Brasil (1937). Atualidades Ornitológicas , 164: 37-50.).

Most of the subsequent expeditions, notably between the 1940s and 1960s, were conducted by national institutions, covering the central and southern areas of the Pantanal Plain of Mato Grosso do Sul (Tubelis & Tomas, 2003aTubelis, D.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2003a. Bird species of the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Ararajuba, 11(1): 5-37., bTubelis, D.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2003b. The contributions of museum collection and of records not involving collections to the knowledge bird species composition of the Pantanal, Brazil. Ararajuba, 11(2): 207-214.). These include the expeditions of Aggio Neto and Álvaro C. Aguirre to Corumbá and Miranda, between 1940 and 1958, as well as the collections performed by Adolf Schneider in the Chaco of Porto Murtinho in 1941, both at the service of the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro (Pacheco & Bauer, 1994Pacheco, J.F. & Bauer, C.A. 1994. A coleção de aves preparadas por Adolf Schneider em Porto Quebracho, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, em 1941. Nótulas Faunísticas, 64: 1-6.; Tubelis & Tomas, 2003aTubelis, D.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2003a. Bird species of the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Ararajuba, 11(1): 5-37., bTubelis, D.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2003b. The contributions of museum collection and of records not involving collections to the knowledge bird species composition of the Pantanal, Brazil. Ararajuba, 11(2): 207-214.; Straube et al., 2006aStraube, F.C.; Urben-Filho, A.; Pivatto, M.A.C.; Nunes, A.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2006a. Nova contribuição à ornitologia do Chaco Brasileiro (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil). Atualidades Ornitológicas , 134: 1-27.). The collections performed during these expeditions resulted in relevant publications (Travassos & Freitas, 1942Travassos, L. & Freitas, J.F.T. 1942. Relatório da sexta excursão do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, realizada à zona da Estrada de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil, em novembro de 1941. Memória do Instituto Osvaldo Cruz, 37(3): 259-286.; Pinto, 1948Pinto, O.M.O. 1948. Notas e impressões naturalísticas de uma viagem fluvial a Cuiabá. Boletim Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 10: 331-354.; Travassos et al., 1957Travassos, L.; Travassos, H.; Rego-Barros, A.R.; Albuquerque, D.O.; Oliveira, S.J.; Castro, A.L. & Lopes, H.S. 1957. Excursão científica realizada nas zonas das Estradas de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil e Brasil-Bolívia em janeiro e fevereiro de 1955. Publicações Avulsas do Museu Nacional do Rio Janeiro, 20(1): 1-19.; Sick, 1961Sick, H. 1961. Die Spechte Trichopicus cactorum und Scapaneus leucopogon in Brasilien. Journal of Ornithology, 102(4): 401-403.). Other essential expeditions were conducted by Andreas Mayer to the south of the state, in 1950, at the service of the Capão da Imbuia Natural History Museum and by José Hidasi to the Pantanal and Serra de Maracaju, in 1981, at the service of the Museum of Ornithology Foundation of Goiânia, GO (Tubelis & Tomas, 2003aTubelis, D.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2003a. Bird species of the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Ararajuba, 11(1): 5-37., bTubelis, D.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2003b. The contributions of museum collection and of records not involving collections to the knowledge bird species composition of the Pantanal, Brazil. Ararajuba, 11(2): 207-214.; Nunes et al., 2013Nunes, A.P.; Godoi, M.N.; Pivatto, M.A.C.; Morante-Filho, J.C.; Patrial, E.W.; Silva, P.A.; Stavis, V.K.; Manço, D.D.G.; Costacurta, M.B.; Leuchtenberger, C. & Lehn, C.R. 2013. Aves da Serra de Maracaju, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia , 21(1): 75-100.).

The expeditions in which specimen collection was intended are also noteworthy, especially those by Marcos Bornschein and Fernando Costa Straube, from 1987 to 1991, at the service of the Capão da Imbuia Natural History Museum (Straube et al., 1996Straube, F.C.; Bornschein, M.R. & Scherer-Neto, P. 1996. Coletânea da avifauna da região noroeste do Estado do Paraná e áreas limítrofes. Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia, 39(1): 193-214.). José Maria Cardoso da Silva and his team collected specimens in the Bonito region, in 1994, at the service of the Paraense Museum Emílio Goeldi (Pivatto et al., 2006Pivatto, M.A.C.; Manço, D.D.G.; Straube, F.C.; Urben-Filho, A. & Milano, M. 2006. Aves do Planalto da Bodoquena, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (Brasil). Atualidades Ornitológicas , 129: 1-26.). Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos and Diego Hoffmann performed several collections in the city of Corumbá from 2005 to 2009 (Vasconcelos et al., 2008Vasconcelos, M.F.; Lopes, L.E.; Hoffmann, D.; Silveira, L.F. & Schunck, F. 2008. Noteworthy records of birds from the Pantanal, Chiquitano dry forest and Cerrado of south-western Brazil. Bulletin British Ornthologist’s Club, 128(1): 57-67.; Nunes et al., 2018Nunes, A.P.; Vasconcelos, M.F.; Hoffmann, D.; Souza, L.N.; Gomes, C.R.G.; Epifânio, A.D.; Godoi, M.N.; Tambelini, F.A.T.; Straube, F.C.; Silva, P.A.; Posso, S.R.; Laps, R.R.; Faria, S.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2018. Aves da borda oeste do Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Atualidades Ornitológicas , 206: 47-69.). More recently, several ecological studies have been conducted, and has contributed to a better understanding of the birds of the state.

In the first list of bird species from Mato Grosso do Sul, Nunes et al. (2017Nunes, A.P.; Straube, F.C.; Laps, R.R. & Posso, S.R. 2017. Checklist das aves do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 107(Suppl.): e2017154. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017154.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e201715... ) listed 630 species for the state. Despite its relevant contribution, this listing considers some questionable and invalid records, compromising the understanding of birds found in Mato Grosso do Sul. Thus, this study aims to present an updated list of the state avifauna obtained through field data collection, in addition to a comprehensive compilation and review of reliable historical and contemporary records.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Mato Grosso do Sul state: location, landscape, and environment

Mato Grosso do Sul occupies an area of almost 360,000 km² in the central-west region of Brazil (Fig. 1) and is cut in the northwest-southwest direction by the Serra de Maracaju, one of the main watersheds in the basins of the Paraguay and Paraná rivers. The Serra de Maracaju, originating from basaltic flows, comprises levels on the western edge of the Paraná River Basin and is complemented to the south by the Maracaju and Dourados plateaus (Boggiani et al., 1998Boggiani, P.C.; Coimbra, A.M.; Riccomini, C. & Gesicki, A.L.D. 1998. Recursos minerais não-metálicos do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Revista do Instituto de Geologia, 19(1/2): 31-41.). Around the Pantanal Plain, plateaus with altitudes ranging from 200 to 950 m stand out in the landscape. Bordering to the east is the Bodoquena Plateau, and on the western edge, in some border areas with Bolivia and Paraguay, notable hill complexes stand out for orographic systems, such as the Serra do Amolar, Maciço do Urucum, and Serra do Amonguijá (Ab’Saber, 1988Ab’Saber, A.N. 1988. O Pantanal mato-grossense e a teoria dos refúgios. Revista Brasileira de Geografia, 50(2): 9-57.; Okida & Anjos, 2000Okida, R. & Anjos, C.E. 2000. Geomorfologia. In: Silva, J.S.V. (Org.). Zoneamento ambiental da Borda Oeste do Pantanal: Maciço do Urucum e adjacências. Brasília, EMBRAPA Comunicação e Transferência de Tecnologia. p. 69-81.). Much of the state has a humid tropical climate with a dry season in winter and a total rainfall ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 mm. The temperature is higher in the state’s northern region, in the same area corresponding to the driest vegetation of the savannah and the Pantanal, with monthly average temperatures above 22°C and annual precipitation above 1,500 mm (Alvares et al., 2013Alvares, C.A.; Stape, J.L.; Sentelhas, P.C.; Gonçalves, J.L.M. & Sparovek, G. 2013. Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil, Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 22(6): 711-728.). Several phytogeographic regions in South America converge in Mato Grosso do Sul, with almost ⅔ of its territory composed of the Cerrado, followed by the Pantanal, and a small part by the Atlantic Forest in the south of the state (IBGE, 2015Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). 2015. Brasil em síntese: Biomas. Available: Available: http://brasilemsintese.ibge.gov.br/territorio.html . Access: 07/06/2021.
http://brasilemsintese.ibge.gov.br/terri... ). The prominent remnants of the Atlantic Forest in the state are concentrated in three areas: the Bodoquena Plateau; the Paraná River Plain, close to the border between the states of São Paulo and Paraná; and isolated fragments within the various indigenous areas located in the southwest of the state (RBMA, 2008Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica (RBMA). 2008. Revisão da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica - Fase VI/2008. Parte 3: Detalhamento da proposta por região e estados. Mato Grosso do Sul. Maoas de abrangência - Fase V e Fase VI. Available: Available: http://www.rbma.org.br/rbma/rbma_fase_vi_06_estados_ms.asp . Access: 18/06/2021.
http://www.rbma.org.br/rbma/rbma_fase_vi... ). The Chaco, widely represented in Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina, can be found in small patches in the extreme southwest of the state (around Porto Murtinho) and along the Paraguay River (Prado, 1993aPrado, D.E. 1993a. What is the Gran Chaco vegetation in South America? I. A review. Contribution to the study of flora and vegetation of the Chaco. V. Candollea, 48(1): 145-172., bPrado, D.E. 1993b. What is the Gran Chaco vegetation in South America? I. A redefinition. Contribution to the study of flora and vegetation of the Chaco. VII. Candollea, 48(2): 615-629.; Prado & Gibbs, 1993Prado, D.E. & Gibbs, P.E. 1993. Patterns of species distributions in the dry seasonal forest South America. Annals of the Missouri Botanic Garden, 80: 902-927.; Straube et al., 2006aStraube, F.C.; Urben-Filho, A.; Pivatto, M.A.C.; Nunes, A.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2006a. Nova contribuição à ornitologia do Chaco Brasileiro (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil). Atualidades Ornitológicas , 134: 1-27.). The Chiquitano Dry Forests represent a forest nucleus, with the main occurrence in the southeast region of the Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia), extending tangentially to the extreme west of Mato Grosso, and in Mato Grosso do Sul (Corumbá municipality), where they occupy highly restricted areas in the Brazilian territory (Timothy et al., 2006Timothy, J.K.; Chavez, E.; Peña-Claros, M.; Toledo, M.; Arroyo, L.; Caballero, J.; Correa, L.; Guillén, R.; Quevedo, R.; Saldias, M.; Soria, L.; Uslar, Y.; Vargas, I & Steininger, M. 2006. The Chiquitano dry forest, the transition between Humid and Dry Forest in Eastern Lowland Bolivia. In: Pennington, R.T.; Lewis, G.P. & Ratter, J.A. (Eds.). Neotropical Savannas and seasonally dry forests: plant diversity, biogeography and conservation. London,Taylor & Francis. p. 213-233.; Vasconcelos & Hoffmann, 2006Vasconcelos, M.F. & Hoffmann, D. 2006. Os Bosques Secos Chiquitanos também são nossos! Atualidades Ornitológicas , 130: 10-11.; Werneck et al., 2011Werneck, F.P.; Costa, G.C.; Colli, G.R.; Prado, D.E. & Sites-Jr., J.W. 2011. Revisiting the historical distribution of Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests: new insights based on palaeodistribution modelling and palynological evidence. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20: 272-288.). However, there is a drastic conversion of native vegetation in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul into pastures and monocultures areas, especially in the Cerrado. Although native vegetation once occupied 60% of the territory, currently less than 25% remains (MapBiomas, 2020Projeto de Mapeamento Anual do Uso e Cobertura da Terra no Brasil (MapBiomas). 2020. Relatório Anual de Desmatamento 2019. São Paulo-SP, MapBiomas. Available: Available: http://alerta.mapbiomas.org . Access: 15/11/22.
http://alerta.mapbiomas.org... ). The forests under the influence of the Atlantic Forest, which extend mainly through the south of the state and the Bodoquena Plateau, are highly fragmented and represent only 15% of the original cover (Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica & INPE, 2019Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica (SOSMA) & Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). 2019. Atlas dos Remanescentes Florestais de Mata Atlântica. Relatório Técnico. Período 2017-2018. São Paulo, SP, Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica/Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais.). In addition to the conversion of native landscapes to cultivated pastures (16% of the plain) and the silting of the main rivers, the Pantanal has been suffering from uncontrolled fires that, in recent years, have affected more native vegetation and killed more than 17 million vertebrates (Tomas et al., 2009Tomas, W.M.; Mourão, G.M.; Campo, Z.M.S.; Salis, S.M. & Santos, S.A. 2009. Intervenções humanas na paisagem e nos habitats do Pantanal. Corumbá, EMBRAPA, CPAP.; Padovani, 2017Padovani, C.R. 2017. Conversão da vegetação natural do Pantanal para uso antrópico de 1976 até 2017 e projeção para 2050. Comunicado Técnico, EMBRAPA-CPAP, 109: 1-4.; Tomas et al., 2021Tomas, W.M.; Berlinck, C.N.; Chiaravalloti, Faggioni, G.P.; Strüssmann, C.; Libonati, R.; Abrahão, C.R.; Alvarenga, G.V.; Bacellar, A.E.F.; Bornato, T.S.; Camilo, A.R.; Castedo, J.; Fernando, A.M.E.; Freitas, G.O.; Garcia, C.M.; Gonçalves, H.S.; Guilherme, M.B.F.; Layme, V.M.G.; Lustosa, A.P.G.; Oliveira, A.C.; Oliveira, M.R.; Pereira, A.M.M.; Rodrigues, J.A.; Semedo, T.B.F.; Souza, R.A.D.; Tortato, F.R.; Viana, D.F.P.; Vicente-Silva, L. & Morato, R. 2021. Counting the dead: 17 milions vertebrates directly killed by the 2020’s wildfires in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Biological Conservation, 214: 278-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.016.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08... ). The Chaco represented 6.7% of the native vegetation of the Pantanal do Nabileque; however, in recent years, there has been a considerable increase in the conversion of these areas into cultivated pastures (Silva et al., 2008Silva, M.P.; Mauro, R.A.; Abdon, M. & Silva, J.S.V. 2008. Estado de conservação do Chaco (Savana Estépica). Brasileiro. In: Faleiro, F.G. & Farias-Neto, A.L (Eds.). Simpósio sobre o cerrado, 9º. Proceedings. Brasilia, EMBRAPA Cerrados. p. 1-6.; Dias et al., 2021Dias, J.V.S.; Dias, F.A.; Scremin-Dias, E. & Sartori, A.L.B. 2021. Delimitação do Chaco em território brasileiro: uso e ocupação. In: [p. 49-70]. Sartori, A.L.B.; Souza, P.R. & Arruda, R.C.O. (Eds.). Chaco: caracterização, riqueza, diversidade, recursos e interações. Campo Grande, Editora da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Available: Available: https://repositorio.ufms.br/handle/123456789/3432 . Access: 02/01/2022.
https://repositorio.ufms.br/handle/12345... ). Silva et al. (2011Silva, J.S.V.; Abdon, M.M.; Silva, S.M.A. & Moraes, J.A. 2011. Evolution of Deforestation in the Brazilian Pantanal and surrounds in the timeframe 1976-2008. Geografia, 36: 35-55.) estimates that by 2045, native vegetation of the Pantanal plain may be 100% suppressed. Nunes et al. (2018Nunes, A.P.; Vasconcelos, M.F.; Hoffmann, D.; Souza, L.N.; Gomes, C.R.G.; Epifânio, A.D.; Godoi, M.N.; Tambelini, F.A.T.; Straube, F.C.; Silva, P.A.; Posso, S.R.; Laps, R.R.; Faria, S.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2018. Aves da borda oeste do Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Atualidades Ornitológicas , 206: 47-69.) highlight that the suppression of hilltop fields, semideciduous hillside forests, and dry forests for mining and livestock activities represent a severe threat to biodiversity conservation in Chiquitano Dry Forests.

Figure 1
Localities with ornithological inventories in Mato Grosso do Sul state. The black circle corresponds to different sample sites, whose geographic coordinates can be found in Table S1. Image: Ivana Cardoso.

Data collection

The elaboration of the consolidated list of birds of Mato Grosso do Sul considered records made by authors in recent decades, either consisting of systematic sampling or not, as well as those available in the literature (Table S1). Altogether, 356 sites were visited, of which 22 could not be georeferenced. In addition to the records cited in the literature and in the authors’ fieldwork, the specimens deposited in museums, institutional ornithological collections from Brazil and abroad (ExM) were also considered. Furthermore, there are photographic records deposited in institutional museums (FoM) or cited in scientific journals (FoP), photographic (FoI) and sound (ASI) records available on internet data platforms, and sound (ASM) records deposited in institutional museums (see Carlos et al., 2010Carlos, C.J.; Straube, F.C. & Pacheco, J.F. 2010. Conceitos e definições sobre documentação de registros ornitológicos e critérios para a elaboração de listas de aves para os estados brasileiros. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia , 18(4): 355-361.).

Data on specimens deposited in institutional museums in Brazil and abroad were obtained by consulting Tubelis & Tomas (2003aTubelis, D.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2003a. Bird species of the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Ararajuba, 11(1): 5-37.) and VertNet (2021National Science Foundation: where discoveries begin (VertNet). 2021. Distributed databases with backbone. Available: Available: http://portal.vertnet.org/search . Access: 15/08/2021.
http://portal.vertnet.org/search... ) and by searching the digital data collection of the Paraense Museum Emílio Goeldi (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - MPEG) in Belém, PA; Capão da Imbuia Natural History Museum (Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia - MHNCI), in Curitiba, PR; and Department of Zoology at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - DZUFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG. Sound records deposited in institutional museums obtained from the Prof. Elias Coelho Sound Archive (Arquivo Sonoro Elias Coelho - ASEC), from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and Jacques Vielliard Neotropical Music Library (Fonoteca Neotropical Jacques Vielliard - FNJV) of the Zoology Museum of the State University of Campinas were also considered.

Regarding the photographic and sound records available in digital media, this study evaluated those hosted until December 2021 in the WikiAves (https://www.wikiaves.com; 2021A Enciclopédia das Aves do Brasil (WikiAves). 2021. Available: Available: https://www.wikiaves.com . Access: 05/12/2021.
https://www.wikiaves.com... ), Xeno-Canto (https://xeno-canto.org; 2021Sharing bird sounds from around the world (Xeno-Canto Foundation). 2021. Available: Available: https://xeno-canto.org . Access: 10/12/2021.
https://xeno-canto.org... ), and VIREO (http://vireo.ansp.org; 2021Visual Resources for Ornithology (VIREO). 2021. Birds fotos and images of birds worldwide. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University. Available: Available: http://vireo.ansp.org . Access: 02/12/2021.
http://vireo.ansp.org... ) databases.

Data requirements for inclusion into inventory lists

The taxonomic classification proposed byPacheco et al. (2021Pacheco, J.F.; Silveira, L.F.; Aleixo, A.; Agne, C.A.; Bencke, G.A.; Bravo, G.A.; Brito, G.R.R.; Cohn-Haft, M.; Maurício, G.N.; Naka, L.N.; Olmos, F.; Posso, S.R.; Lees, A.C.; Figueiredo, L.F.A.; Carrano, E.; Guedes, R.C.; Cesari, E.; Franz, I.; Schunk, F. & Piacentini, V.Q. 2021. Annotaded checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee. 2 - second edition. Ornithology Research , 29(2): 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058... ) was adopted. In addition, each species was included in two types of listings: (i) Primary List, consisting of species with at least one of the occurrence records in Mato Grosso do Sul with documentary evidence, that is, item(s) available for independent consultation in the form of a full or partial specimen, photography, or recording of audio or video, which allows the safe and indisputable determination of the taxon, and (ii) Secondary List, which includes species with one or more visual and/or sound records for Mato Grosso do Sul, but whose documentary evidence is not known or available. In this context, the adopted filtering protocol consisted in detailing information alluding to the record, obligatorily associated with consistency with the distribution and dispersion pattern of the species established based on documentary evidence. The Primary and Secondary Lists make up the Main List.

Additionally, species in questionable records with incompatible distribution and/or occurrence only marginal to Mato Grosso do Sul, in addition to taxa that are extinct in nature or not validated as full species, although mentioned in some of the consulted sources, were excluded. These cases were consolidated in a Tertiary List, which, in addition to listing the considered taxa, also indicates the original source of mention and reason for the exclusion.

In summary, the Main List includes only the species proven to occur in the state, based on the following superior evidence, in hierarchical order: ExM, FoM, FoP, FoI, ASM, and ASI (for details, see Carlos et al., 2010Carlos, C.J.; Straube, F.C. & Pacheco, J.F. 2010. Conceitos e definições sobre documentação de registros ornitológicos e critérios para a elaboração de listas de aves para os estados brasileiros. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia , 18(4): 355-361.).

Species categorization

Species were categorized for conservation status based on global (IUCN, 2021International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). 2021. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021. Handbook of the birds of the world and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 5. Available: Available: https://www.iucnredlist.org . Access: 02/08/2021.
https://www.iucnredlist.org... ) and national (ICMBio & MMA, 2018Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) & Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). 2018. Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Brasília-DF, ICMBio/MMA. 492p.) lists of threatened species as follows: Deficient Data (DD), Near Threatened (NT), Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN), and Critically Endangered (CR).

Given the complexity of the migratory routes used by birds in Mato Grosso do Sul, the criteria for migratory displacements in the available literature were adapted (Morrison et al., 2008Morrison, R.I.G.; Serrano, I.L.; Antas, P.T.Z. & Ross, K. 2008. Aves migratórias no Pantanal: distribuição de aves limícolas neárticas e outras espécies aquáticas no Pantanal. Brasilia, WWF-Brasil. 97p.; Nunes & Tomas, 2008Nunes, A.P.; Silva, P.A. & Tomas, W.M. 2008. Novos registros de aves para o Pantanal, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia , 16(2): 160-164.; Somenzari et al., 2018Somenzari, M.; Amaral, P.P. do; Cueto, V.R.; Guaraldo, A.D.C.; Jahn, A.E.; Lima, D.M.; Lima, P.C.; Lugarini, C.; Machado, C.G.; Martinez, J.; Nascimento, J.L.X. do, Pacheco, J F.; Paludo, D.; Prestes, N.P.; Serafini, P.P.; Silveira, L.F.; Sousa, A.E.B.A. de, Sousa, N.A. de, Souza, M.A. de, Telino-Junior, W.R.; & Whitney, B.M. 2018. An overview of migratory birds in Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia , 58: 1-66. https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.03.
https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2018.... ; Pacheco et al., 2021Pacheco, J.F.; Silveira, L.F.; Aleixo, A.; Agne, C.A.; Bencke, G.A.; Bravo, G.A.; Brito, G.R.R.; Cohn-Haft, M.; Maurício, G.N.; Naka, L.N.; Olmos, F.; Posso, S.R.; Lees, A.C.; Figueiredo, L.F.A.; Carrano, E.; Guedes, R.C.; Cesari, E.; Franz, I.; Schunk, F. & Piacentini, V.Q. 2021. Annotaded checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee. 2 - second edition. Ornithology Research , 29(2): 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058... ). Species whose populations occupy the same area throughout the year were considered residents. Under adverse landscape conditions, especially in the Pantanal (e.g., drought, floods, intense cold, food shortage), species that moved to other state’s regions in search of more favorable areas for their survival were considered nomads. Northern or boreal migrants (NMs) gather the species that perform large displacements from the Northern Hemisphere toward the southern South America. Southern or austral migrants (SM) gather species that move from the southernmost portions of South America toward the regions of Central and Northern Brazil. Species coming from the west, such as the Andes, Chiquitano Dry Forests, and Gran Chaco (Bolivia and Paraguay), were also considered in the study (Somenzari et al., 2018Somenzari, M.; Amaral, P.P. do; Cueto, V.R.; Guaraldo, A.D.C.; Jahn, A.E.; Lima, D.M.; Lima, P.C.; Lugarini, C.; Machado, C.G.; Martinez, J.; Nascimento, J.L.X. do, Pacheco, J F.; Paludo, D.; Prestes, N.P.; Serafini, P.P.; Silveira, L.F.; Sousa, A.E.B.A. de, Sousa, N.A. de, Souza, M.A. de, Telino-Junior, W.R.; & Whitney, B.M. 2018. An overview of migratory birds in Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia , 58: 1-66. https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.03.
https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2018.... ; Pacheco et al., 2021Pacheco, J.F.; Silveira, L.F.; Aleixo, A.; Agne, C.A.; Bencke, G.A.; Bravo, G.A.; Brito, G.R.R.; Cohn-Haft, M.; Maurício, G.N.; Naka, L.N.; Olmos, F.; Posso, S.R.; Lees, A.C.; Figueiredo, L.F.A.; Carrano, E.; Guedes, R.C.; Cesari, E.; Franz, I.; Schunk, F. & Piacentini, V.Q. 2021. Annotaded checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee. 2 - second edition. Ornithology Research , 29(2): 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058... ). In the category of partial migrants, species in which only part of the population migrates, especially those from the south, were included.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The avifauna of Mato Grosso do Sul is composed of 678 species, of which 643 (95%) have supporting records of occurrence (Primary List 1) and 34 still lack documentation (Secondary List) (Table 1). Fifty-five species records from Mato Grosso do Sul state were included in the Tertiary List (Table 2), which is based on questionable information, misidentifications, and taxa not valid as full species. Fourteen species were transferred to the Main List based on reliable photographic records, including Calidris alba, Fulica leucoptera, Chaetura brachyura, and Hypocnemoides maculicauda. Xiphorhynchus fuscus, Conopias trivirgatus, Progne subis, and Progne elegans were allocated to the Primary List. The other species (Nothura boraquira, Numenius hudsonicus, Arenaria interpres, Calidris pusilla, Calidris minutilla, and Calidris bairdii) were allocated to the Secondary List based on new information from undocumented incident records.

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Table 1
Main list of bird species occurring in the Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Taxa highlighted in square brackets are on the secondary list and lack adequate supporting documentation. Conservation status: LC = Least Concern, NT = Near Threatened with extinction, VU = Vulnerable, EN = Endangered, CR = Critically Endangered, DD = Data Deficient, Global = IUCN, 2021, Brazil = Brazilian List/ICMBio & MMA, 2018. Status of migration: RE = Resident, M (N) = Nort Migrant, M (S) = South Migrant, M (W) = Migrant from West, MP (S) = Partial Migrant from South, MP (W) = Partial Migrant from West, NO = Nomadic. Evidence: ExM (specimen deposited in a national institutional museum and/or abroad), FoM (photographic records deposited in institutional museums), FoP (photographic records cited in scientific journals), ASM (sound records deposited in institutional museums), Rv/sP (visual and/or sound records quoted in a scientific journal), Rv/sNP (visual and/or sound records obtained by the authors and not published), FoI (photo published on the internet), ASI (sound file available on the internet).

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Table 2
Tertiary list of birds related to the Mato Grosso do Sul state.

Based on species splits, three species were added (Pacheco et al., 2021Pacheco, J.F.; Silveira, L.F.; Aleixo, A.; Agne, C.A.; Bencke, G.A.; Bravo, G.A.; Brito, G.R.R.; Cohn-Haft, M.; Maurício, G.N.; Naka, L.N.; Olmos, F.; Posso, S.R.; Lees, A.C.; Figueiredo, L.F.A.; Carrano, E.; Guedes, R.C.; Cesari, E.; Franz, I.; Schunk, F. & Piacentini, V.Q. 2021. Annotaded checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee. 2 - second edition. Ornithology Research , 29(2): 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058... ). In this context, Ortalis remota, Trogon chrysochloros, and Pyriglena maura, which were previously treated as subspecies of Ortalis guttata, Trogon rufus, and Pyriglena leuconota, respectively, were also included. Nunes et al. (2017Nunes, A.P.; Straube, F.C.; Laps, R.R. & Posso, S.R. 2017. Checklist das aves do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 107(Suppl.): e2017154. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017154.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e201715... ) raised the subspecies of Aburria (A. cumanensis grayi and A. cujubi nattereri), Picumnus (P. albosquamatus corumbanus), Icterus (I. pyrrhopterus periporphyrus), Serpophaga munda, and Basileuterus hypoleucus to the species rank. However, this study adopted the current taxonomy (Pacheco et al., 2021Pacheco, J.F.; Silveira, L.F.; Aleixo, A.; Agne, C.A.; Bencke, G.A.; Bravo, G.A.; Brito, G.R.R.; Cohn-Haft, M.; Maurício, G.N.; Naka, L.N.; Olmos, F.; Posso, S.R.; Lees, A.C.; Figueiredo, L.F.A.; Carrano, E.; Guedes, R.C.; Cesari, E.; Franz, I.; Schunk, F. & Piacentini, V.Q. 2021. Annotaded checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee. 2 - second edition. Ornithology Research , 29(2): 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058... ), treating them as subspecies of A. cumanensis, A. cujubi, P. albosquamatus, and I. pyrrhopterus, respectively. Sporophila frontalis related by Nunes et al. (2017Nunes, A.P.; Straube, F.C.; Laps, R.R. & Posso, S.R. 2017. Checklist das aves do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 107(Suppl.): e2017154. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2017154.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e201715... ) in the Primary List was removed from the Main List and included in the Tertiary List because it is a species that probably escaped from captivity.

Twenty-four species added to the Primary List had taxonomic changes at the genus level based on recent phylogenetic studies and taxonomic research (Pacheco et al., 2021Pacheco, J.F.; Silveira, L.F.; Aleixo, A.; Agne, C.A.; Bencke, G.A.; Bravo, G.A.; Brito, G.R.R.; Cohn-Haft, M.; Maurício, G.N.; Naka, L.N.; Olmos, F.; Posso, S.R.; Lees, A.C.; Figueiredo, L.F.A.; Carrano, E.; Guedes, R.C.; Cesari, E.; Franz, I.; Schunk, F. & Piacentini, V.Q. 2021. Annotaded checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee. 2 - second edition. Ornithology Research , 29(2): 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058... ). These include Anas (Spatula versicolor and Spatula platalea), Amazilia (Chrysuronia versicolor and Chionomesa fimbriata), Hylocharis (Chlorestes cyanus), Laterallus (Rufirallus viridis), Porzana (Mustelirallus albicollis), Phalacrocorax (Nannopterum brasilianum), Accipiter (Hieraspiza superciliosa), Suiriri (Guyramemua affine), Xolmis (Nengetus cinereus), Sporagra (Spinus magellanicus), Euphonia (Cyanophonia cyanocephala), Sturnella (Leistes superciliaris), Procacicus (Cacicus solitarius), Parula (Setophaga pitiayumi), Cyanoloxia (Amaurospiza moesta), Tiaris (Asemospiza obscura and Asemospiza fuliginosa), Poospiza (Microspingus melanoleucus and Microspingus cinereus), Pipraeidea (Rauenia bonariensis) and Tangara (Stilpnia preciosa and Stilpnia cayana). At least one species listed in the Secondary List (Tryngites [Calidris subruficollis]) and another four in the Tertiary List (Anas [Spatula cyanoptera and Mareca sibilatrix], Xolmis [Heteroxolmis dominicanus], and Sturnella [Leistes militaris]) had a change in genus.

NMs were found to represent 30% (40 species) of the migratory bird community occurring in Mato Grosso do Sul. Most migrants are northern species (70 species), of which at least 36 are part of the population that performs migratory movements. In this group, the members of the families Tyrannidae (23 species), Thraupidae (12 species of Sporophila), and Hirundinidae (seven species) stand out.

Thirty-one species are included in at least one threat category at the global (IUCN, 2021International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). 2021. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021. Handbook of the birds of the world and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 5. Available: Available: https://www.iucnredlist.org . Access: 02/08/2021.
https://www.iucnredlist.org... ) and/or national (ICMBio & MMA, 2018Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) & Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). 2018. Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Brasília-DF, ICMBio/MMA. 492p.) level. Among the species listed in threat categories at the global level, most are included in the VU category (17 species), while the other six are in the EN category. At the national level, at least 20 species are listed as endangered species: VU (13 species), EN (seven species), and CR (two species).

The number of bird species recorded in Mato Grosso do Sul represents 34% of all known avifauna in the Brazilian territory (Pacheco et al., 2021Pacheco, J.F.; Silveira, L.F.; Aleixo, A.; Agne, C.A.; Bencke, G.A.; Bravo, G.A.; Brito, G.R.R.; Cohn-Haft, M.; Maurício, G.N.; Naka, L.N.; Olmos, F.; Posso, S.R.; Lees, A.C.; Figueiredo, L.F.A.; Carrano, E.; Guedes, R.C.; Cesari, E.; Franz, I.; Schunk, F. & Piacentini, V.Q. 2021. Annotaded checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee. 2 - second edition. Ornithology Research , 29(2): 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-021-00058... ), highlighting the importance of the state for bird conservation due to its expressive species richness. However, there are still considerable gaps in the knowledge about the avifauna occurring in Mato Grosso do Sul, especially in border regions with other countries and states, such as Chaco of Porto Murtinho, Serra do Amolar, Pantanal do Paiaguás, Aporé-Sucuriú Complex, floodplains of the Paraná River, and Mundo Novo region, in the south of the state (Fig. 1).

Biogeographic aspects

The avifauna recorded in Mato Grosso do Sul is composed, in its majority, of species with a wide distribution, occurring in other South American phytogeographic regions, notably the Cerrado. The high representation of characteristic species of the Cerrado is expected, as this phytoregion covers ⅔ of the territory of Mato Grosso do Sul (IBGE, 2015Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). 2015. Brasil em síntese: Biomas. Available: Available: http://brasilemsintese.ibge.gov.br/territorio.html . Access: 07/06/2021.
http://brasilemsintese.ibge.gov.br/terri... ). Several species that stand out for their wide distribution in the Cerrado (Silva, 1995Silva, J.M.C. 1995. Birds of the Cerrado region, South America. Steenstrupia, 21: 69-92.; Silva & Bates, 2002Silva, J.M.C. & Bates, J.M. 2002. Biogeographic patterns and conservation in the South American Cerrado: a tropical savanna hotspot. BioScience, 52(3): 225-233.) also occur in Mato Grosso do Sul. These species include Nothura minor, Penelope ochrogaster, Hydropsalis candicans, Alipiopsitta xanthops, Melanopareia torquata, Geositta poeciloptera, Clibanornis rectirostris, Cyanocorax cristatellus, Myiothlypis leucophrys, Neothraupis fasciata, Microspingus cinereus, Saltatricula atricollis, and Cypsnagra hirundinacea. Porphyrospiza caerulescens occurs in a very restricted area that comprises the fields and Cerrado on the top of the mountains of the Maciço do Urucum (border region with Bolivia), frequently above 900 m of altitude, possibly representing isolated populations (Parker et al., 1993Parker, T.A., Gentry, A.H.; Foster, R.B.; Emmons, L.H. & Remsen, J.V. 1993. The lowland dry forests of Santa Cruz, Bolivia: a global conservation priority. Rapid Assessment Program Working Papers. Washington, Conservation International. v. 4.; Vasconcelos et al., 2008Vasconcelos, M.F.; Lopes, L.E.; Hoffmann, D.; Silveira, L.F. & Schunck, F. 2008. Noteworthy records of birds from the Pantanal, Chiquitano dry forest and Cerrado of south-western Brazil. Bulletin British Ornthologist’s Club, 128(1): 57-67.; Nunes, 2009Nunes, A.P.; Tizianeli, F.A.T.; Tomas, W.M. & Lupinetti, C. 2009. Aves da fazenda Nhumirim e seus arredores: Lista 2008. Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, EMBRAPA-CPAP, 89: 1-44.).

Some elements of the Amazon Basin (Silva, 1996Silva, J.M.C. 1996. Distribution of Amazonian and Atlantic birds in gallery forest of the Cerrado region, South America. Ornitologia Neotropical , 7(1): 1-18.) extend their southern limits to the western edge of the Pantanal in the Serra do Amolar region (Nunes et al., 2018Nunes, A.P.; Vasconcelos, M.F.; Hoffmann, D.; Souza, L.N.; Gomes, C.R.G.; Epifânio, A.D.; Godoi, M.N.; Tambelini, F.A.T.; Straube, F.C.; Silva, P.A.; Posso, S.R.; Laps, R.R.; Faria, S.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2018. Aves da borda oeste do Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Atualidades Ornitológicas , 206: 47-69.), such as Coccycua minuta, Veniliornis affinis, and Dendroplex picus. The typical elements of the Atlantic Forest are mainly concentrated in the Paraná River Plain and isolated forest fragments in the southwest of the state. The following species stand out in this context: Pteroglossus bailloni, Selenidera maculirostris, Terenura maculata, Pyriglena leucoptera, Dendrocincla turdina, Xiphocolaptes albicollis, Anabacerthia lichtensteini, Syndactyla rufosuperciliata, Chiroxiphia caudata, Procnias nudicollis, Phylloscartes eximius, Todirostrum poliocephalum, Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps, Euphonia chalybea, and Chlorophonia cyanea. Saltatricula multicolor is the only species considered endemic to the Chaco (Delhey & Scorolli, 2002Delhey, J.K.V. & Scorolli, A.L. 2002. Abundancia relativa y estatus de residencia del Pepitero Chico (Saltatricula multicolor) en el sudoeste de la província de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Hornero, 17(1): 41-44.). However, some taxa distribution is entirely centered in the Upper Paraguay River Basin, notably in the plain and western edge of the Pantanal. These taxa can be considered typical of the Chaco (Short, 1975Short, L.L. 1975. A zoogeographical analysis of the South American Chaco avifauna. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 154(3): 163-352.; Straube et al., 2006aStraube, F.C.; Urben-Filho, A.; Pivatto, M.A.C.; Nunes, A.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2006a. Nova contribuição à ornitologia do Chaco Brasileiro (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil). Atualidades Ornitológicas , 134: 1-27.) and include Ortalis canicollis, Aratinga nenday, Nystalus striatipectus, Melanerpes cactorum, Celeus lugubris, Xiphocolaptes major, Paroaria coronata, and Microspingus melanoleucos. In addition, some species stand out for their distribution centered in the Chiquitano Dry Forests (Vasconcelos & Hoffmann, 2006Vasconcelos, M.F. & Hoffmann, D. 2006. Os Bosques Secos Chiquitanos também são nossos! Atualidades Ornitológicas , 130: 10-11.; Nunes et al., 2018Nunes, A.P.; Vasconcelos, M.F.; Hoffmann, D.; Souza, L.N.; Gomes, C.R.G.; Epifânio, A.D.; Godoi, M.N.; Tambelini, F.A.T.; Straube, F.C.; Silva, P.A.; Posso, S.R.; Laps, R.R.; Faria, S.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2018. Aves da borda oeste do Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Atualidades Ornitológicas , 206: 47-69.), such as Phaethornis subochraceus, Pyrrhura molinae, Thamnophilus sticturus, and Cantorchilus guarayanus. The only species in Brazil that can be considered endemic to Mato Grosso do Sul is Pyrrhura devillei, whose occurrence extends throughout the entire Serra de Maracaju and surroundings, Bodoquena Plateau, and south of the Pantanal Plain. Further, endemic species from the Atlantic Forest (Vale et al., 2018Vale, M.M.; Tourinho, L.; Lorini, M.L.L.; Rajão, H. & Figueiredo, M.S.L. 2018. Endemic birds of the Atlantic Forest: traits, conservation, status, and patterns of biodiversity. Journal of Field Ornithology, 89(3): 193-206.; e.g., Tinamus solitarius, Odontophorus capueira, Aramides saracura, Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana, Baryphthengus ruficapillus, and Campephilus robustus) and the Cerrado (Silva, 1995Silva, J.M.C. 1995. Birds of the Cerrado region, South America. Steenstrupia, 21: 69-92.; e.g., Antilophia galeata, Phyllomyias reiseri, Charitospiza eucosma, and Conothraupis mesoleuca) were recorded in Mato Grosso do Sul, highlighting the importance of the state for bird conservation in these biomes.

Migration status

A sizable migratory flow of birds is observed from the southernmost portions of South America to Central and North Brazil, especially waterfowl (Callonetta leucophrus, S. platalea, Netta peposaca, Oxyura vittata, Podicephorus major, and F. leucoptera), various Tyrannidae (Elaenia chilensis, Elaenia chiriquensis, Myiodynastes maculatus, Myiarchus swainsoni, Tyrannus savana, Pyrocephalus rubinus, Knipolegus hudsoni, Hymenops perspicillatus, and N. cinereus), and copper seedeaters (Sporophila spp.). Species such as S. lineola, S. pileata, S. bouvreuil, S. hypoxantha, S. caerulescens, S. iberaensis, S. palustris, and S. ruficollis reproduce in the hydromorphic grasslands of the southern region of South America and, in winter, appear in large numbers in the native grasslands of the Pantanal and other areas of the state (Hayes et al., 1994Hayes, F.E.; Scharf, P.A. & Ridgely, R.S. 1994. Austral bird migrants in Paraguay. Condor, 96(1): 83-97.; D’Angelo-Neto & Vasconcelos, 2007D’Angelo-Neto, S. & Vasconcelos, M.F. 2007. Distribuição geográfica de duas populações migratórias do bigodinho, Sporophila lineola (Linnaeus, 1758), em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Ornithologia, 2: 25-27.; Machado & Silveira, 2010Machado, E. & Silveira, L.F. 2010. Geographical and seasonal distributions of the seedeaters Sporophila bouvreuil and Sporophila pileata (Aves: Emerizidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 50(32): 517-533.; Dornas et al., 2013Dornas, T.; Pacheco, J.F. & Olmos, F. 2013. Ocorrência de caboclinhos austrais no Cerrado Norte, Brasil: extensão da distribuição geográfica e implicações para conservação. Atualidades Ornitológicas, 176: 58-63.).

Furthermore, 40 NMs (from the Northern Hemisphere) are represented, especially by members of the order Charadriiformes (two species of Pluvialis, Charadius semipalmatus, Limosa hemastica, N. hudsonicus, Bartramia longicauda, Actitis macularius, A. interpres, three species of Tringa, eight species of Calidris, Phalaropus tricolor, and Sterna hirundo). Twenty-three species perform migratory movements in the western region (the Andes, Chaco in Bolivia, and Paraguay), including Dendrocygna bicolor, Neochen jubata, S. versicolor, Anas bahamensis, Ciconia maguari, Jabiru mycteria, Mycteria americana, Pseudocolopteryx acutippenis, Serpophaga nigricans, Serpophaga griseicapilla, and Knipolegus striaticeps. After the reproductive period, which coincides with the end of the rainy season, part of the population of Pheucticus aureoventris disperses from the Andes Precordillera mountains to the Pantanal and surrounding plateaus (Nunes, 2008Nunes, A.P.; Silva, P.A. & Tomas, W.M. 2008. Novos registros de aves para o Pantanal, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia , 16(2): 160-164.), and some individuals extend their migratory routes to the Paraná River Basin (Faxina et al., 2010Faxina, C.; Fischer, E. & Benites, M. 2010. O rei-do-bosque vai além do Pantanal: registros de Pheucticus aureoventris (Cardinalidae) na bacia do Paraná. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia , 18(4): 349-351.).

Thirty-three species perform nomadic movements across the state, especially in the Pantanal, where most are related to aquatic environments (Morrison et al., 2008Morrison, R.I.G.; Serrano, I.L.; Antas, P.T.Z. & Ross, K. 2008. Aves migratórias no Pantanal: distribuição de aves limícolas neárticas e outras espécies aquáticas no Pantanal. Brasilia, WWF-Brasil. 97p.; Nunes & Tomas, 2008Nunes, A.P.; Silva, P.A. & Tomas, W.M. 2008. Novos registros de aves para o Pantanal, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia , 16(2): 160-164.). The species Dendrocygna viduata, D. autumnalis, Cairina moschata, Sarkidiornis sylvicola, Tachybaptus dominicus, Podilymbus podiceps, Porphyrio martinica, Neocrex erythrops, Pardirallus maculatus, Vanellus cayanus, Charadrius collaris, Himantopus mexicanus, H. melanurus, Gallinago undulata, G. paraguaiae, Sternula superciliaris, Phaetusa simplex, N. brasilianum, Ardea alba, Egretta caerulea, and Rostrhamus sociabilis stand out in this context.

More than 60% of the Pantanal Plain area in Brazil is located in Mato Grosso do Sul territory (Silva et al., 1998Silva, J.S.V. & Abdon, M.M. 1998. Delimitação do Pantanal brasileiro e suas sub-regiões. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, 33 (n. esp.): 1703-1711.), and its wide variety of aquatic habitats is responsible, in part, for the great diversity and abundance of NMs and SMs occurring in the state. This fact highlights the Pantanal Plain as one of the critical wintering sites for these birds during their migratory movements in South America (Nunes & Tomas, 2008Nunes, A.P.; Silva, P.A. & Tomas, W.M. 2008. Novos registros de aves para o Pantanal, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia , 16(2): 160-164.).

The Upper Paraná River floodplain is another essential wintering site for migratory waterfowl in Mato Grosso do Sul. Most of these migrants, such as found in the Pantanal, are composed of species that move from various regions of South America and use the floodplain as a stopping point and/or feeding site (Anjos & Gimenes, 2005Anjos, L.E. & Gimenes, M.R. 2005. Avifauna. In: [p. 206-212]. Vazzoler, A.E.A.M.; Agostinho, A.A. & Hahn, N.S. (Eds.). A planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná: aspectos físicos, biológicos e socioeconômicos. Maringá, EDUEM/NUPELIA. 218p.; Gimenes et al., 2007Gimenes, M.R.; Lopes, E.V.; Loures-Ribeiro, A.; Mendonça, L.B. & Anjos, L. 2007. Aves da planície alagável do alto rio Paraná. Maringá, Editora da Universidade Estadual de Maringá. 281p.). Nunes & Tomas (2008Nunes, A.P.; Silva, P.A. & Tomas, W.M. 2008. Novos registros de aves para o Pantanal, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia , 16(2): 160-164.) speculate that species migratory flow depends on aquatic environments (e.g., Platalea ajaja and Rhynchops niger) from the Pantanal to the Upper Paraná River floodplain, especially during the dry season. Less documented migration patterns may occur in Mato Grosso do Sul, such as the little-known cases of longitudinal migration of E. chiriquensis (Guaraldo et al., 2021Guaraldo, A.C.; Bravo, S.P.; Bridge, E. & Marini, M.Â. 2021. Longitudinal and Cyclic Poleward Migration of a South American Intra-Tropical Migrant Flycatcher, the Lesser Elaenia (Elaenia chiriquensis). Ornitologia Neotropical, 32: 94-102.).

Conservation status

At the global level (IUCN, 2021International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). 2021. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021. Handbook of the birds of the world and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 5. Available: Available: https://www.iucnredlist.org . Access: 02/08/2021.
https://www.iucnredlist.org... ), seventeen species are in the “VU” category, while six are considered “EN” (Table 1). At the national level, thirteen species are in the category “VU” to extinction, while seven are listed in the “EN” category (ICMBio & MMA, 2018Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) & Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). 2018. Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Brasília-DF, ICMBio/MMA. 492p.). Two species have a very worrying status in Brazil, as they are “CR” according to the ICMBio & MMA (2018Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) & Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). 2018. Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Brasília-DF, ICMBio/MMA. 492p.).

Thirty species are classified as “NT” at the global level and twenty-one at the national level. The other eleven species are listed in the national category of “DD” (ICMBio & MMA, 2018Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) & Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). 2018. Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Brasília-DF, ICMBio/MMA. 492p.). The status of species in this category is just as worrying as that of others, as it reinforces the lack of knowledge about their populations, possibly subject to numerous threats.

Despite the various threats to conservation, such as illegal trafficking and emerging diseases (Vaz et al., 2021Vaz, F.F.; Sipinski, E.A.B.; Seixas, G.H.F.; Prestes, N.P.; Martinez, J. & Raso, T.F. 2021. Moleculas survey of pathogens in wild amazon Parrot nestling: inplications for conservation. Diversity, 13(272): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060272.
https://doi.org/10.3390/d13060272... ), the species Amazona aestiva, A. xanthops, and Ara chloropterus still have viable populations in Mato Grosso do Sul, notably in the Pantanal Plain. The management of Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus in the Pantanal, conducted by the Arara Azul project, has considerably increased its population in the region, estimated at more than 6,500 individuals (Scherer-Neto et al., 2019Scherer-Neto, P.; Guedes, N.MR. & Toledo, M.C.B. 2019. Long-term monitoring of a hyacinth macaw Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (Psittacidae) roost in the Pantanal, Brazil. Endangered Species Research, 39: 25-34.). However, anthropogenic actions, such as deforestation and fires, have drastically affected the population dynamics of manduvi, Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H. Karst., the main tree species used for nesting by the hyacinth macaw in the Pantanal (Johnson et al., 1997Johnson, M.A.; Tomas, W.M. & Guedes, N.M.R. 1997. On the Hyacinth macaw’s nesting tree: density of young manduvis around adult trees under three different management conditions in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Ararajuba, 5(2): 185-188.; Santos-Júnior et al., 2007Santos-Júnior, A.; Tomas, W.M.; Ishii, I.H; Guedes, N.M.R. & Hay, J.D. 2007. Occurence of Hyacinth Macaw nesting site in Sterculia apetala in the Pantanal wetland. Brazil. Gaia Scientia, 1(2): 127-130.; Santos-Júnior, 2010Santos-Júnior, A. 2010. Análise de populações de Sterculia apetala em diferentes cenários de manejo da paisagem e sua influência no oferecimento futuro de habitat reprodutivo para Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus no Pantanal. Brasília-DF, Universidade de Brasília, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia. 108p.). In addition to these threats, emerging diseases arising from the reintroduction of captive birds into the wild and pesticides, combined with the effects of severe climate change in the Pantanal (intense and prolonged drought), can seriously compromise the largest population of A. hyacinthinus in its area of occurrence (Vicente & Guedes, 2021Vicente, E.C. & Guedes, N.M.R. 2021. Organophosphate poisoning of Hyacinth Macaws in the Southern Pantanal, Brazil. Nature, 11(5602). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84228-3.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84228... ; Nunes et al., 2021Nunes, A.P.; Posso, S.R.; Frota, A.V.B.; Vitorino, B.D.; Laps, R.R.; Donatelli, R.J.; Straube, F.C.; Pivatto, M.A.C.; Oliveira, D.M.M.; Carlos, B.; Melo, A.V.; Tomas, W.M.; Freitas, G.O.; Souza, R.A.D.; Benites, M.; Mamede, S. & Moreira, R.S. 2021. Birds of the Pantanal floodplains, Brazil: historical data, diversity, and conservation. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia , 61: e20216182. https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.82.
https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.... ).

Considering the national territory, the species P. molinae occurs in a restricted area of the western edge of the Pantanal, notably in dry forest areas (Chiquitano Dry Forests), phytophysiognomies that are currently under threat due to mining activity, irregular urban expansion, deforestation, and fires. The occurrence extension area of P. molinae is less than 20,000 km², which reinforces its inclusion in the “VU” category in the list of endangered species. Another species directly affected by habitat loss, especially from hilltop fields, due to uncontrolled fires and mining activity is P. caerulescens, whose population in Mato Grosso do Sul is isolated from those in the Cerrado core area (Nunes et al., 2018Nunes, A.P.; Vasconcelos, M.F.; Hoffmann, D.; Souza, L.N.; Gomes, C.R.G.; Epifânio, A.D.; Godoi, M.N.; Tambelini, F.A.T.; Straube, F.C.; Silva, P.A.; Posso, S.R.; Laps, R.R.; Faria, S.P. & Tomas, W.M. 2018. Aves da borda oeste do Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Atualidades Ornitológicas , 206: 47-69.).

In addition to the loss of habitat, culling resulting from conflicts with rural producers seriously threatens large birds of prey, especially Harpia harpyja and Spízaetus ornatus (Pallinger & Menq, 2021Pallinger, F. & Menq, W. 2021. Aves de rapina do Brasil. São Paulo, Editora do Autor.).

Besides the threats mentioned above, several species (e.g., Megascops atricapilla, Glaucidium minutissimum, T. maculata, P. leucoptera, Chamaeza campanisona, D. turdina, X. fuscus, Piprites chloris, P. eximius, Phylloscartes paulista, Phyllomyias virescens, Muscipipra vetula, A. moesta, and Tangara seledon) were recorded in specific areas, especially in the forest remnants of the state’s southern region, and their records are based on historical data. Therefore, some of these species may be regionally extinct, such as O. remota (Silveira et al., 2017Silveira, L.F.; Tomotani, B.M.; Cestari, C.; Straube, F.C. & Piacentini, V.Q. 2017. Ortalis remota: a forgotten and critically threatened species of chachalaca (Galliformes: Cracidae) from Eastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 4306(4): 524-536.), mainly due to habitat loss and degradation.

It is estimated that fires occurring in the Pantanal in 2020 (Libonati et al., 2020Libonati, R.; DaCamara, C.C.; Peres, L.F.; Carvalho, S. & Garcia, L.C. 2020. Rescue Brazil’s burning Pantanal wetlands. Nature, 588: 217-219.) were responsible for the death of 17 million vertebrates, of which 5.8% (983,216 individuals) correspond to small birds (Tomas et al., 2021Tomas, W.M.; Berlinck, C.N.; Chiaravalloti, Faggioni, G.P.; Strüssmann, C.; Libonati, R.; Abrahão, C.R.; Alvarenga, G.V.; Bacellar, A.E.F.; Bornato, T.S.; Camilo, A.R.; Castedo, J.; Fernando, A.M.E.; Freitas, G.O.; Garcia, C.M.; Gonçalves, H.S.; Guilherme, M.B.F.; Layme, V.M.G.; Lustosa, A.P.G.; Oliveira, A.C.; Oliveira, M.R.; Pereira, A.M.M.; Rodrigues, J.A.; Semedo, T.B.F.; Souza, R.A.D.; Tortato, F.R.; Viana, D.F.P.; Vicente-Silva, L. & Morato, R. 2021. Counting the dead: 17 milions vertebrates directly killed by the 2020’s wildfires in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Biological Conservation, 214: 278-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.016.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08... ). In Mato Grosso do Sul, fires reached the main areas of occurrence of several species threatened with extinction, including P. ochrogaster and Aburria cujubi (Serra do Amolar and a narrow strip of forests in the north and northwest of the Paiaguás region, along the Piquiri River) (Nunes et al., 2021Nunes, A.P.; Posso, S.R.; Frota, A.V.B.; Vitorino, B.D.; Laps, R.R.; Donatelli, R.J.; Straube, F.C.; Pivatto, M.A.C.; Oliveira, D.M.M.; Carlos, B.; Melo, A.V.; Tomas, W.M.; Freitas, G.O.; Souza, R.A.D.; Benites, M.; Mamede, S. & Moreira, R.S. 2021. Birds of the Pantanal floodplains, Brazil: historical data, diversity, and conservation. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia , 61: e20216182. https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.82.
https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.... ). Another species affected by fires on the western edge of the Pantanal is Melanopareia bitorquata, which in Mato Grosso do Sul occurs exclusively in the fields on the top of hills of Serra do Amolar (Benites et al., 2017bBenites, M.; Mamede, S.; Straube, F.C. & Alho, C.J.R. 2017b. Ocorrência de Melanopareia bitorquata (Passeriformes, Melanopareiidae) no planalto do entorno do Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul. Atualidades Ornitológicas, 198: 4.).

Other typical dry forest species also deserve attention, such as P. subochraceus, M. cactorum, Myrmorchilus strigilatus, P. reiseri, and Myiornis auricularis (population occurring in Serra da Bodoquena).

Outside the Pantanal Plain, the situation is, to say the least, worrying. Extensive areas of native vegetation are being removed and replaced with cultivated pastures, eucalyptus, sugarcane, and soybean monocultures (Reynolds et al., 2016Reynolds, J.; Wesson K.; Desbiez, A.L.J.; Ochoa-Quintero, J.M. & Leimgruber, P. 2016. Using Remote Sensing and Random Forest to Assess the Conservation Status of Critical Cerrado Habitats in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Land, 5(2): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/land5020012.
https://doi.org/10.3390/land5020012... ). Therefore, typical species of the Atlantic Forest restricted to forest remnants in the southern portion of the state deserve attention regarding conservation policies. Megascops atricapilla, T. chrysochloros, Notharchus swainsoni, S. maculirostris, P. bailloni, C. robustus, T. maculata, P. leucoptera, C. campanisona, X. albicollis, A. lichtensteini, C. caudata, Pyroderus scutatus, P. chloris, and Myiothlypis leucoblephara are some of these species. However, large areas of the Semideciduous Atlantic Forest are still conserved in the southern part of the Mato Grosso do Sul state. In fact, the worst scenario can be found in the northwest part of the state. Posso et al. (in prep.) compiled a list of sixteen threatened bird species in this region. Further, eleven species that are strongly dependent on the Semideciduous Atlantic Forest have disappeared from areas with few isolated, small remnants. The Semideciduous Atlantic Forest was initially suppressed by the use for beef cattle grazing and is now suppressed by extensive eucalyptus plantations. This deforestation has also occurred because of irregular land occupation, dam construction, and unsustainable use of the native forest; this, in turn, has led to illegal hunting (Lima et al., 2021Lima, B.M.; Posso, S.R.; Ragusa, J. & Donatelli, R.J. 2021. Composition and spatio-temporal dynamics of aquatic bird community in humid areas of Alto Parana Atlantic Forest. Brazilian Journal of Biology , 84: e251438. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.251438.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.251438... ). Unfortunately, most of the Semideciduous Atlantic Forest is now severely fragmented, and it is not under protection in the Mato Grosso do Sul state, especially in this northwestern portion. Thus, we consider this ecoregion the highest priority area for preservation in the state, and strong efforts should be made to restore those portions subjected to some level of disturbance. Moreover, little is known about its bird communities since there are still important knowledge gaps in the west part of the state and, thus, it should be the subject of more intense bird inventories.

The concentration of important bird and biodiversity areas (IBAs) in the Paraguay River Basin (Maciço do Urucum and surroundings, Nhumirim, Negro, and Aquidauana Rivers, Pantanal do Nabileque, and Serra da Bodoquena National Park and surroundings) is noteworthy. The south of the state, a region where most records of Atlantic species are concentrated, is covered by only a tiny part of IBA Ilha Grande National Park (Develey & Goerck, 2009Develey, P.F. & Goerck, J.M. 2009. Brazil. In: [p. 99-112]. Devenish, C.; Díaz Fernández, D.F.; Clay, R.P.; Davidson, I. & Zabala, Y. (Eds.). Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority sites for biodiversity conservation. Quito, Ecuador, BirdLife International. 456p. (BirdLife Conservation Series no. 16).). Although the proposed Priority Areas for Conservation for Mato Grosso do Sul are also concentrated in the Paraguay River Basin, they include critical areas for bird conservation in the state, notably the Atlantic remnants of the Paraná River Basin (MMA, 2018Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). 2018. Áreas prioritárias.para conservação da biodiversidade Brasileira. 2ª Atualização das áreas prioritárias.para conservação da biodiversidade brasileira 2018. Mapa dos Estados: Mato Grosso do Sul. Available: Available: http://areasprioritarias.mma.gov.br/2-atualizacao-das-areas-prioritarias . Access: 06/09/2021.
http://areasprioritarias.mma.gov.br/2-at... ).

Given the growing threats to native habitats and, consequently, bird species, regional lists of endangered species are necessary to guide public policies and conservation strategies (ICMBio & MMA, 2018Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) & Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). 2018. Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Brasília-DF, ICMBio/MMA. 492p.). Thus, it is essential and urgent to discuss and prepare a list of the endangered species of birds in Mato Grosso do Sul, considering the subspecies occurring in the region and the peculiarities and vulnerability of the phytogeographic regions that make up the state.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

We thank Dante Renato Correia Buzzetti, Iêda Maria Novaes Ilha, Fernando Augusto Tambelini Tizianel, Eduardo Weffort Patrial and Marcelo Araújo Bagno (in memory) for having kindly contributed with valuable unpublished records and localities. Ivana Cardoso for making the map with the collection points. In particular, we thank the authors of photographic records available on the WikiAves digital platform for sharing their valuable information on species records. We also thank the anonymous reviewers who contributed greatly to the preparation of the final version of this article.

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  • FUNDING INFORMATION:

    We thank EMBRAPA Pantanal, WWF-Brazil, the Pantanal Research Center - CPP, CNPq, Conservation International of Brazil, EarthWatch Institute, the Manoel de Barros Foundation, and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Foundation for their financial and logistical support in the research projects and species inventories carried out by the authors in the Mato Grosso do Sul. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. We also thank the Mato Grosso do Sul farm owners who allowed us to conduct studies on their properties.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

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Table S1
Sites and regions with records of bird species in the Mato Grosso do Sul state, followed by their geographic coordinates and their sources of information.

Edited by

Edited by:

Luís Fábio Silveira

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    15 June 2022
  • Date of issue
    2022

History

  • Received
    05 Jan 2022
  • Accepted
    17 Mar 2022
  • Published
    27 Apr 2022
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