Fish fauna of moderate altitude from first order stream in upper Rio Machado, Rondônia, Brazil

Abstract

This study represents an inventory of fish collected in a first order tributary of the Igarapé Piracolina at Chapada dos Parecis, upper Rio Machado drainage, Rio Madeira basin, Vilhena, Rondônia, Brazil. The sampled stream is located in moderate altitudes (570-590) m above sea level and it is the type locality of five recently described species. Through fieldwork carried out in four fieldtrips between 2014 and 2015, 966 specimens were captured belonging to 18 species, distributed in nine families and four orders. Most of these species have a restricted distribution in the upper Rio Machado. Characidae was the most representative family both in number of species and specimens. One species is recognized as new and endemic to the region, and belong to the genus Pyrrhulina (Lebiasinidae), while five other species (Ancistrus verecundus, Bryconops piracolina, Hyphessobrycon lucenorum, Moenkhausia cambacica, and M. parecis) are also possibly endemic to the upper Rio Machado basin. In this scenario, our results provide relevant data for the establishment of guiding policies, management decisions and bases for conservation actions in moderate altitude areas of the Amazon basin.

Keywords
Amazon basin; Restricted-range fishes; Inventory; Endemism

INTRODUCTION

The Neotropic harbours the most diverse freshwater fish fauna in the world, including about 9,100 valid species (Reis et al., 2016). Most of this ichthyofaunal diversity is located within the Amazon basin, where more than 2,400 valid fish species are included (Reis et al., 2016; Jézéquel et al., 2020). In the Rio Madeira, the largest tributary of the Rio Amazonas, about 1,000 fish species are registered (Queiroz et al., 2013a, Ohara et al., 2015) based on collecting efforts concentrated on the Brazilian territory, in the lower and middle portions of the basin and its main tributaries (Rapp Py-Daniel et al., 2007; Perin et al., 2007; Camargo & Giarrizzo, 2007; Pedroza et al., 2012; Queiroz et al., 2013a, b; Costa et al., 2017; Anjos et al., 2019; Oliveira et al., 2020). However, the fish fauna of moderate altitude from headwaters of main rivers of Rondônia State remains practically unknown.

The Rio Machado, also known as Rio Ji-Paraná, is the main clear water tributary of the Rio Madeira in the state of Rondônia, where it drains an area of 75,400 km² (Casatti et al., 2013). Its headwaters are located at the southeastern border of Rondônia at Chapada dos Parecis, a watershed between three river basins (Madeira, Paraguay and Tapajós). This region is also the type locality of many recently described fish species (Fisch-Müller et al., 2005; Wingert & Malabarba, 2011; Ohara & Lima, 2015; Ohara & Marinho, 2016; Ohara et al., 2016; Bockmann & Reis, 2021; Marinho et al., 2021). The majority of these species seem to have very restricted distribution, since they were not recorded during previous surveys in the Rio Machado basin (e.g.,Perin et al., 2007; Casatti et al., 2013; Costa et al., 2017), in other rivers of the Rio Madeira basin (e.g.,Rapp Py-Daniel et al., 2007; Araújo et al., 2009; Pedroza et al., 2012; Queiroz et al., 2013a, b; Vieira et al., 2016; Anjos et al., 2019; Oliveira et al., 2020), or in neighboring drainages (Ohara & Loeb, 2016; Ohara et al., 2017). A similar pattern with restricted species has also been mentioned to the Chapada dos Parecis, regarding small fishes from the upper Rio Machado/Guaporé (Rio Madeira basin), upper Rio Juruena (Rio Tapajós basin), and upper Rio Paraguai (Ohara & Lima, 2015).

The inventory of the fish fauna from a tributary of the Igarapé Piracolina, an important tributary of the headwaters of upper Rio Machado, is herein focused. This provides valuable information on endemic species, distribution, and altitudinal ichthyofaunistic composition in a small stream at Chapada dos Parecis. Consequently, the available results will allow comparisons of the diversity of fishes from the headwaters of Amazonian rivers and provide information for the establishment of priority areas for conservation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study Area

This survey was carried out in a first order stream, (12°48′57″S, 60°06′37″W) - tributary of the Igarapé Piracolina, located about 3 km from the border of Rondônia and Mato Grosso States, upper Rio Machado, Rio Madeira basin, Vilhena, Rondônia, Brazil. It is a clear water stream (1-3 m wide, 0.3-1.5 m deep), swift current and bottom composed mainly of dead leaves and sand, at altitudes ranging about 570-590 meters above sea level (a.s.l.). The collection site is located near the Vilhena town and surrounded by large, cultivated farmlands (Fig. 1).

Figure 1
Map of the study area from the upper Rio Machado, Rio Madeira basin, Rondônia, Brazil. The sampled station is indicated by the red plus symbol.

Fish sampling and species inventory

Two samples were taken in 2013 (July and September) and two in 2014 (September and November), all in a stretch of 50 m long. Fishes were collected with trapezoid hand-nets (1 m² of area and internode distance of 0.1 cm), and seine-nets (3 m wide, 2 m deep and internode distance of 1 cm).

Photographs of habitats were taken in four different places (Fig. 2). Photographs of recently collected fishes were taken in the field, with exception of Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), Creagrutus petilusVari & Harold, 2001 and Brachyhypopomus degy Dutra, Peixoto, Ochoa, Ohara, de Santana, Menezes & Datovo, 2021, which photos were taken from preserved specimens. Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch 1794) was not photographed.

Figure 2
Habitats of the sampled station in the upper Rio Machado, Rio Madeira basin, Rondônia, Brazil.

Fishes were anesthetized with clove oil (Eugenol, 10 mg per liter, as indicated by the AVMA, 2013), fixed in 10% formalin, and posteriorly transferred to 70% ethanol. Fishes were then counted and identified according Queiroz et al. (2013a), Ohara et al. (2017) and original description of species (e.g.,Wingert & Malabarba, 2011; Fisch-Müller et al., 2005; Ohara & Lima, 2015; Ohara et al., 2016; Ohara & Marinho, 2016). Higher-rank taxonomic classification follows Fricke et al. (2022).

Voucher specimens were deposited in the fish collections at the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) and the Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UFRO-I), with catalog numbers given in Table 1. The single captured specimen of Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) was not preserved, and consequently, there is no deposited voucher for this species. Collection permit was granted by Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (registration number IBAMA 83/2012, May 2012-September 2013).

Table 1
List of species and vouchers registered in the tributary of the Igarapé Piracolina, upper Rio Machado, Rio Madeira basin, Rondônia, Brazil. N = number of registered specimens.

Order/Family/species	Fieldwork				N	Voucher
Characiformes	1	2	3	4
Characidae
Bryconops piracolina Wingert & Malabarba 2011	69	44	3	7	123	MZUSP 115519, 117061; UFRO-I 22726, 22912
Creagrutus petilus Vari & Harold 2001	5			3	8	MZUSP 115517; UFRO-I 22916
Hyphessobrycon lucenorum Ohara & Lima 2015	28	14	11	17	70	MZUSP 115522, 115556, 117060; UFRO-I 22724, 22909
Hyphessobrycon cf. melanostichos Carvalho & Bertaco 2006	49	6		7	62	MZUSP 115518; UFRO-I 22722, 22908
Hyphessobrycon aff. notidanos Carvalho & Bertaco 2006	200	17	45	26	288	MZUSP 115521, 117068; UFRO-I 22725, 22907
Moenkhausia parecis Ohara & Marinho 2016	167	16	8	47	238	MZUSP 115509, 117066, UFRO-I 22721, 22906
Moenkhausia cambacica Marinho, Ohara & Dagosta 2021	1				1	MZUSP 115277
Erythrinidae
Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider 1801)			2	3	5	MZUSP 115513, 117069
Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch 1794)				1	1	MZUSP 115514
Lebiasinidae
Pyrrhulina sp. nov.			13	23	36	MZUSP 115523, 117067; UFRO-I 22917
Siluriformes
Callichthyidae
Corydoras hephaestus Ohara, Tencatt & Britto 2016	7	1	4		12	MZUSP 117059; UFRO-I 22728, 22914
Megalechis thoracata (Valenciennes 1840)				1	1	MZUSP 115515
Loricariidae
Ancistrus verecundus Fisch-Muller, Cardoso, da Silva & Bertaco 2005	15	1	1	4	21	MZUSP 115516, 117062; UFRO-I 22719, 22915
Heptapteridae
Cetopsorhamdia clathrata Bockmann & Reis 2021	21		1	8	30	MZUSP 117063, 115512; UFRO-I 22918
Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard 1824)	1				1	photo
Auchenipteridae
Tatia intermedia (Steindachner 1877)	10			7	17	MZUSP 115510; UFRO-I 22723
Gymnotiformes
Hypopomidae
Brachyhypopomus degy Dutra, Peixoto, Ochoa, Ohara, de Santana, Menezes & Datovo 2021	8	1	1	1	11	MZUSP 117064, 115520; UFRO-I 22913, 22727
Cichliformes
Cichlidae
Aequidens aff. rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro 1918)	26		3	12	41	MZUSP 115511, 117065; UFRO-I 22720
Total number of specimens	607	100	92	167	966

• The map herein included was generated using Google Earth 7.3.3.7786 and QGis 3.22.1 softwares.

RESULTS

The species recorded from the first order tributary of the Igarapé Piracolina are listed in Table 1 and corresponding photos are provide in Fig. 3. A total of 966 specimens, belonging to 18 species, distributed in nine families, and four orders were recorded.

Figure 3
Fishes registered from the tributary of Igarapé Piracolina, upper Rio Machado, Vilhena, Rondônia. Bryconops piracolina (1-2); Creagrutus petilus (3); Hyphessobrycon aff. notidanos (4-5); H. lucenorum (6-7); Hyphessobrycon cf. melanostichos (8); Moenkhausia parecis (9); M. cambacica (10); Erythrinus erythrinus (11); Pyrrhulina sp. nov. (12-13); Ancistrus verecundus (14-15); Tatia intermedia (16); Corydoras hephaestus (17); Megalechis thoracata (18); Cetopsorhamdia clathrata (19); Rhamdia quelen (20); Aequidens aff. rondoni (21); Brachyhypopomus degy (22); Hoplias malabaricus not represented herein.

Characiformes was the most representative order with ten species (55.6%), followed by Siluriformes (six species = 33.3%), and Cichliformes and Gymnotiformes (both with one species = 5.6%) (Fig. 4A). Charcaiformes prevailed again with 832 specimens captured (86.1%), followed by Siluriformes with 82 (8.5%), Cichliformes with 41 (4.2%), and Gymnotiformes with 11 specimens (1.1%) (Fig. 4B).

Figure 4
Relative diversity of species (A), and relative abundance of specimens (B) per order registered in the upper Rio Machado basin.

The most representative family was Characidae, with seven species (38.9%), followed by Erythrinidae (11%), Callichthyidae (11%) and Heptapteridae (11%), each with two species (Fig. 5A). Auchenipteridae, Cichlidae, Hypopomidae, Lebiasinidae and Loricariidae were represented each by one species. The most abundant species were: Hyphessobrycon aff. notidanos Carvalho & Bertaco, 2006, Moenkhausia parecisOhara & Marinho, 2016 and Bryconops piracolinaWingert & Malabarba, 2011, with 288, 238 and 123 specimens, respectively (67.2% of all specimens captured). In contrast, a single specimen of Hoplias malabaricus, Moenkhausia cambacicaMarinho, Ohara & Dagosta 2021, Rhamdia quelen and Megalechis thoracata were recorded (Fig. 5B). Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), Creagrutus petilus, Brachyhypopomus degy and Corydoras hephaestusOhara, Tencatt & Britto, 2016 also presented low abundance, each with 12 or less specimens. A full list of collected taxa and the number of individuals for each species is shown on Table 1.

Figure 5
Richness per family (A) and relative abundance of species (B) registered in the upper Rio Machado basin.

One species was identified is herein indicated as new and awaits a formal description, i.e., Pyrrhulina sp. nov. (Lebiasinidae) (Ohara, pers. comm.), and a preliminary examination indicates that could also represent a new species endemic for the Rio Machado basin. In addition, the taxonomic status of Aequidens aff. rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918), and Hyphessobrycon cf. melanostichos Carvalho & Bertaco, 2006 still requires taxonomic revision, and Hyphessobrycon aff. notidanos is currently under taxonomic revision by one of authors (WMO).

DISCUSSION

The survey conducted herein indicates that Characiformes and Siluriformes are the most species-rich orders of the ichthyofauna of the analyzed tributary of the Igarapé Piracolina. This agrees with the Neotropical pattern of composition proposed by Lowe-McConnell (1987), Castro (1999) and Reis et al. (2016) in terms of the predominance of Characiformes and Siluriformes in neotropical streams. However, a low number of species of Cichliformes and Gymnotiformes was herein registered in contrast to results obtained by Lowe-McConnell (1987), Castro (1999) and Reis et al. (2016). A similar result was obtained by Ohara & Loeb (2016), in a headwater stream of the upper Rio Juruena (Rio Tapajós basin), also situated in the Chapada dos Parecis, indicating that altitudinal streams can have different fish composition and diversity in comparison to the lowland river channels and streams in the Amazon basin.

Up to the present date, the only previous records of fishes from the upper parts of Rio Machado are those resultants from new species descriptions from the area (Vari & Harold, 2001; Fisch-Müller et al., 2005; Wingert & Malabarba, 2011; Ohara & Lima, 2015; Ohara & Marinho, 2016; Ohara et al., 2016). Some of these species are found exclusively in headwaters of the upper Rio Machado in the Chapada dos Parecis, such as Ancistrus verecundusFisch-Muller, Cardoso, da Silva & Bertaco, 2005, Bryconops piracolinaWingert & Malabarba, 2011, Hyphessobrycon lucenorumOhara & Lima, 2015, Moenkhausia parecisOhara & Marinho, 2016, and M. cambacicaMarinho, Ohara & Dagosta, 2021. Moreover, few species are common to both the upper (Igarapé Piracolina) and the middle Rio Machado, suggesting a different fish composition (see list of species in Perin et al., 2007; Casatti et al., 2013; Costa et al., 2017). The only species shared between upper and middle/lower sections of this river are widespread taxa in the Neotropical region (Hoplias malabaricus, Erythrinus erythrinus, Rhamdia quelen). A similar pattern was found between the upper and lower Rio Tapajós (seeOhara & Loeb, 2016).

As mentioned by Ohara & Loeb (2016), some species with restricted distribution occur exclusively in neighboring hydrographical systems in the Chapada dos Parecis (e.g., in Igarapé Piracolina/Rio Machado and upper Rio Juruena/Rio Tapajós), as Hyphessobrycon cf. melanostichos and Hyphessobrycon aff. notidanos. Corydoras hephaestus described from Igarapé Piracolina was also found in the Rio 12 de Outubro, upper Rio Juruena (MCP 35617), and represent another case of species shared by the Madeira and Tapajós rivers. More recently, Brachyhypopomus degy described from upper Rio Juruena (tributaries of 12 de Outubro) and upper Rio Machado (Igarapé Piracolina) seems to provide additional evidence corroborating a pattern of shared species between Chapada dos Parecis and neighboring drainages (Dutra et al., 2020).

Studies focusing the Amazonian ichthyofaunal diversity are mostly concentrated next to urban areas (e.g.,Ferreira et al., 1998; Santos et al., 2006; Mendonça et al., 2005), Conservation Units (cf.,Camargo & Giarrizzo, 2007; Oliveira et al., 2020 Pedroza et al., 2012; Vieira et al., 2016; Costa et al., 2017), in the floodplains (cf.,Lowe-McConnell, 1999) or in large rivers (Mérona et al., 2004; Queiroz et al., 2013a; Ohara et al., 2017). In addition, some studies have been mentioned high endemism of fish species in Amazon areas at altitudes ranging 500-800 m at Chapada dos Parecis (Ohara & Lima, 2015; Dagosta & de Pinna, 2019), or at Serra do Cachimbo (Birindelli et al., 2009), with the description of new species of restricted distribution. However, the fish fauna composition of altitudes in the Amazon remains little known. In this scenario, additional data on the ichthyofaunal diversity of moderate altitudes of the Chapada dos Parecis are offered herein, bringing new data for establishing guiding policies, management decisions and basis for conservation actions.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The authors are deeply grateful Bruno S. Barros (Naturae), Diogo Hungria (GIA), Vitor Giovannetti (IB-USP), Fernando Dagosta (MZUSP) and L. Cunha (UNIR) for help and assistance during the field work, and to Osvaldo Oyakawa, Michel Gianeti (MZUSP), Mariluce Messias, Ângela Araujo and Maria Cunha (UFRO) for curatorial assistance and loan of specimens.

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• FUNDING INFORMATION:

  Both the authors are grateful to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for the scholarship to support this research project (ML: number process: 2018/10654-1; WMO: number process: 2013/22473-8). This study was part of the project “Monitoramento e Conservação da Ictiofauna do Rio Madeira”, a partnership involving the Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Instituto de Estudos e Pesquisas do Agronegócio e Organizações Sustentáveis and Santo Antônio Energia (2009-2012) and also benefited of the thematic projects “South America Characiformes Inventory” (FAPESP number process: 2011/50282-7) and “Diversity and Evolution of Gymnotiformes Project” (FAPESP number process: 2016/19075-9).

Edited by

Edited by:

Murilo Nogueira de Lima Pastana

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  15 June 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  20 Oct 2021
• Accepted
  10 Mar 2022
• Published
  27 Apr 2022