Two new species and a review of the inseminating freshwater fish genus Monotocheirodon ( Characiformes : Characidae ) from Peru and Bolivia

Two new species of inseminating freshwater fishes of the genus Monotocheirodon, family Characidae, are described from Peru. Males and females of both new species have an external, visually obvious urogenital papilla that was not detected in the females in previous studies, with this longer in males, which use it as an inseminating organ. A third inseminating species from Bolivia, Monotocheirodon pearsoni, unstudied in any detail since its original description in 1924, is redescribed. This latter species lacks an inseminating organ. Monotocheirodon is redescribed, its phylogenetic relationships are briefly discussed and it is suggested that it is possibly related to the stevardiin genera Ceratobranchia, Othonocheirodus, and Odontostoechus. Key-Words: Inseminating characid fishes, new species and relationships of Monotocheirodon. maintained Montocheirodon in the Cheirodontinae and although he considered the subfamily an “unnatural group,” he considered Monotocheirodon to be a cheirodontine “in the strict sense.” Further, Géry considered Othonocheirodus and Monotocheirodon to be “adaptations from some Odontostilbe-like species.” Malabarba (1998:  231) in a detailed phylogenetic revision of the Cheirodontinae removed Monotocheirodon, Othonocheirodus and 54 other genera from that subfamily to incertae sedis in the Characidae. Malabarba & Weitzman (2003: 73-88) in a phylogenetic study of inseminating and related non-inseminating characids placed Montocheirodon, Othonocheirodus, IntroductIon Eigenmann and Pearson in Pearson (1924: 34) briefly described a new characid genus, Monotocheirodon, with its single new species, M.  pearsoni described by Eigenmann in the same paper (pp. 34-35). Eigenmann and Pearson stated that Montocheirodon was allied to “Cheirodon and Odontostilbe,” genera then assigned to the characid subfamily Cheirodontinae. Although Eigenmann did not specifically relate his new genus and species to Creagrutus Günther in his species description, he remarked that it had the “general appearance of Creagrutus.” Géry (1977: 546-547) 1. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. Caixa Postal 42.494, 04218-970, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. E-mail: naercio@usp.br 2. Division of Fishes, Department of Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 0159, PO Box 37012, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 200013-7012, USA. E-mail: weitzmas@si.edu 3. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Morfologia, Caixa Postal 510, CEP 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brasil. Volume 53(10):129‐144, 2013 Odontostoechus and many other characid genera, both inseminating and non-inseminating, in a new characid subgroup they called Clade A. Weitzman et  al. (2005) in a discussion of inseminating characids associated with the inseminating characid subfamilies Stevardiinae and Glandulocaudinae found all three described species of Montocheirodon to be inseminating and included them in a subgroup within Clade A consisting of genera with inseminating species. Mirande (2010) proposed that the members of Clade A characids along with a few additional characid genera were a monophyletic group which he named subfamily Stevardiinae. Their phylogenetic relationships were not resolved and as emphasized by Ferreira et al. (2011) were depicted as forming a large polytomy. This subfamily was also utilized as the representative taxon of Clade A characids along with Markiana nigripinnis analyzed in a recent molecular study (Oliveira et  al., 2011). The present contribution is designed to describe the two new species of Monotocheirodon, redefine this genus, and briefly discuss its relationships with the other members of the subfamily Stevardiinae. MAterIAl And Methods Count and measurement techniques are those described by Fink & Weitzman (1974: 1-2) and Menezes & Weitzman (2009: 296-297), except for the number of longitudinal scale rows below the lateral line which are counted from the pelvic-fin origin to the lateral line. In the descriptions, the range of meristic characters is presented first, followed by the mean of the sample and by counts of the holotypes and the lectotype in parentheses and total number of specimens counted. Measurements in all the tables, other than standard length (SL), are expressed as a percentage of SL except for subunits of the head that are presented as a percentage of head length. Total vertebral counts were taken from radiographs. These include the vertebrae of the Weberian apparatus as well as the complex caudal ossification, PU1 + U1 with the associated hypural bones and “half vertebrae” counted as one element. Meristic characters are presented in the description of the species. Tukey box plots were not used herein because no significant meristic differences were found among the species studied. Analyses for differences between sexes using regressions were not performed due to the very limited number of male specimens of the three species. Basic descriptive statistics were prepared using BioEstat 5.0, in Ayres et al. (2007). A difference was considered significant when p ≤ 0.05. All mature specimens of the species of Monotocheirodon were identified to sex by examination of their gonads. In most cases tissue samples for histology were taken only from particular organs. For example, in the case of the gonads, one entire gonad was removed from one side only, usually the right side. For Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) preparations the gonads were extracted from specimens previously fixed in a 10% formalin solution and preserved in 70% ethanol. Fragments of gonads were post-fixed for 48 h in solutions of 2% glutaraldehyde and 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M Sorensen phosphate buffer, pH  7.4. The material was post-fixed again for 2  h in the dark in 1% osmium tetroxide in the same buffer, stained in block with a aqueous solution of 5% uranyl acetate for 2 h, dehydrated in acetone, embedded in araldite, and sectioned and stained with a saturated solution of uranyl acetate in 50% ethanol and with lead citrate (Reynolds, 1963). The following abbreviations are used for institutions: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP); California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS); Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, Lima (MUSM); Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (MCP); University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor (UMMZ); and National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C (USNM and NMNH). Abbreviations in the text are: SL (standard length) and HL (head length).


IntroductIon
Eigenmann and Pearson in Pearson (1924: 34) briefly described a new characid genus, Monotocheirodon, with its single new species, M. pearsoni described by Eigenmann in the same paper (pp. 34-35).Eigenmann and Pearson stated that Montocheirodon was allied to "Cheirodon and Odontostilbe," genera then assigned to the characid subfamily Cheirodontinae.Although Eigenmann did not specifically relate his new genus and species to Creagrutus Günther in his species description, he remarked that it had the "general appearance of Creagrutus."Géry (1977: 546-547) Odontostoechus and many other characid genera, both inseminating and non-inseminating, in a new characid subgroup they called Clade A. Weitzman et al. (2005) in a discussion of inseminating characids associated with the inseminating characid subfamilies Stevardiinae and Glandulocaudinae found all three described species of Montocheirodon to be inseminating and included them in a subgroup within Clade A consisting of genera with inseminating species.Mirande (2010) proposed that the members of Clade A characids along with a few additional characid genera were a monophyletic group which he named subfamily Stevardiinae.Their phylogenetic relationships were not resolved and as emphasized by Ferreira et al. (2011) were depicted as forming a large polytomy.This subfamily was also utilized as the representative taxon of Clade A characids along with Markiana nigripinnis analyzed in a recent molecular study (Oliveira et al., 2011).The present contribution is designed to describe the two new species of Monotocheirodon, redefine this genus, and briefly discuss its relationships with the other members of the subfamily Stevardiinae.

MAterIAl And Methods
Count and measurement techniques are those described by Fink & Weitzman (1974: 1-2) and Menezes & Weitzman (2009: 296-297), except for the number of longitudinal scale rows below the lateral line which are counted from the pelvic-fin origin to the lateral line.In the descriptions, the range of meristic characters is presented first, followed by the mean of the sample and by counts of the holotypes and the lectotype in parentheses and total number of specimens counted.Measurements in all the tables, other than standard length (SL), are expressed as a percentage of SL except for subunits of the head that are presented as a percentage of head length.Total vertebral counts were taken from radiographs.These include the vertebrae of the Weberian apparatus as well as the complex caudal ossification, PU1 + U1 with the associated hypural bones and "half vertebrae" counted as one element.Meristic characters are presented in the description of the species.Tukey box plots were not used herein because no significant meristic differences were found among the species studied.Analyses for differences between sexes using regressions were not performed due to the very limited number of male specimens of the three species.Basic descriptive statistics were prepared using BioEstat 5.0, in Ayres et al. (2007).A difference was considered significant when p ≤ 0.05.
All mature specimens of the species of Monotocheirodon were identified to sex by examination of their gonads.In most cases tissue samples for histology were taken only from particular organs.For example, in the case of the gonads, one entire gonad was removed from one side only, usually the right side.
For Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) preparations the gonads were extracted from specimens previously fixed in a 10% formalin solution and preserved in 70% ethanol.Fragments of gonads were post-fixed for 48 h in solutions of 2% glutaraldehyde and 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M Sorensen phosphate buffer, pH 7.4.The material was post-fixed again for 2 h in the dark in 1% osmium tetroxide in the same buffer, stained in block with a aqueous solution of 5% uranyl acetate for 2 h, dehydrated in acetone, embedded in araldite, and sectioned and stained with a saturated solution of uranyl acetate in 50% ethanol and with lead citrate (Reynolds, 1963).Abbreviations in the text are: SL (standard length) and HL (head length).

Diagnosis:
The characters listed below in combination distinguish Monotocheirodon from the remaining members of the subfamily Stevardiinae (sensu Mirande, 2010 andOliveira et al., 2011).This genus has not been included in previous phylogenetic analyses of characters involving stevardiin genera, but preliminary examination of most genera of the subfamily indicates that only character 1 in the list below is autapomorphic for Monotocheirodon.The remaining characters, although useful for distinguishing Monotocheirodon are not unique to the genus.
Color in alcohol: Pigmentation comparable in both sexes.Overall body color pale to yellowish-brown.Dark chromatophores widespread over all of body, more condensed dorsally and slightly darker in that region than on ventral part of body.Dark roundish humeral blotch situated above anterior portion of pectoral fin and about two scales distant from posterodorsal part of opercle.Dark longitudinal stripe extending on body from posterior border of blotch to base of median caudal-fin rays.Stripe anteriorly narrower from posterior border of humeral blotch to point ventral to middle of dorsal-fin base and wider from this point to caudal-fin base.Terminal portion of stripe darker on caudal peduncle, forming inconspicuous dark spot.
Head darker dorsally and on anterior portion of snout; lighter and with scattered dark chromatophores on region anterior to eye, infraorbitals, central portion of opercular area and lower jaw.Enalrged scales on base of each caudal-fin lobe with scattered dark chromatophores.All fins hyaline with scattered dark chromatophores.Sexual dimorphism: Means corresponding to pelvicfin length and dorsal-fin height differ considerably between males and females (Table 1), but tests to evaluate if such differences would be statistically significant are meaningless since only two males are available.
Reproductive mode and gonad anatomy: Histological analysis revealed the presence of spermatozoa   with spherical nuclei in ovaries from one mature female of Monotocheirodon pearsoni (Burns & Weitzman, 2006, fig. 1, Table 1).This indicates that the species can be classified as "aquasperm", characteristic of externally fertilizing characids and is inseminating.

Monotocheirodon drilos, new species
Figs  of caudal peduncle slightly convex.Dorsal profile of body between nape and dorsal-fin origin gently convex.Base of dorsal fin slightly convex and somewhat inclined posteroventrally.Body profile between posterior terminus of dorsal fin and caudal-fin base slightly convex in males and almost straight in females.
Color in alcohol: Background body color pale to yellowish brown, darker dorsally due to presence of dark chromatophores largely concentrated towards posterior border of scales.Dark chromatophores fewer on posterior border of scales of midlateral and ventral parts of body.Dark longitudinal dark stripe extends from posterodorsal part of opercle to caudal-fin base.Stripe anteriorly inconspicuous and slightly arched dorsally from upper part of opercle to point below dorsal-fin origin; bordered ventrally by lateral line.Stripe more conspicuous and wider from point above anal-fin origin to caudal-fin base.Dark vertically elongate humeral blotch, located about two scales posterior of posterodorsal portion of opercle, and extending one scale ventral of lateral line.
Head darker on upper part of snout and area dorsal to eye with scattered dark chromatophores on ventral portion of infraorbital bones and opercular region.Urogenital papilla and all fins with scattered dark chromatophores.Large scales on basal portion of each caudal-fin lobe with dark chromatophores mostly concentrated on their basal and median portions.

Sexual dimorphism:
The p value in Table 2 suggests that the caudal peduncle depth, pectoral-fin length, pelvic-fin length, dorsal-fin height and the distance from dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base are sexually dimorphic.Regression data to test the differences more accurately were not used due to the limited number available mature males.
Reproductive mode and gonad anatomy: Males of Monotocheirodon drilos (MUSM 11082, ANSP 143791 and 143792) identified as Monotocheirodon sp. were used by Burns & Weitzman (2006) for histological sections of the urogenital papilla, which was characterized as a large intromittent organ used for insemination of the females.The sperm was found to have elongate nuclei 1.8-2.1 µm in length, usually characteristic of inseminating and internally fertilizing fishes.
Examination of sperm cell ultrastructure using TEM confirmed that the nucleus is elongate in the direction of the flagellar axis (Fig. 11, A-G) and is approximately 2.05 µm in length (SD ± 0.2 µm).It contains highly condensed granular chromatin and in cross section shows a concave outline (Fig. 11, A-F).In the centriolar complex, the centrioles are perpendicular to one another (Fig. 11, A-B).The mitochondria and a well-developed vesicular system surround the cytoplasmatic canal for its entire dimension (Fig. 11, E-L).
Etymology: The name drilos is Greek masculine meaning penis.The word is used here in reference to the prominent male inseminating organ.A noun in apposition.
Distribution: This species is known from headwaters of Ríos Tambopata and Madre de Dios, Río Madre de Dios basin, Peru (Fig. 7).

Monotocheirodon kontos, new species
Figs. 12-15, Description: Morphometrics of holotype and paratype presented in Table 3. Stevardiin characid reaching at least 37.1 mm SL.Body cylindrical in cross section; greatest body depth situated between verticals through tip of pectoral fin and dorsal-fin origin.Dorsal profile of head anterior to nape strongly convex in males, slightly convex in females to snout region dorsal to nostril.Snout bluntly convex; tip of snout situated along horizontal through approximate midpoint of orbit.Lower jaw convex in ventral profile and somewhat included below upper jaw.Ventral profile of head gently convex, continuous with gently convex in males and strongly convex abdominal region in females extending to anal-fin origin.Body profile along anal-fin base approximately straight to slightly convex to posterior termination of anal fin.Ventral profile of caudal peduncle almost straight in males, slightly convex in females.Dorsal profile of body between nape and dorsal-fin origin gently convex.Base of dorsal fin straight and somewhat inclined posteroventrally.Body profile between basal of last dorsal-fin ray and caudal-fin rays almost straight in males, slightly concave posterodorsally in females Unbranched dorsal-fin rays 2 in all specimens, branched rays 7-8, 7.7, (8), n = 13, SD = 0.5; posterior ray not split to its base.Dorsal-fin height sexually dimorphic (see discussion under Sexual dimorphism).Adipose fin absent.Unbranched anal-fin rays ii or iii, most usually ii; branched rays 10-11, 10.1, (10), n = 13, SD = 0.4; posterior ray split to its base and counted as one ray.No hooks present on anal fin of mature males.Pectoral-fin rays i, 8-9, 8.5, (8) n = 13, SD = 0.5.Tip of pectoral fin falling short of pelvic-fin origin.Pectoral-fin rays lacking hooks.Pelvic-fin rays i, 5, i, n = 13.Sexually active males lacking pelvicfin hooks.Pelvic-fin length of sexually mature males sexually dimorphic (see under Sexual dimorphism).Principal caudal-fin rays 10/9 in all specimens.
Color in alcohol: Identical to that of M. drilos, except that the head is dark overall with the central portions of maxilla, infraorbitals, preopercle, dorsal and ventral parts of opercle, subopercle and branchiostegal rays and basal portion of pectoral fin lighter with scattered dark chromatophores.Longitudinal dark stripe on body identical to that of M. pearsoni, but dark chromatophores are more densely concentrated along its dorsal and posterior portions.

Sexual dimorphism:
The p values in Table 3 indicate that pelvic-fin length, dorsal-fin height and anal-fin lobe length are sexually dimorphic, but testing these differences through regression analysis is inappropriate in light of using the limited number of available males and females.
Reproductive mode and gonad anatomy: Males and females of this species (MUSM 6756 and 11250), identified as Monotocheirodon sp. were also used by Burns & Weitzman (2006) for histological analysis of the urogenital papilla and the ovary of mature females.The results revealed that the intromittent organ of Monotocheirodon kontos, which is larger than that of M. drilos is also used to inseminate females and that the more elongate nuclei of the spermatic cells are 4.1 µm in length.
As in Monotocheirodon drilos, the sperm nucleus contains highly condensed granular chromatin, but it is more elongate toward the flagellar axis being approximately 3.95 µm in length (SD ± 0.4µm) (Fig. 15, A-F).The flagellum originates along the first quarter of the nuclear length (Fig. 15, A-B).In cross section the flagellum shows an irregular outline with depressions (Fig. 15, C-F) and in the centriolar complex the centrioles are oblique to one another (Fig. 15 B-inset).Other distinctive sperm nucleus features of M. kontos are: the mitochondria are elongate, display a longitudinal position relative to the flagellar axis (Fig. 15 B) and are mainly accumulated in the depressions on the nuclear outline (Fig. 15 E-F); the vesicular system is formed by a large number of small interconnected vesicles positioned very close to one another giving the system an alveolar appearance (Fig. 15, F-L); due to the superposition of the membrane, the points where the vesicles are connected are  seen as electron dense dots (Fig. 15 J); the vesicles are intermingled with the mitochondria and are mainly external to them; this vesicular system and also the mitochondria are found in the midpiece at the base of the nucleus (Figs. 15, H-L).The midpiece, identical to that of M. drilos (Fig. 15 B) is about 0.7 µm in length (SD ± 0.1 µm), and as in that species a single flagellum also emerges from the midpiece (Fig. 15 G).
Etymology: The name kontos is Greek masculine meaning a long pole.The word is used here in reference to the prominent male inseminating organ.A noun in apposition.
Distribution: Monotocheirodon kontos was collected in tributaries of the Río Madre de Dios basin, Peru (Fig. 7) between 350 and 3,200 m of altitude.It is sympatric with M. drilos in the Río Ebebahuaeji basin.

dIscussIon
After its inclusion with inseminating clade A characids (Weitzman et al., 2005) and subsequently the subfamily Stevardiinae (Mirande, 2010;Oliveira et al., 2011) the first attempt to resolve the relationships of Monotocheirodon with the other stevardiin genera was by Ferreira et al. (2011).This involved 153 characters, including features of morphology, reproduction and sperm ultrastructure.Monotocheirodon kontos (the M. personi of those authors) was included as representative of the genus.Character analysis indicated that Monotocheirodon is closely related to and forms with the genus Otonocheirodus a separate clade within the Stevardiinae.
The two new species described herein share with M. pearsoni the presence of a single row of pedunculate, distally compressed multicuspid teeth on the premaxilla, the absence of an adipose fin, and the anal fin short with only 8-12 branched rays (characters 3, 8, and 9 of the diagnosis of the genus).These features are putatively considered non-exclusive synapomorphies that support the monophyletic condition of the genus.In the remaining stevardiines there are two rows of thick nearly rounded usually tricuspidate teeth, the adipose fin is usually present and the anal fin longer with more tham 12 rays.
Preliminary examination of Ceratobranchia cf.delotaenia (MZUSP 89678), Bryconacidnus ellisi (MUSM 11628), Rhinopetitia cf.myersi (MZUSP 36813), Rhinopetitia sp.(MZUSP 97176), Otonocheirodus sp.(MEPN 2787) and Odontostoechus lethostigmus (MCP 10774) cleared and stained for an ongoing study of relationships, indicated that these genera share with Monotocheirodon at least characters 2, 6, and 7, described above in the diagnosis of that genus.These preliminary findings suggest that these five genera are more closely related among themselves than to any other stevardiin genus and probably represent a separate clade within the subfamily; however, a more comprehensive analysis of characters is required to confirm this hypothesis.Oliveira et al. (2012) state that gill glands were found via histological preparations in mature inseminating males of Monotocheirodon species.No histological sections were conducted in this study to detect the presence of such structures.
The discovery that females of Monotocheirodon drilos and M. kontos also have a urogenital papilla, albeit smaller than that of the males, is intriguing.As demonstrated by Burns & Weitzman (2006) the male intromittent organs receive the sperm ducts from each testis and have a special circularly oriented skeletal muscle probably to avoid reflux of sperm during the process of its introduction into the oviduct.The function of the female urogenital papilla is unknown, but it might be used as a storage organ either for fertilized or unfertilized ovules prior to eggs release.
It is interesting that the absence of a male intromittent organ is correlated with the nearly spherical shape of the sperm nucleus in the externally fertilizing (aquasperm) of Monotocheirodon pearsoni whereas a small intromittent organ with ovoid sperm nuclei in M. drilos and a larger intromittent organ with more elongate nuclei in M. kontos occur in two internally fertilizing species.Other differences in sperm ultrastructure between the last two species as discussed above provide further evidence that they are different species.

AcKnowledgMents
The authors thank Tamara Clark for preparing Figs. 1,2,5,6,9,10,12,13 and 14 with support from the Herbert R. and Evelyn Axelrod Chair in Systematic Ichthyology in the Division of Fishes, NMNH, which also provided funds for a trip of NAM to NMNH.The Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) supported research work of NAM in MZUSP and NMNH through a research fellowship.Lisa Palmer (NMNH) prepared radiographs and provided general curatorial assistance.Luiz Malabarba and Richard Vari supplied valuable input regarding discussions of inseminating characid fishes.Richard Vari provided assistance and working space to the senior author during his visit to USNM to study material of Monotocheirodon, read the manuscript, added useful suggestions and helped to improve the English version.Hernán Ortega (MUSM) and Jeffrey Clayton (NMNH) greatly contributed to this study by providing museum catalog numbers, loan of specimens, locality information and specimen data.Eduardo G. Baena (MZUSP) completed some drawings and provided computer assistance.José Birindelli, André Luiz Netto-Ferreira and Manoela Maria F. Marinho (MZUSP) helped with computer programs.Two anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments on the manuscript.We are gratefully indebted to all.
are used for institutions: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP); California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS); Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, Lima (MUSM); Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (MCP); University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor (UMMZ); and National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C (USNM and NMNH).

FIgure 3 :
FIgure 3: Eye diameter as function of head length for species of Monotocheirodon.

FIgure 4 :
FIgure 4: Anal-fin base length as function of standard length for species of Monotocheirodon.

. 9-11, table 2
Diagnosis: Males and females of Monotocheirodon drilos have an externally visible urogenital papilla which is absent in M. pearsoni.The urogenital papilla tAble 2: Morphometrics of Monotocheirodon drilos.Standard length expressed in mm; measurements through head length are percentages of standard legth; the last four entries are percentages of head length.Specimens are from MUSM 41541 (holotype), 11082 (paratypes); ANSP 143790, 143792 (paratypes).Values of p in bold indicates significant statistical differences.ofsexuallyactivemales of M. drilos is shorter (half length of anal-fin base versus about equal to length of anal fin-base in M. kontos).Females and juveniles of M. drilos and M. kontos can be differentiated in the height of the dorsal fin (16.1-17.8%SL in M. drilos versus 13.4-15.8%SL in M. kontos).The number of premaxillary tooth cusps (5 in M. drilos vs 7 in M. kontos) is also useful to distinguish adult males and females of both species (Figs.10 and 14).Lower jaw convex in profile and somewhat included below upper jaw.Ventral profile of head gently convex, and continuous with strongly convex abdominal region as far as anal-fin origin.Body profile along anal-fin base approximately straight to slightly convex to posterior termination of anal fin.Ventral profile

table 3
Monotocheirodon sp. -Burns & Weitzman, 2006: 529-530 (MUSM 6756 and 11250).Monotocheirodon personi [sic] -Ferreira et al. 2011 (misidentification; MUSM 11416, listed in comparative material).Diagnosis: M. kontos has a urogenital papilla in sexually active males and females which is absent in M. pearsoni.The urogenital papilla in M. kontos is about equal length of anal-fin base versus half length of anal-fin base in M. drilos.Females and juveniles of M. kontos and M. drilos can be distinguished in the height FIgure 12: Monotocheirodon kontos, MUSM 6756, adult male above, 36.7 mm SL and adult females, 33.7 mm SL.of dorsal fin (13.4-15.8% of SL in the former versus 16.1-17.8in the latter).The number of premaxillary tooth cusps (7 in M. kontos versus 5 in M. drilos) differentiate adult males and females of both species.

tAble 3 :
Morphometrics of Monotocheirodon kontos.Standard length expressed in mm; measurements through head length are percentages of standard length; the last four entries are percentages of head length.Specimens are from MUSM 41542 (holotype), 6756, 11250, 11644 (paratypes); USNM 405297 (paratypes).Values of p in bold indicates significant statistical differences