Two new species and a new distributional record of Alterosa (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from southeastern Brazil

Abstract

The genus Alterosa Blahnik (2005), with 39 extant species, is endemic to Atlantic Forest areas of southern and southeastern Brazil. Herein, we describe and illustrate two new species from Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil: Alterosa cornuta sp. nov., easily diagnosed by the horn-like intermediate appendages crossing each other, and A. araras sp. nov., recognized mainly by the extremely developed basodorsal protuberance on tergum X and by the rod-like, mesally curved preanal appendages, with at least 2 stout spine-like setae positioned at mid length and with the apex cupped. Additionally, a new distributional record for Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil, is provided for Alterosa falcata Blahnik (2005).

Key-Words.
Atlantic Forest; Distributional notes; Finger-net caddisflies; Neotropics; Taxonomy

INTRODUCTION

Philopotamidae is a worldwide caddisfly family with 22 extant genera and approximately 1,300 described species distributed into three subfamilies: Rossodinae, with 16 species in the genus RossodesÖzdikmen & Darilmaz (2008); the cosmopolitan Chimarrinae, with about 800 extant species distributed into three genera; and Philopotaminae, with more than 400 described species within 18 genera (Blahnik, 2005; Özdikmen & Darilmaz, 2008; Gibon, 2013; Holzenthal et al., 2018). Most of the Philopotaminae genera have relatively restricted distribution (Holzenthal et al., 2007). Five genera are recorded in Neotropical region: WormaldiaMcLachlan (1865), with about 200 species in all biogeographic regions except Australasian (50 of them occur in Neotropics); HydrobiosellaTillyard (1924), with about 30 species in Australasia and one species from the Andes of Ecuador; the monotypic AymaradellaHolzenthal, Blahnik & Ríos-Touma (2018), restricted to the Bolivian Andes; SortosaNavás (1918), with 20 extant species restricted to southern Chile and adjacent regions of Argentina; and AlterosaBlahnik (2005), endemic to Brazil with 39 described species (Blahnik, 2005; Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015; Holzenthal & Calor, 2017; Holzenthal et al., 2018).

Alterosa was erected by Blahnik (2005) to include two previously described species Dolophilodes (Sortosa) sanctipauli Flint (1971) and Dolophilodes (Sortosa) marinoniiAlmeida & Duarte (2003) and 20 new species. Since then, several species have been described, almost doubling the number of species in the genus (Jardim & Dumas, 2012; Dumas & Nessimian, 2013; Dumas et al., 2013; Barcelos-Silva et al., 2015). Adults are medium-sized, dark-brown in overall color, and can be recognized by features of male genitalia, such as the phallobase structure, which is tubular basally lacking a basodorsal expansion, common in most philopotamids (Blahnik, 2005). They are usually found in pristine headwaters and rapids of streams or small rivers in Atlantic Forest, but are not common in large rivers (Jardim & Dumas, 2012; Dumas & Nessimian, 2013). Despite the several new species described in the genus in the last few years, the diversity of species is still apparently underestimated. There is also a lack of information about its ecology, distribution and biology, especially about its immature stages, which remain unknown.

In the present paper, two new species of Alterosa are described and illustrated from male specimens collected in Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. Also, a new geographic record is provided for Alterosa falcataBlahnik (2005), reported here to Espírito Santo state.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The specimens were collected near pristine streams in Atlantic Forest areas of two municipalities of Rio de Janeiro state - Petrópolis and Rio Bonito (Fig. 1) using Pennsylvania light trap (Frost, 1957) and Malaise trap (Gressit & Gressit, 1962). The collected material was preserved in 96% ethanol. Length of forewing was measured from base to apex and is presented as a range followed by the number of specimens measured. To better observe and illustrate the genital structures, the abdomen was removed and cleared in a heated solution of 85% acid lactic (Blahnik et al., 2007), being mounted on a temporary slide with glycerin jelly. After that, removed abdomens were stored permanently in micro vials with 96% ethanol, with the rest of the respective body. Pencil sketches of genital structures were illustrated using a Carl Zeiss compound light microscope (model Axiolab) equipped with camera lucida and then scanned and used as templates to trace graphic vectors in the program Adobe Illustrator CS6. The terminology used in the descriptions follows that of Blahnik (2005). The holotypes and paratypes are deposited in Coleção Entomológica Professor José Alfredo Pinheiro Dutra, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (DZRJ), Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.

Figure 1
Distributional map and type localities of Alterosa araras sp. nov. and A. cornuta sp. nov.

TAXONOMY

Alterosa araras, new species

(Figs. 2A-2D)

Diagnosis:Alterosa araras sp. nov. clearly belongs to guapimirim group, as defined by Blahnik (2005), and shares many similarities with A. guapimirimBlahnik (2005) and A. orgaosensisBlahnik (2005). All of them have a similarly developed, bulbously enlarged tergum X, with a basolateral projection; similar preanal appendages with a cupped apex bearing a spine-like seta; and similarly shaped inferior appendages, with second articles much shorter than the first. The new species resembles A. guapimirim in having sclerotized intermediate appendages, with several spines apically, but they are shorter and less developed in A. araras sp. nov. than in A. guapimirim. Alterosa araras sp. nov. also resembles A. orgaosensis in the shape of the preanal appendages, which are thinner in both species, as viewed laterally, than those of A. guapimirim. However, in the new species they have an extra stout, spine-like seta at midlength, absent in both A. orgaosensis and A. guapimirim. Additionally, A. araras sp. nov. can be distinguished from both by the general shape of tergum X, especially by its much more well-developed basolateral projection.

Description: Adult: Color (in alcohol) golden-brown; legs, palps, and antennae pale-brown, forewing color pattern not discernible. Male forewings 7.20 mm (n = 10; holotype = 7.20 mm). Maxillary palps 5-articulated; 2^nd article with elongate setae at apicomesal portion; 3^rd article about 2x length of 2^nd; 5^th article elongate, about 2.5x length of 3^rd. Head setal warts well-developed, frontal setal warts large, rounded; anteromesal setal warts laterally fused to anterior setal wart, M-shaped; posterior setal wart subtriangular; posterolateral setal warts large, robust and about ovoid. Tibial spurs formula: 2-4-4. Wing venation typical for the genus; forewings with forks I-V present, discoidal and thyridial cells similar in length; hind wings with forks I-III and V presents.

Male genitalia: Tergum VIII posteromesal margin with a shallow U-shaped emargination/incision. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin forming a moderately rounded projection in dorsal half; posteroventral margin slightly produced, forming broadly rounded expansion (Fig. 2A). Tergum IX reduced, forming a mesal projection over base of tergum X, projection prominent, apex subtruncate in lateral view and rounded, subspatulate as viewed dorsally (Fig. 2B). Tergum X with lateral margins sinuous in lateral view, subparallel as viewed dorsally, apex rounded and sensillate, forming greatly enlarged expansion in apical half as viewed laterally; dorsally with longitudinal mesal ridge, well-developed and slightly crenulated as viewed laterally (Figs. 2A, 2B); tergum basolaterally with well-developed setose projection, foot-like, placed in a large, sclerotized concave depression (Figs. 2A, 2B). Intermediate appendages about half length of preanal appendages, rod-like, strongly sclerotized; apex with several apical spines (Figs. 2A, 2B). Preanal appendages elongate, narrow and mesally curved; apex and mesal portion both with a single spine-like seta in a concavity (left appendage with an extra subapical small spine-like seta in holotype) (Figs. 2A, 2B). Inferior appendages setose, elongate, about linear, flattened on mesal surface; first article, laterally, approximately 2 times as long as wide; second article shorter than first (less than half length), base narrower than apex of first article, slightly constricted mesally, apex rounded with prominent pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae (Figs. 2A, 2C). Phallobase elongate and tubular, strongly curved near middle; endotheca with paired spines - 2 apical pairs and 1 basal pair very large and curved - and 2 isolated spines.

Figure 2
Alterosa araras, new species, male genitalia. (A) lateral view; (B) dorsal view; (C) ventral view; (D) phallic apparatus, left lateral view. Scale = 0.25 mm..

Holotype male: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Araras, REBIO Araras, Rio Araras, Trilha do Caneco (ponte), 22°26’13.8”S, 43°15’37.4”W, 17.xi-13.xii.2018, 1,086 m, C Novais, LL Dumas, JL Nessimian & AA Alves leg. (DZRJ).

Paratypes: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: same data as holotype, 4 males (DZRJ); same locality as holotype, 20.iii-13.iv.2018, C Novais, LL Dumas, JL Nessimian & ALD Ferreira leg., 2 males (DZRJ); same locality as holotype, 13.iv-07.v.2018, C Novais, LL Dumas, JL Nessimian & ALH Oliveira leg., 1 male (DZRJ); Petrópolis, Araras, REBIO Araras, Rio Araras, Trilha do Caneco (acima da captação de água), 22°26’15.8”S, 43°15’37.7”W, 13.iv.2018, 1,104 m, C Novais, LL Dumas, JL Nessimian & ALD Ferreira leg., 1 male (DZRJ); Petrópolis, Araras, REBIO Araras, Rio Araras, trilha da represa (pequena cachoeira acima da gruta), 22°26’19.1”S, 43°15’40.9”W, 13.xii.2018, 1,124 m, AA Alves leg., 5 males (DZRJ); Petrópolis, Araras, REBIO Araras, Rio Araras, trilha da represa (pequena cachoeira acima da gruta), 22°26’19.1”S, 43°15’40.9”W, 14.xii.2018, 1,124 m, C Novais, LL Dumas, JL Nessimian & AA Alves leg., 11 males (DZRJ); Petrópolis, Araras, REBIO Araras, Rio Araras, trilha da represa (represa), 22°26’20.0”S, 43°15’42.4”W, 14.xii.2018, 1,123 m, C Novais, LL Dumas, JL Nessimian & AA Alves leg., 2 males (DZRJ).

Distribution: Brazil (RJ).

Etymology: The new species is named araras (a noun in apposition) in allusion to the Reserva Biológica de Araras, a beautiful Atlantic Forest reserve where the types specimens were collected.

Remarks:Alterosa araras sp. nov. is very similar and probably closely related to A. guapimirim and A. orgaosensis. Blahnik (2005) in the original descriptions of A. guapimirim and A. orgaosensis claimed that it is possible that the two species may eventually prove to be not specifically distinct. We therefore carefully examined and compared A. araras sp. nov. with the holotypes of previous described species, which are deposited in Museu de Zoologia de São Paulo (MZSP), choosing describe it as a new species. The new species can be recognized based on morphology of male genital structure, as discussed above. We think that these species represent a species complex, possibly contemporaneously diverged. However, further studies using analysis of DNA sequence may be useful in determining whether they form a species complex or whether they are a single polymorphic species.

Alterosa cornuta, new species

(Figs. 3A-3D)

Diagnosis:Alterosa cornuta sp. nov. is distinctive within the genus and cannot be easily placed in any of the species groups defined by Blahnik (2005). However, the new species share similarities with A. guapimirimBlahnik (2005) and A. orgaosensisBlahnik (2005), regarding the general structure of the inferior appendages, with first article less than half length of the second. Alterosa cornuta sp. nov. is easily diagnosed by the overall shape of the intermediate appendages with the apical half horn-shaped and crossing each other over the apical half of tergum X, with each appendage slightly turned ventrad. Additionally, the inferior appendages each have a row of large spine-like setae on the inner margins that decrease in size to the base, which is also asymmetric on the right and left sides. Also, the endotheca has a tongue-like spinous plate, that differs from all others species of the genus.

Description: Adult: Color (in alcohol) golden-brown; legs, palps, and antennae pale-brown, forewing color pattern not discernible. Male forewings 6.24-7.20 mm (n = 6; holotype = 6.40 mm). Maxillary palps 5-articulated; 2^nd article with elongate setae at apicomesal portion; 3^rd article about 2x length of 2^nd; 5^th article elongate, about 3.5x length of 3^rd. Head setal warts well-developed, frontal setal warts large, rounded; anteromesal setal warts laterally fused to anterior setal wart M-shaped; posterior setal wart rounded; posterolateral setal warts large, robust and about ovoid. Tibial spurs formula: 2-4-4. Wing venation typical for the genus; forewings with forks I-V present, discoidal and thyridial cells similar in length; hind wings with forks I-III and V present.

Male genitalia: Tergum VIII with posteromesal margin rounded, not emarginate. Sternum IX with anterolateral margin moderately rounded; posteroventral margin sinuous, slightly produced; anterior submarginal tergal apodeme well-developed (Fig. 3A). Tergum IX greatly reduced, membranous or fused to base of tergum X (Fig. 3A). Tergum X subtriangular in lateral and dorsal views, bent ventrad, tapering to apex (Figs. 3A, 3B); laterally with a mesal triangular dorsal projection on the basal third, apex subacute (Fig. 3A); in dorsal view strongly tapering to apex from apical half, apex rounded (Fig. 3B). Intermediate appendages sclerotized, very elongate, base large, trapezoidal, horn-shaped, between 4-5 times longer than preanal appendages, with a hook-shaped mark ventrobasally; both slightly turned ventrad and crossing each other over the apical half of the tergum X (Figs. 3A, 3B). Preanal appendages moderately elongate, club-shaped, covered with small setae; apex rounded (Figs. 3A, 3B). Inferior appendages elongate, linear, flattened on mesal surface; first articles, laterally, approximately 2 times as long as wide, each ventrally with a row of large spine-like setae on inner margins, setae decreasing in size to base (asymmetric in right and left sides); second article shorter than first (less than half length), base narrower than apex of first article, slightly constricted mesally; apex rounded with prominent pad of short, stiff apicomesal setae (Figs. 3A, 3C). Phallobase tubular, moderately elongate, with slight curvature near apex; endotheca with a large sclerotized spinous plate, tongue-like, resembling a molluscan radula (Fig. 3D).

Figure 3
Alterosa cornuta, new species, male genitalia. (A) lateral view; (B) dorsal view; (C) ventral view; (D) phallic apparatus, left lateral view. Scale = 0.10 mm.

Holotype male: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Rio Bonito, Lavras, Rio Bacaxá, acima do Poço das Andorinhas, 22°39’40.4”S, 42°36’04.4”W, 22.x.2017, 267 m, LL Dumas & JL Nessimian leg. (DZRJ).

Paratypes: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: same data as holotype, 3 males, 2 females (DZRJ).

Distribution: Brazil (RJ).

Etymology: The specific epithet of this species comes from the Latin word cornuta (horn), in allusion to the horn-shaped intermediate appendages.

NEW DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORD

Alterosa falcata Blahnik (2005)

Although most species of the genus Alterosa have fairly restricted distributions in pristine Atlantic Forest streams, A. falcataBlahnik (2005) can be considered one of the few exceptions. Originally described from several locations in Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states (Blahnik, 2005), its distribution was extended to other areas of these states (Dumas et al., 2009; Dumas & Nessimian, 2012). Herein, we record this species for the first time from Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil.

Material examined: BRAZIL: Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa, EB de Santa Lucia, afluente de 1ª ordem do Rio Timbui, 19°57’57.2”S, 40°32’16.4”W, 21.iii.2013, 653 m, LL Dumas & JL Nessimian leg., 1 male (DZRJ).

Distribution: Brazil (RJ, SP, MG, ES [new record]).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank all members of Laboratório de Entomologia (UFRJ) that assisted with the collection of specimens and the team of Reserva Biológica de Araras (REBIO Araras) for support during field work. We are grateful to Dra. Eliana Cancello and Dr. Carlos Campaner for the support in Museu de Zoologia de São Paulo. We also thank the Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA; permit № 038/2014) for issuing collecting permit. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) p. 420573/2016-0 and 440472/2015-6.

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Edited by

Edited by: Marcelo Duarte

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 Nov 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  22 Apr 2019
• Accepted
  20 Sept 2019