HERPETOFAUNA OF THE QUATERNARY SAND DUNES OF THE MIDDLE RIO SÃO FRANCISCO: BAHIA: BRAZIL. VII. TYPHLOPS AMOIPIRA SP. NOV., A POSSIBLE RELATIVE OF TYPHLOPS YONENAGAE (SERPENTES, TYPHLOPIDAE)

A new species of a small typhlopid snake is described from Ibiraba, in the sanddune area of the left bank of Rio São Francisco, State of Bahia, Brazil. Typhlops amoipira sp. nov. is a small, light brown, and slightly pigmented Typhlops characterized by an incomplete nasal suture,18 scale rows around the body (SAB), and 212-242 dorsal scales. The geographic and morphologically closer species, Typhlops yonenagae (18 SAB, 259-291 dorsals) lives in the same area, in the sands of the opposite side of the river.


INTRODUCTION
The sand dune area crossed by the middle Rio São Francisco in the Brazilian domain of semiarid Caatingas, State of Bahia, has emerged in the last years as an unparalleled case of an extraordinary newly discovered squamate fauna.The uniqueness of this example of "new age's discovery" (sensu Donoghue and Alverson, 2000), derives from the study at a smaller spacial scale of the presumably well-known Caatingas domain.Most squamates living within the 800.000 km 2 area covered by the dry forest caatingas, were considered widespread in the domain and the whole fauna relatively well known (Vanzolini, 1974).Overall caatinga faunal predictability was considered high and after intensive field studies (summary in Vitt, 1995, and references cited) a comprehensive book on reptiles from the area was published (Vanzolini et al., 1980).Occasionally, one or two new species were described after intensive surveys across large areas.These new species, most of them cryptic or very similar to previously known relatives, were only recognized after detailed comparisons with material from museum shelves (see Rodrigues, 1986 for an example).
Surveys continue in the area and are revealing the existence of additional undescribed lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians, and frogs.Most of the invertebrate fauna yet remains largely unexplored.
We report here on a new species of a fossorial snake, genus Typhlops, obtained in a recent trip.The only species of the genus previously known from the area is the endemic Typhlops yonenagae Rodrigues, 1991, described from Santo Inácio, in the sands of the right bank of the Rio São Francisco.The new species, obtained in the sands of the opposite side of the river, almost in front of Santo Inácio, differs clearly from Typhlops yonenagae but share several features with the latter as to lead us to conclude that it could form another example of vicariant species pair for the area (see Rodrigues, 1996 for other examples of species pairs of squamates in the area).Paratypes: MZUSP 12299-12303, 6-9.iii.2000;other data as for the holotype.

Typhlops
Etymology: A homage to the extinct Amoipira indians, a Tupi tribe that lived in the area in the XVI century and probably went extinct by the end of the XVII century (Souza, 1942;Niemendadju, 1946).By coincidence, amoipira, in Tupi, also means "the relative from the other side" (Souza, 1942).
Description of the holotype: (Figs 1-3).Rostral broad, longer than wide, extending about two thirds on dorsal face of head, with a pronounced narrowing at nostril level; narrowest at labial level and touching labial border.Posterior margin of rostral rounded, reaching the level of the anterior margin of eye.Nasal long, convex anteriorly, concave posteriorly, imbricating and contacting rostral, preocular, first and second supralabials, and frontal.Nasal wider than frontal and wider at nostril level, narrower posteriorly.Nostril in the posterior part of nasal, at the level of inferior part of ocular.Nasal suture incomplete, occuping the inferior third of nasal and coincident with suture between first and second labials.Frontal as long as large, cicloid, contacting rostral and preventing midline contact between nasals.Following frontal two imbricate and cicloid scales, the first identical to frontal in size and shape, the second wider.A pair of longer than wide distinctive supraoculars, diagonally oriented, minimally separated by frontal at midline.Supraocular covers the superior part of ocular; anterior part of supraocular imbricates under part of frontal, nasal, and preocular.Preocular large, wider at nostril level, contacting second and third supralabials, covering anterior part of ocular and supraocular, and reaching the  eye.Preocular indenting deeply the suture between second and third supralabials; ventrally reaching about the same level of preocular.Ocular larger than preocular, in contact with third supralabial with the eye in the superior two thirds of scale.Posterior to ocular, ventrally, a small, higher than wide temporal; dorsally, in larger contact, two identical and sucessivelly imbricate wider than long "parietals".The first "parietal" contacts supraocular.Three supralabials, first smalest, third the largest.Third supralabial followed posteriorly by a larger scale which contacts the base of ocular and temporal.Three infralabials.Dorsals smooth, cicloid, sligthly larger than long, in 18 longitudinal rows, without reduction; 212-242 tranversal rows between rostral and tip of tail; 7-12 subcaudals.
Ground color creamy brown, few pigmented.In the anterior dorsal part of body and tail, a fine darker brown reticulum, particularly concentrated in the central part of dorsal head scales.In juveniles, an inconspicuous longitudinal mid-dorsal, one scale wide, brown line extends from posterior part of head to the first third of body; the line disappears progressively towards tail.Snout, imbricate part of dorsal head scales, labials, and the rest of body, immaculate.
Measurements of the type series are shown in Table 1.

DISCUSSION
Typhlops is a large and poorly known genus of pantropical fossorial snakes for which there is no available phylogenetically oriented studies of relationships.For this reason, we based our comparisons to South American species.Data on scale-count variation and maximum snout-vent length was taken from specimens examined at the MZUSP collection, and complemented by data from Dixon and Hendricks (1979) and Rodrigues (1991d).
Typhlops amoipira shares the presence of an incomplete nasal suture with five other South American species of Typhlops: T. reticulatus, T. brongersmianus, T. minuisquamus, T. paucisquamus, and T. yonenagae.Typhlops lehneri, from northern Venezuela, the only other known South American species of Typhlops, Even considering the absence of strong evidence, morphological similarity, ecological preferences, and the geographic distribution of T. amoipira and T. yonenagae make their close relationship very probable.If this possibility is confirmed, it will be interesting to know if they diverged contemporaneously with the other pairs of vicariant species in the area.
The type series of Typhlops amoipira was obtained in a grid of 100 pitfall traps consisting of 10x10 parallel lines of 30 liter buckets, each one with three 1.5 m drift fences.Distance between parallel lines was 7.5 m.The grid was placed in a sandy and flat area bordering a large sand dune, close to the river.Total effort was equivalent to 600 pitfalls/day, for a sampled area of about 5000 m 2 .The six specimens were taken from buckets early in the morning (see Rodrigues, 1991aRodrigues, , 1996, for a detailed description of the area).The presence of a juvenile in the sample obtained suggests that egg laying most likely occurred during the dry season which extends from November to March in this region (see Rodrigues, 1996).
Material of Typhlops yonenagae examined: MZUSP 10086, 10087, 12497-12506, Santo Inácio, Bahia, Brazil.(CNPq) and Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana for support.For their invaluable help in the field, we thank Felipa and the people of Icatú (Ibiraba oficially), and Pedro L. B. Rocha.We also thank Luciana Lobo for the drawing, and Hussam Zaher and Andrew Check for reading the manuscript.

Table 1 .
Measurements (mm) of the type series of Typhlops amoipira, sp.nov.(*=holotype) nasal suture as the other Caribbean and Central-American congeners.Typhlops brongersmianus and T. reticulatus are larger species (maximum length, respectively, 320 mm and 522 mm -against a maximum of 200 mm in T. amoipira) and have 20 scales without reduction around midbody.Typhlops brongersmianus is a widespread species in South America, occurring in almost all habitats; it is largely sympatric with T. reticulatus in Amazonia, which is also known from an isolated population in northeastern Brazil.Typhlops minuisquamus is a large, sharply bicolored species (maximum size 361 mm) restricted to Amazonia, and has 18 SAB with scale row reduction (20 to 14, 18 to 14 or 18 to 12).Typhlops paucisquamus is restricted to the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brasil.Although T. paucisquamus, T. yonenagae, and T. amoipira have similar sizes (maximum of 200 mm) and 18 SAB, the former has the lowest dorsal counts in the genus(169)(170)(171)(172)(173)(174)(175)(176)(177)(178)(179)(180)(181)(182).The only differences between T. yonenagae and T. amoipira are the total number of dorsal scales (212-242 in T. amoipira; 259-291 in T. yonenagae) and color pattern.Specimens of T. yonenagae are creamy brown, with a conspicuous middorsal line along body extending from posterior part of head to tail.Specimens of T. amoipira are less pigmented and the line, mostly inconspicuous, is present only in the anterior third of body in juveniles.