A study on the etymology of the scientific names given to planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) by Ernest Marcus’ school

Abstract

Leading zoologist and taxonomist Ernest Marcus (1893-1968) and his school described numerous new invertebrate taxa, including planarians, or triclads (Platyhelminthes). These authors rarely provided the etymology of names for the new taxa. In this paper, the etymology of 149 names of genera and specific epithets of planarians lacking etymology (or honoring people) is investigated. The etymology of most names was retrieved from original descriptive papers and from Eudóxia Maria Froehlich’s recollections, a fellow of Marcus’ school. It was discovered that the names were usually freely derived from words of the language spoken in the country where the species was found. Some names were motivated by an aspect of the biology of the species. Other names honored people or are arbitrary. The etymology of 19 names could not be retrieved and are only suggested. The origin of another 19 names could not be discovered, nor even their meaning. Knowing the etymology makes it easier to memorize a name and it is a way to preserve the historical and emotional aspects of the authors. Through the retrieved etymologies, the personality of Marcus can also be glimpsed.

Key-Words:
Classification; Nomenclature; Geoplana; Historiography; Taxonomy

INTRODUCTION

Roots may be formed in several ways

Foucault, 1994, The order of things

From the dawn of history, humans were already taxonomists. By distinguishing linguistically food from non-food, potential predators from non-predators, they increased survival chances (Dunn & Davison, 1968; Raven et al., 1971). It was Linnaeus’s binomial nomenclature in the 18^th century that made species names universal. Over 1.87 million species have received a scientific name, of which 1.28 are animals (http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col, access: 25/07/2020). Estimates point to about 7.77 million animal species on Earth (Mora et al., 2011), 76% of them not yet described. New species need a new name. For animals, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, or the Code (ICZN, 1999) regulates nomenclatural acts and etymological rules of new names at ranks between subspecies and family level. The origin of a name given to a taxon is called derivation or etymology. Coining a name is probably the only place for taxonomists to express themselves freely and creatively. The Code provides support for that: “A name may be a word in or derived from Latin, Greek or any other language (even one with no alphabet) or be formed from such a word. It may be an arbitrary combination of letters providing this is formed to be used as a word” (Art. 11.3, ICZN, 1999). Authors are not obliged to provide the etymology of new names, since it is only a recommendation (Recommendation 25C of ICZN, 1999). The same is true for Botanists and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Recommendation 60H.1, Turland et al., 2018), but not for bacteriologists, who must give the derivation of a new name (Rule 27b, Parker et al., 2019). Nevertheless, some taxonomic journals expressly require from authors to give the etymology of new names (e.g., European Journal of taxonomy, https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt; Zookeys, https://zookeys.pensoft.net; Zoologia https://www.scielo.br/revistas/zool/iinstruc.htm; access: 03/08/2020) or to follow the rules and recommendations of the Code (e.g., this journal).

Authors of new names usually evoke a biological aspect of the species named, such as morphological, behavioral or the geographical origin of the species. Authors may also honor someone deserving respect, or they simply give humorous or peculiar names which have nothing to do with the species being named (Ohl, 2018).

For taxonomists, names based on a biological aspect may make the name easy to memorize. For historiographers, etymology of names may help discover aspects of the author giving the name. However, in the past, taxonomists did not always provide the etymology of the new names of animals. This is the case of the school of Prof. Ernest Marcus (1893-1968) for the free-living flatworms (Platyhelminthes) they studied.

German-born, Marcus was Zoologist and professor at the Institute of Zoology at the University of Berlin. Further biographical accounts are found in Mendes (1994), Carbayo et al. (2009) and Winston (2002). In 1936 Marcus and his wife, Eveline du Bois Raymond-Marcus (1901-1990) moved to São Paulo, Brazil, where they wrote a “monumental monographic work of South American micro- and macroturbellarians” (Rieger, 1998). Between 1936 and 1968 they published 162 papers in Brazil on several animal Phyla (Mendes, 1994). Marcus mentored prominent zoologists (Winston, 2002; Carbayo et al., 2009). He also founded a Brazil-based productive school of morphology and systematics of free-living flatworms, composed of Eveline du Bois-Reymond Marcus, Claudio Gilberto Froehlich, Eudóxia Maria Froehlich (1928-2015), Diva Diniz Corrêa (1918-1993) and Maria Elisa Quissak Martins. Between 1946 and 1978, Marcus’s school published several papers with the description of numerous species and genera of planarians, or triclads (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes), besides further works on additional flatworms and other phyla. The etymology of the new names was rarely revealed by them. The purpose of the present work is to investigate the etymology of triclad names given by Marcus’ school.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We circumscribed the reporting period to 1946-1978, 1946 being the first year that a paper on triclads was published, and 1978 the last paper before etymology of new names was regularly provided. We produced a list of generic and specific epithets of planarians given by Marcus’ school, from the species and genera compiled in Carbayo et al. (2009), Carbayo & Froehlich (2008) and Tyler et al. (2006-2013) lacking etymology. In this list we maintained names of species honoring personalities as a contribution to the historiography.

We read the papers with original descriptions in search of clues of the etymology. We explored Eudóxia’s recollections as she lived with Marcus and Eveline since the late 1940 until Marcuses’ decease. We recorded her memories about the etymology in two situations: intermittently when the issue arose during the meetings with FC over the last ten years of her life, and on two formal scheduled interviews with PDS. Subsequently, we checked the meaning of the epithets in Quechua, English, Kukama-Kukamiria, Latin, Portuguese, Spanish, and Tupi dictionaries and lexicons (Ajacopa, 2007; Lewis & Short, 1879; Brown, 1956; Bueno, 1998; Collins, 2014; Gregório, 1980; Houaiss, 2001; RAE, 2020; Tibiriçá, 1984; Vallejos & Amías, 2015). Claudio Gilberto Froehlich checked the etymologies of a preliminary glossary and provided the derivation of some epithets.

We assembled the names and their etymologies in a glossary, with each name fitting one of four categories according to the motivation: names derived from characteristics of the species (including size, shape, color, morphology, habitat, locality); commemorative names; arbitrary names, and names with putative etymology, the latter cases indicated with ‘prob’ in the glossary. For each entry of the glossary, we provided the original species name or the genus name, authority, year of publication, etymology, and the country where the taxon (species or genus) was originally found. We omitted from the glossary epithets from which both their meaning and motivation remain elusive.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

We found 149 triclad epithets (133 specific epithets, 16 of genus level) given by Marcus (47), Froehlich, C.G. (39), du Bois-Reymond Marcus (30), Froehlich, E.M. (27), Marcus & du Bois-Reymond Marcus (3), Corrêa (2), and Martins (1). This assignment is not a fully accurate picture of authorship, for Marcus signed alone in papers but his wife’s coauthorship is expressed clearly in relevant taxonomic papers (e.g.,Marcus, 1947, 1951; see also Edmunds, 1991).

Biology: Fifty epithets were prompted by an aspect of the biology of the species, such as the body shape and size (apeva, assu, cassula, chimbeva, chiuna, fita, Gusana, hystrix, Issoca, Liana, mirim, nana, Timyma, Xerapoa) the color of the body (astraea, astrocheta, bilix, cafusa, chita, crioula, hypoglauca, joia, Leucolesma, leucophryna, livia, nigra, picta, pinima, piranga, plumbea, quagga (see Fig. 1), rosea, ruiva, tapetilla, tinga, trigueira, trina, una, yara, see Fig. 2), the internal morphology (monomyoda, ectophysa, Incapora), and the habitat or geographical origin (caapora, caissara, gaucha, Kontikia, matuta, orana, piptus, tapira). The Marcuses avoided giving names describing morphological characters (du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1987). Indeed, this practice was little used by them (astraea, astrocheta, bilix, ectophysa, hypoglauca, Incapora, leucophryna, monomyoda, quagga, tinga, trina).

Figure 1
Pictures of the extinct Quagga, Equus quagga quagga (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quagga_photo.jpg) (left) and the 3-cm long land planarian Geoplana quaggaMarcus, 1951 (right). Note the similar color pattern of the head.

Figure 2
Hand drawings by Froehlich, E.M. of the live Geoplana yara. The green cephalic region motivated the author to use the specific epithet after Iara, the green-haired Amazonian mermaid in the Brazilian folklore.

Commemorative: Other epithets honored people (34) who somehow helped the authors (beckeri, Dinizia, divae, fragai, glieschi, graetzi, hauseri, jimi, marthae, moei, mourei, nataliae, pavani, phocaica, righii, rudebecki, saegeri, schubarti, weyrauchi) or who are authorities in their respective research fields (arndti, carvalhoi, corderoi, dahli, hymanae, libbieae, nonatoi, oliverioi, riesteri). Sometimes, the people honored are family members (e.g., juliae, regia). Marcus honored his wife several times with variations of her name (evelinae, velina) or her affectionate nicknames (Nerpa, phocaica; see also Winston, 2002). Moreover, he paid homage to his wife 74 times by giving the name evelinae to the respective turbellarian non triclad species (see Tyler et al., 2006-2013).

Arbitrary: Twenty-five epithets are arbitrary. Some of these names are related with things loved by the authors, as is the case of the Marcuses’ passion for small mammals (harea, voleum), especially cats (Miava, misus, Tiddles). Eveline’s love for cats is well known (Edmunds, 1991; Fig. 3). Other arbitrary names were coined from euphonic words derived from the vernacular idiom spoken in the local origin of the species. Thus, Brazilian species were given names from the Brazilian Portuguese (duca, suva, Vatapa), classic languages (pasipha, taxiarcha), and Tupi (catua, jandaia, jandira, potyra, toriba, tuxaua; but see perereca, Timyma and tinga for exceptions). In turn, Peruvian species received names derived from the Spanish spoken in Peru (aymara, lama, quichua) whereas those from Chile received words common in that country (caleta, guasa, placilla).

Figure 3
A 1983 cat-themed Christmas card hand-made by Eveline du Bois-Reymond Marcus and addressed to Dr. Leigh Winsor (University James Cook, Australia).

Unknown: We could not retrieve the origin of 24 names, yet the motivation is suggested. Some of them are similar to words spoken in the country of origin of the species (chanca, chilla, ercilla, quenua, rincona (Chile), cantuta, caya, chalona, chulpa, garua, irua, lambaya, pichuna, shapra, takia, vicuna, yaravi (Peru), poca, Rhodax (Brazil). A few names were seemingly derived from an aspect of their biology (conyum, parca, polecatum, pugum). Presumably the name scius is arbitrary. The putative etymology of these names is indicated with ‘Prob.’ (see Glossary).

Finally, we could not discover the origin of 15 names, nor even their meanings. Taxa with names in this category are from Brazil (Bopsula, camica), Peru (chiliua, idaia, lareta, saima, talpa, vircata), Portugal (sameha), and South Africa (chinum, gnaum, huntum, paeta, wauzen, wimbimba) (du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951, 1955, 1958; Froehlich, E.M., 1955; Marcus, 1946, 1953, 1955a, 1970; Marcus & du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1959). Probably, some of these names were imaginatively created, as might be the case for Puiteca, a word resembling the name of the sea slug genus Piseinotecus, which in Portuguese means “I stepped onto Teco [name of Marcuses’ dog]” (du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1987).

In his school, Marcus was most prolific in describing and naming new taxa and explored both the freedom and the artistic perspectives supported by the Code (Art. 11.3, ICZN, 1999). A glimpse of his personality can be caught through the etymologies of the names he gave: cultured (e.g., pasipha, taxiarcha), humorous (Miava, Nerpa, piptus), lovely (largely used evelinae), lover of animals (harea, polecatum, voleum), ingenious (astrocheta, ectophysa, monomyoda), and admirer of researchers (pavani, arndti, corderoi, Dinizia, divae).

The etymology of other names given by the Marcuses and Froehlich, C.G. to other taxonomic groups, including other platyhelminths and another phyla still remains to be investigated (e.g., Marcus, 1938; du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1956; Froehlich, C.G., 1968, 1969; see also Mendes, 1994; Corrêa, 1991).

A scientific name depicts the creative pinnacle of a taxonomic work, and the etymological meaning may be of historical or emotional interest (Ohl, 2018). Independently from requirements of the nomenclatural codes, we advocate the disclosure of the etymology of new names at the time of proposing a new taxon. Otherwise, the meaning of a name may well be lost in forgotten memories.

Through this study, we hope to contribute to preserving these historical and creative aspects of Ernest Marcus - one amongst the most prominent zoologists of the 20^th century (Sawaya, 1970; Mendes, 1994; Zarur, 1994) - and those of his school.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Prof. Iván Angues Bambarén and José H. Grau (guest researcher, Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany) for their valuable advices on Peruvian and Chilean vernacular words, respectively. Leigh Winsor (University James Cook, Australia) is thanked for kindly providing a copy of Eveline’s postcard and for his help with some English-derived epithets. Claudio Gilberto Froehlich (University of São Paulo) is also thanked for sharing his memories on the etymology of some names. Rodrigo H. Willemart (University of São Paulo) and Domingo Lago-Barcia are sincerely thanked for their comments on a draft of this article. FC has financial support of FAPESP (proc. 2019/12357-7). We extend our thanks to an anonymous reviewer for her/his constructive comments and suggestions. This article is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Sérgio Antônio Vanin, who also reviewed the article.

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• Turland, N.J.; Wiersema, J.H.; Barrie, F.R.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Kusber, W.H.; Li, D.Z.; Marhold, K.; May, T.W.; McNeill, J.; Monro, A.M.; Prado, J.; Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.). 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashütten, Koeltz Botanical Books. Available: Available: https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php Access: 07/2020.
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• Tyler, S.; Schilling, S.; Hooge, M; & Bush, L.F. (Comp.). 2006-2013. Turbellarian taxonomic database. Version 1.7 Available: Available: http://turbellaria.umaine.edu Access: 07/2020.
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• Vallejos, R. & Amías, R. 2015. Diccionario Kukama-Kukamiria - castellano. Iquitos, AIDESEP/ISEPL.
• Winston, J.E. 2002. Ernst Gustav Gotthelf Marcus (1893-1968) and Eveline Agnes du Bois-Reymond Marcus (1901-1990). In: Jackson, P.N.W & Jones, M.E.S. (Eds.). Annals of Bryozoology: aspects of the history of research on bryozoans. International Bryozoology Association, Dublin, 339-361. Available: Available: http://bryozoa.net/annals/annals1/index.html Access: 07/2020.
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• Published with the financial support of the "Programa de Apoio às Publicações Científicas Periódicas da USP"

APPENDIX

Glossary

For each entry of the glossary, there are provided the original species or genus name, authority, year of publication, etymology, and the country where the taxon (species or genus) was originally found. Epithets from which both their meaning and motivation remain elusive are omitted (see text).

apeva.Geoplana apevaFroehlich, 1959. Biology. From the Tupi apeva, or apeba, meaning flattened and widened. It is a reference to the shape of the body: “large, broad and flat” (Froehlich, C.G., 1959). Species from Brazil.

arndti.Dugesia arndtiMarcus, 1946. Posthumous homage to the Zoologist Walter Arndt, from the Zoological Museum Berlin (Marcus, 1946). Species from Brazil.

assu.Geoplana assuFroehlich, 1959. Biology. Tupi word meaning big and thick. It is a reference to the body size of the species: “A large, flat and broad species” (Froehlich, C.G., 1959). Species from Brazil.

astraea.Geoplana astraeaMarcus, 1951. Biology. From the Latin astr-, astro- (star, star system, constellation. A reference to the resemblance of the dorsum the species to a starry night: “dorsum […] black […] with clear halos” (Marcus, 1951). Species from Brazil.

astrocheta.Dugesia astrochetaMarcus, 1953. Biology. A combination of the Latin astro- (star) and the Greek chaite (long hair). A reference to the aspect of the preserved species resembling a star with radiating setae: “In all the clarified worms the gut contains masses of spongillid tissues and needles” (Marcus, 1953). Species from the Republic of the Congo.

aymara.Geoplana aymaradu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951. Arbitrary. From Spanish word aimará, meaning a South American Indian person from highland Peru. Species from Peru.

beckeri.Geoplana beckeriFroehlich, 1959. Homage to Mr. Johann Becker, Entomologist at the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, who collected and donated the type material. Species from Brazil.

bilix.Choeradoplana bilixMarcus, 1951. Biology. From Latin bilis, is, meaning bile. A reference to the yellowish color of the dorsum: “The dorsum is yellowish, with two wide grey-brownish stripes” (Marcus, 1951). Species from Brazil.

caapora.Geoplana caaporaFroehlich, 1957. Biology. Tupi word meaning inhabitant of the woods. A reference to the habitat of the species. Species from Brazil.

cafusa.Geoplana cafusaFroehlich, 1956. Biology. From the Portuguese cafuso, or cafuzo, meaning a person of mixed African and Amerindian ancestry. A reference to the brownish color of the dorsum: “The dorsum is black, which fades to brown-grayish towards the sides of the body” (Froehlich, C.G., 1956a). Species from Brazil.

caissara.Geoplana caissaraFroehlich, 1955. Biology. A Tupi word meaning coastal inhabitant. A reference to Ubatuba, a Brazilian coastal locality where some of the type specimens were found. Species from Brazil.

caleta.Geoplana caletaFroehlich, 1978. Arbitrary. A Spanish word meaning cove. Species from Chile.

cantuta.Geoplana cantutadu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951. Prob. from the popular name of Cantua buxifolia Juss. ex Lam. (Polemoniaceae), a Peruvian flowering plant. Species from Peru.

carvalhoi.Dolichoplana carvalhoiCorrêa, 1947. A homage to João de Paiva Carvalho, who worked at the Instituto de Pesca Marítima and donated the type specimens (Corrêa, 1947). An Asian species introduced into Brazil.

cassula.Geoplana cassulaFroehlich, 1955. Biology. From the Portuguese caçula, meaning younger brother. A reference to the small body size: “Small worms with strongly convex dorsum” (Froehlich, E.M., 1955). Species from Brazil.

catua.Choeradoplana catuaFroehlich, 1955. Arbitrary. From the Tupi catu, meaning lovely, pleasant. Species from Brazil.

caya.Geoplana cayadu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951. Prob. a Quichua word meaning morning. Species from Peru.

chalona.Geoplana chalonadu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951. Prob. from the Spanish word meaning dried lamb meat. Species from Peru.

chanca.Geoplana chancaFroehlich, 1978. Prob. a Spanish word meaning small company of fish-salting. Species from Chile.

chilla.Dugesia chillaMarcus, 1954. Prob. from a native Chilean fox chilla. Species from Chile.

chimbeva.Geoplana chimbevaFroehlich, 1955. Biology. A free composition from the Tupi words tim, meaning snout, and mbé, meaning flattened. A reference to the pointed shape of the anterior extremity of the body: “the body narrows progressively until the anterior extremity of the body” (Froehlich, E.M., 1955). Species from Brazil.

chita.Geoplana chitaFroehlich, 1956. Biology. From the Portuguese chita, meaning colored printed cotton fabric of little value. A reference to the dorsal color of the body: “Parenchyma whitish […], dorsally seen as abundant circular or elliptical areas with various sizes […]” (Froehlich, C.G., 1956b). Species from Brazil.

chiuna.Geoplana chiunaFroehlich, 1955. Biology. From the Tupi chiuna, meaning black nose. A reference to the black anterior extremity of the body: “The anterior extremity is black” (Froehlich, E.M., 1955). Species from Brazil.

chulpa.Geoplana chulpadu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951. Prob. from the Aymara word chullpa, meaning a type of Peruvian funerary tower or ancient sarcophagus. Species from Peru.

conyum.Othelosoma conyumMarcus, 1953. Prob. from the English word cony, a name for the ungulate Syrian rock hyrax, in reference to the color pattern of the back. “The back is rusty brown and becomes gradually lighter towards the ventral side” (Marcus, 1953). Species from the Republic of the Congo.

corderoi.Leucolesma corderoiMarcus, 1948. Homage to the Prof. Dr. Ergasto H. Cordero, from Montevideo (Uruguay) (Marcus, 1948). Species from Brazil.

crioula.Geoplana crioulaFroehlich, 1955. Biology. From the Portuguese crioulo, meaning a Brazilian person with African ancestry. A reference to the dark color of the dorsum of the species: “The dorsum is black” (Froehlich, E.M., 1955). Species from Brazil.

dahli.Procerodes dahliMarcus & du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1959. Homage to Professor Dr. Erik Dahl, from Lund University (Marcus & du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1959). Species from Portugal.

Dinizia.DiniziaMarcus, 1947. A homage to Diva Diniz Corrêa, Professor and marine biologist at University of São Paulo, who collected the type specimen (Corrêa, 1947). Genus from Brazil.

divae.Geoplana divaeMarcus, 1951. Homage to Diva Diniz Corrêa, Professor and marine biologist at University of São Paulo, who collected the type specimen (Marcus, 1951). Species from Brazil.

duca.Geoplana ducaMarcus, 1951. Arbitrary. From the motto Non ducor, duco of São Paulo municipality, meaning I am not led, I lead. Species from Brazil.

ectophysa.Dugesia ectophysaMarcus, 1953. Biology. Composition from the Greek prefix ecto-, meaning out of, and the Greek name physa, meaning bubble. A reference to the position of the vesicle out of the penis bulb. “Seminal vesicle lies outside penial bulb” (Marcus, 1953). Species from the Republic of the Congo.

ercilla.Geoplana ercillaFroehlich, 1978. Prob. from the Chilean town Ercilla, ca. 60 km SE from the collecting locality. Species from Chile.

evelinae. Epithet of many species described by Ernest Marcus. Homage to his wife, Prof. and zoologist Eveline du Bois-Reymond Marcus.

fita.Geoplana fitaFroehlich, 1959. Biology. From the Portuguese fita, meaning slender. A reference to the body shape: “A very long and slender species” (Froehlich, C.G., 1959).

fragai.Geoplana fragaiFroehlich, 1955. Homage to Dr. Manoel Verçosa Fraga, administrator of the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, who facilitated the field work of the author (Froehlich, C.G., 1955b). Species from Brazil.

garua.Geoplana garuadu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951. Prob. from garúa, Spanish word meaning drizzle. Species from Peru.

gaucha.Geoplana gauchaFroehlich, 1959. Biology. From the Portuguese gaúcho, a inhabitant of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A reference to the State where the species was found (Froehlich, C.G., 1959). Species from Brazil.

glieschi.Geoplana glieschiFroehlich, 1959. Homage to Prof. Dr. Rudolph Gliesch, Professor of Zoology at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, in Porto Alegre, Brazil, who collected the type material (Froehlich, C.G., 1959). Species from Brazil.

graetzi.Rhynchodemus graetzidu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1953. A homage to Prof. Eric A. Graetz, a Marcus’s friend from the University of Berlin, who collected the specimens (du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1953). Species from Panama.

guasa.Liana guasaFroehlich, 1978. Arbitrary. A Quechua word meaning Chilean cowboy. Species from Chile.

Gusana.GusanaFroehlich, 1978. Biology. From the Spanish word gusano, meaning worm. Species from Chile.

harea.Microplana hareaMarcus, 1953. Arbitrary. From the English word hare (Froehlich, C.G., pers. comm.). Species from the Republic of the Congo.

hauseri.Geoplana hauseriFroehlich, 1959. A homage to the Hungarian helminthologist Prof. Dr. Josef Hauser, at the University UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, Brazil, who collected the specimens. Species from Brazil.

hymanae.Diporodemus hymanaeFroehlich & Froehlich, 1972. Posthumous homage to the North American zoologist Libbie Henrietta Hyman, from the American Museum of Natural History, New York, EUA (Froehlich, E.M. & Froehlich, C.G., 1972). Species from Brazil.

hypoglauca.Dugesia hypoglaucaMarcus, 1948. Biology. Derived from the Greek prefix hypo-, meaning insufficient, and the Latin name glaucum, meaning bluish-green. A reference to the color of the ventral side of the body: “Dorsum almost uniformly grey-bluish, more or less slaty” (Marcus, 1948). Species from Brazil.

hystrix.Xerapoa hystrixFroehlich, 1955. Biology. From the Latin hystrix, meaning porcupine. A reference to the sensory papillae: “sensory ciliated pits located at the tip of extensible papillae” (Froehlich, C.G., 1955a). Species from Brazil.

Incapora.du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1953. Biology. Composition of the Quechua word inca, and the Latin porus, meaning pore. A reference to the Peruvian region where the species was found and the two ventral pores present in the species: “with two ventral orificies in the skin” (du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1953). Genus from Peru.

irua.Geoplana iruadu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1958. Prob. the word irua, meaning friend in Cocama idiom spoken western South America (Vallejos & Amías, 2015). Species from Peru.

Issoca.IssocaFroehlich, 1955. Biology. From the Tupi yssoca, meaning insect, worm. Genus from Brazil.

jandaia.Issoca jandaiaFroehlich, 1955. Arbitrary. From the Tupi jandaia, Psitacidae birds. Species from Brazil.

jandira.Geoplana jandiraFroehlich, 1955. Arbitrary. A Tupi word meaning honeybee. Species from Brazil.

jimi.Dugesia jimiMartins, 1970. A homage to Jorge Jim, who collected the species. Species from Brazil.

joia.Geoplana joiaFroehlich, 1956b. Biology. From the Portuguese joia, meaning jewel. A reference to the beauty of the species. Species from Brazil.

juliae.Timyma juliaeFroehlich, 1978. A homage to author’s daughter, Julia Froehlich. Species from Chile.

Kontikia.KontikiaFroehlich, 1955. Biology. From the name of the raft Kon-Tiki, led by Thor Heyerdahl from South America to the Polynesian islands (Froehlich, C.G., pers. comm.). A reference to the exotic condition in Brazil of the type species, Kontikia orana: “Probably, it is an introduced element from the western Indo-Pacific” (Froehlich, C.G., 1955a). Exotic genus introduced into Brazil.

lama.Geoplana lamadu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1957. Arbitrary. From the Spanish llama, the South American ruminant mammal Lama glama. Species from Peru.

lambaya.Geoplana lambayadu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1958. Prob. from Lambayeque region, in Peru. Species from Peru.

Leucolesma.LeucolesmaMarcus, 1948. Biology. Composition from the Greek leukos, meaning white, and the Portuguese lesma, meaning slug. A reference to the body color of the type species of the genus L. corderoi: “The [body] color is white” (Marcus, 1948). Genus from Brazil.

leucophryna.Geoplana leucophrynaMarcus, 1951. Biology. Composition of the Greek elements leukos, meaning white, and phryne, meaning toad. It refers to the color of the body: “The body color of the young individuals is light, dorsally almost white” (Marcus, 1951).

Liana.LianaFroehlich, 1978. Biology. From the Spanish liana, meaning climbing vine. It refers to the body shape: “elongated body” (Froehlich, E.M., 1978). Species from Chile.

libbieae.Geoplana libbieaedu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1958. Homage to the North American zoologist Libbie Henrietta Hyman. Species from Peru.

livia.Geoplana liviaFroehlich, 1955. Biology. From the Latin lividus, meaning bluish, black and blue. It refers to the body color: “Anterior extremity evenly grayish” (Froehlich, E.M., 1955). Species from Brazil.

marthae.Choeradoplana marthaeFroehlich, 1955. Homage to Martha Breuer, from the Department of Zoology of the University of São Paulo, who collected the type specimens (Froehlich, C.G., 1955a). Species from Brazil.

matuta.Geoplana matutaFroehlich, 1955. Biology. A Portuguese word meaning inhabitant of the woods. It refers to the habitat where land planarians typically dwell. Species from Brazil.

Miava.MiavaMarcus, 1954. Arbitrary. From the past tense of the Portuguese verb miar, meaning meow, in reference to the behavior of Eveline’s cat(s). Genus from Chile. See Fig. 3.

mirim.Geoplana milrimFroehlich & Froehlich, 1972. Biology. From the Tupi mirĩ, meaning small. It refers to the body size: “length, 15 mm” (Froehlich, E.M. & Froehlich, C.G., 1972). Species from Brazil.

misus.Rhynchodemus misusdu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1965. Arbitrary. From the Portuguese call used to catch the attention of cats, mis-mis. Species from Equador. See Fig. 3.

moei.Probursa moeiCorrêa, 1960. Homage to Mr. Henry Allen Moe, vice-president and secretary general of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, N.Y., which awarded her a fellowship for studies in the United States (Corrêa, 1960). Species from the USA.

monomyoda.Dugesia monomyodaMarcus, 1953. Biology. Composition of the Greek elements mono-, meaning one, single, and myo-, meaning muscle. It refers to the number of muscle layers: “absence of the inner layer of longitudinal muscles in the outer wall of the pharynx” (Marcus, 1953, p. 25). Species from the Republic of the Congo.

mourei.Geoplana moureiFroehlich, 1956. A homage to Prof. Jesus Santiago Moure, professor at the Federal University of Paraná, for the logistic support he provided to the authors in the field (Froehlich, C.G., 1956b).

nana.Geoplana nanaFroehlich, 1956. Biology. A Spanish word meaning tiny. A reference to the size of the worms: “small Geoplana” (Froehlich, C.G., 1956b). Species from Brazil.

nataliae.Geoplana nataliaeFroehlich, 1959. Homage to Natália Gabrusewycz, who collected the types (Froehlich, C.G., 1959). Species from Brazil.

Nerpa.NerpaMarcus, 1948. A Russian-derived word for Pusa sibirica, the Baikal seal. Warm homage to Marcus’ wife, whose chubby body resembled a seal. Species from Brazil.

nigra.Geoplana nigraFroehlich, 1959. Biology. From Latin niger, meaning black. A reference to the body color: “evenly black brownish, ventral side grey” (Graff, 1899). Species from Brazil.

nonatoi.Dugesia nonatoiMarcus, 1946. Homage to Edmundo Ferraz Nonato, Professor and researcher at the University of São Paulo (Marcus, 1946). Species from Brazil.

oliverioi.Geoplana oliveiroiFroehlich, 1955. Homage to Olivério Oliveira Pinto, Ornithologist and Eudóxia’s father (Froehlich, C.G., 1955b). Species from Brazil.

orana.Kontikia oranaFroehlich, 1955. Biology. From the polynesian Ia Orana Maria, a Paul Gauguin’s painting. A reference to the Asian origin of the species: “Zoogeographic distribution of the genus Kontikia embraces mainly the Oriental and Notogeic regions” (Froehlich, C.G., 1955a). An Asian species introduced into Brazil.

parca.Geoplana parcaFroehlich, 1955. Prob. from the Latin parcus, meaning scanty, in reference to the only one specimen composing the type-series. Species from Brazil.

pasipha.Geoplana pasiphaMarcus, 1951. Arbitrary. From Pasiphaë, a queen of Crete in Greek mythology. Species from Brazil.

pavani.Geoplana pavaniMarcus, 1951. Homage to Crodowaldo Pavan, Professor and Geneticist at the University of São Paulo, who collected the type specimens (Marcus, 1951). Species from Brazil.

perereca.Microplana pererecaMarcus & du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1959. Arbitrary. A Tupi word meaning frog. Species from Portugal.

phocaica.Geoplana phocaicaMarcus, 1951. Warm homage to Marcus’ wife, whose chubby body resembled a seal. Species from Brazil.

pichuna.Geoplana pichunadu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951. Prob. from the Peruvian toponimic Pichuña Hill. Species from Peru.

picta.Geoplana pictaFroehlich, 1956. Biology. From the Latin pictus, meaning painted, colored. A reference to the body color: “scattered over the dorsum there are black spots and dots” (Froehlich, C.G., 1956a). Species from Brazil.

pinima.Geoplana pinimaFroehlich, 1955. Biology. A Tupi word meaning spotted. A reference to the body color: “[Dorsum with] large dark grey halos, so densely packed that they merge with each other” (Froehlich, E.M., 1955). Species from Brazil.

piptus.Rhynchodemus pictusMarcus, 1952. Biology. From Greek, pipto, meaning to fall. The species was found fallen into the water. Species from Brazil (Froehlich, C.G., pers. comm.).

piranga.Issoca pirangaFroehlich, 1955. Biology. A Tupi word meaning red, brownish red. A reference to the body color: “Dorsum with orangish-to-rusty background” (Froehlich, C.G., 1955a). Species from Brazil.

placilla.Geoplana placillaFroehlich, 1978. Arbitrary. Name of a Chilean province. Species from Chile.

plumbea.Geoplana plumbeaFroehlich, 1956. Biology. A Portuguese word meaning lead color. A reference to the body color: “Dorsum lead color or brownish” (Froehlich, C.G., 1956b). Species from Brazil.

poca.Geoplana pocaFroehlich, 1957. Prob. from the Tupi word poca, meaning to pop, to explode. Species from Brazil.

polecatum.Othelosoma polecatumMarcus, 1953. Prob. from the English word polecat (Mustelidae) (Froehlich, C.G., pers. comm.), a reference to the color pattern of the African polecat. “On the dorsal side there are 4 black stripes, the median ones connected by a finely stippled area, the outer ones with distinct borders” (Marcus, 1953). Species from the Republic of the Congo.

potyra.Issoca potyraFroehlich, 1957. Arbitrary. A Tupi word meaning flower. Species from Brazil.

pugum.Othelosoma pugumMarcus, 1953. Prob. from the English pug, a small, fat, short-haired dog with a flat face. “The anterior end of the body is quite blunt” (Marcus, 1953). Species from the Republic of the Congo.

Puiteca.Puitecadu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1955. Prob. a funny abridged composite word meaning “don’t step onto Teca”, prob. proposed as a reply to the name of the mollusk PiseinotecusMarcus, 1955. Genus from Brazil and Australia.

quagga.Geoplana quaggaMarcus, 1951. Biology. Name of the extinct equid quagga. A reference to the body color: “Dorsum black […] anterior 1/5^th of the body with transverse clear stripes” (Marcus, 1951). Species from Brazil. See Fig. 1.

quenua.Geoplana quenuadu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1958. Prob. derived from the Spanish word quena, a traditional flute of the Andes. Species from Chile.

quichua.Geoplana quichuadu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951. Arbitrary. A Spanish word for referring to the Quechua idiom. Species from Peru.

regia.Geoplana regiaFroehlich, 1955. Homage to author’s sister, as an alternative to her true name Regina, which was pre-occupied. Species from Brazil.

Rhodax.RhodaxMarcus, 1946. Prob. from the Greek rhodo-, meaning rose, red. “The dorsal color is yellowish-rose […]. Besides, there are reddish chromatophores (in juveniles)” (Marcus, 1946). Species from Brazil.

riesteri.Geoplana riesteriFroehlich, 1955. Homage to Albert Riester, German zoologist who described several species collected by Ernest Bresslau. Species from Brazil.

righii.Geoplana righiiFroehlich & Froehlich, 1972. Homage to Gilberto Righi, Professor and researcher at the University of São Paulo, who collected the type material (Froehlich, E.M. & Froehlich, C.G., 1972). Species from Brazil.

rincona.Dugesia rinconaMarcus, 1954. Prob. from the Spanish word rincón, meaning corner. Species from Chile.

rosea.Geoplana roseaFroehlich, 1955. Biology. From the Portuguese rosa, meaning pink. A reference to the body color: “Dorsum […] with background pink covered with dark brownish spots” (Froehlich, E.M., 1955). Species from Brazil.

ruca.Microplana rucaMarcus, 1954. Arbitrary. A Mapuche word meaning a housing of the Pampa and Patagonian aborigines. Species from Chile.

rudebecki.Othelosoma rudebeckiMarcus, 1955. Homage to Gustaf Rudebeck, Professor at the Lund University, who collected the specimens in South Africa (Marcus, 1955a). Species from South Africa.

ruiva.Geoplana ruivaFroehlich & Froehlich, 1972. Biology. A Portuguese word meaning red, red-haired. A reference to the body color: “Dorsal side reddish-brown due to brown pigment over a brick-red ground” (Froehlich, E.M. & Froehlich, C.G., 1972). Species from Brazil.

saegeri.Othelosoma saegeriMarcus, 1955. Homage to H.S. Saeger, chief of the Expedition to the South African Garamba National Park (Marcus, 1955b). Species from the Republic of the Congo.

schubarti.Dugesia schubartiMarcus, 1946. Homage to the German-born, specialist in Diplopoda Otto Schubart, who collected numerous planarians (Marcus, 1946). Species from Brazil.

scius.Rhynchodemus sciusdu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1955. Prob. from the Latin scius, meaning knowing, having knowledge. Species from Brazil.

shapra.Geoplana shapradu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1957. Prob. from the word for referring to the Peruvian Shapra people. Species from Peru.

suva.Geoplana suvaFroehlich, 1959. Arbitrary. From Siva, or Shiva, one of the principal Hindu deities. Typographical error. Species from Brazil.

takia.Geoplana takiadu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951. Prob. from the Quechua word taki, meaning song. Species from Peru.

tamoia.Geoplana tamoiaFroehlich, 1955. Homage to the extinct tribe Tamoios, from the Southeast Brazil, where the species was found. Species from Brazil.

tapetilla.Geoplana tapetillaMarcus, 1951. Biology. From the Tupi word tapeti, meaning Brazilian cottontail. A reference to the body color: “Dorso-median light orangish stripe which is bordered with a black stripe on each side” (Marcus, 1951). Species from Brazil.

tapira.Geoplana tapiraFroehlich, 1957. Biology. From the name of the municipality Tapiraí, where the species was found: “Locality: Tapiraí, a small village ca. 100 km WSW of the city of São Paulo” (Froehlich, C.G., 1957). Species from Brazil.

taxiarcha.Geoplana taxiarchaMarcus, 1951. Arbitrary. From the Greek taxiarchos, meaning brigadier. Species from Brazil.

Tiddles.TiddlesMarcus, 1963. Arbitrary. A common name for cats in the United Kingdom. Genus from Brazil.

Timyma.TimymaFroehlich, 1978. Biology. Composition of the Tupi words tĩ, meaning nose, and ymé, meaning without. A reference to the body shape: “body ending abruptly in a wide anterior extremity” (Froehlich, E.M., 1978). Genus from Chile.

tinga.Cura tingaMarcus, 1955. Biology. Tupi word meaning white. A reference to the body color: “short auricles which are marked by white spots” (Marcus, 1955a). Species from South Africa.

tirua.Geoplana tiruaFroehlich, 1978. Arbitrary. From Tirúa, a Chilean commune of Biobío region. Species from Chile.

toriba.Geoplana toribaFroehlich, 1957. Arbitrary. A Tupi word meaning party, delight Species from Brazil.

trigueira.Geoplana trigueiraFroehlich, 1955. Biology. Portuguese word meaning wheat-like colored, brownish. A reference to the body color: “Dorsum with a yellowish background. A dark brownish mid-stripe […]. Two paramedian light olive-brownish stripes” (Froehlich, E.M., 1955). Species from Brazil.

trina.Geoplana trinaMarcus, 1951. Biology. From Latin trinus, meaning in three’s. A reference to the body color: “A black mid-stripe and two black lateral stripes” (Marcus, 1951). Species from Brazil.

tuxaua.Geoplana tuxauaFroehlich, 1955. Arbitrary. Tuxaua, tuixaua, or tubixaba, a Tupi word meaning tribal chief. Species from Brazil.

una.Xerapoa unaFroehlich, 1955. Biology. A Tupi word meaning black. A reference to the body color: “Dorsum and body margins […] bright black” (Froehlich, C.G., 1955a). Species from Brazil.

Vatapa.VatapaMarcus, 1948. Arbitrary. A Portuguese word for a traditional African-Brazilian dish. Genus from Brazil and New Zealand.

velina.Geoplana velinaFroehlich, 1955. Homage to Eveline du Bois-Reymond Marcus (as an alternative to the name evelinae, which was pre-ocuppied). Species from Brazil.

vicuna.Geoplana vicunadu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951. Prob. from the Spanish word vicuña, meaning the South American camelid Vicugna vicugna. Species from Peru.

voleum.Othesoloma voleumMarcus, 1953. Arbitrary. From vole, name of rodents of the genus Arvicola (Froehlich, C.G., pers. comm.). Species from the Republic of the Congo.

weyrauchi.Geoplana weyrauchidu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1953. Homage to the German Zoloogist Dr. Wolfgang K. Weyrauch, who conducted zoological samplings in Peru. Species from Peru.

Xerapoa.XerapoaFroehlich, 1955. Biology. A free composition from the Tupi words xe and rapó, meaning rooting. A reference to the cephalic papillae resembling roots: “worms rised up the cephalic extremity curled up with the distended papillae” (Froehlich, C.G., 1955a). Genus from Brazil.

yara.Geoplana yaraFroehlich, 1955. Biology. A Tupi word meaning a green-haired Amazonian mermaid in the Brazilian folklore. A reference to the body color: “Background color of the dorsum orangish […]. Green pigment on a yellowish mid-stripe, which is very dense in the anterior region” (Froehlich, E.M., 1955). Species from Brazil. See Fig. 2.

yaravi.Microplana yaravidu Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1957. Prob. from the Quechua-derived word harawi, a musical genre. Species from Peru.

Edited by

• Edited by: Carlos José Einicker Lamas

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 Feb 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  03 Aug 2020
• Accepted
  22 Oct 2020
• Published
  07 Jan 2021