Contribution to the knowledge of flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaginae) attracted to carcasses in Piura, Peru

Abstract

Despite being the most diverse family of flies found in carcasses and corps in the Neotropical Region, Sarcophagidae is still underestimated in Peru. This research was developed in the Department of Piura, Northern Peru and we identify the flesh flies captured on two kinds of animal carcasses: dog and guinea pigs. As a result, a new record was documented for Peru: Blaesoxipha (Gigantotheca) plinthopyga (Wiedemann, 1830) and eight new records for the Department of Piura.

Keywords.
Forensic entomology; Diptera; Flesh flies; New records; Northern Peru

INTRODUCTION

Sarcophagidae is a family of flies, commonly called “flesh flies”, that are distributed globally, comprising 173 genera and more than 3,000 species (Pape et al., 2011). The females are ovoviviparous multilarviparous, that is, they deposit many first instar larvae directly on the substrate (Meier et al., 1999). This habit of larviposition constitutes an adaptive advantage against other early colonizers flies as Calliphoridae or Muscidae (Barros et al., 2008). Adults are 5 to 20 mm long, dull gray in color with three longitudinal black stripes on mesonotum, a row of meral setae, and subscutellum undeveloped (Carvalho & Mello-Patiu, 2008).

Sarcophagidae has great forensic importance because they are pioneering flies in colonizing human and animal carcasses, along with Calliphoridae and Muscidae (Oliveira-Costa & Mello-Patiu, 2004; Santos, 2018). Although sarcophagids are the most diverse flies found in carcasses and corpses in the Neotropical region (Alves et al., 2014), studies on association of flesh flies and carcass decomposition are still rare. One of the limiting factors is the taxonomic difficulty presented by the group, whose specific identification is mainly based on features of the male terminalia complex (Santos, 2018). Even so, the few records of Sarcophagidae associated with animal carcasses have been made mainly on pigs carcasses, as it is the most internationally accepted biomodel (Jagmahender & Sharma, 2008), since it allows extrapolating information to cases of human corpses, because of their similarity with the cadaveric decomposition (Tomberlin et al., 2011; Schoenly et al., 2006), with the association of arthropods and their succession along the decomposition process (Matuszewski et al., 2019).

In Peru, there are one study of Sarcophagidae fauna of Flores & Dale (1995), but without a forensic focus. Also, “The World Catalog of Sarcophagidae” by Pape (1996) compiles data from the literature and summarizes the record of 109 species from Peru. However, catalog information does not allow identifying which species are attracted by carcasses and which have possible forensic importance for the region. Both Lopes (1969) and Pape (1996) catalogs recorded only five species from Piura, as their type-localities, and no other record has been documented for this region over the past 50 years. For this reason, this work is important for the update of the records of the Sarcophagidae fauna attracted to carcasses in Department of Piura, Northern Peru.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Adult Sarcophaginae were collected, between years 2017-2019, on mammal carcasses: guinea pig and dog. Specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol and species identification was carried out in the Laboratory of Neotropical Diptera of the Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (MNRJ), based on taxonomic keys and comparison with specialized literature (Carvalho & Mello-Patiu, 2008; Buenaventura et al., 2009; Vairo et al., 2011; Buenaventura & Pape, 2013; Camargo et al., 2018). Due to the taxonomic difficulty for identifying females of this group, only males were identified. The classification followed that proposed by Pape (1996) and the voucher specimens were deposited in the Entomological Collection of MNRJ.

The collected species are presented as a listing, furnishing the worldwide and the Peruvian distribution, bibliographic references, as well as comments on previous records in animal carcasses. The examined material was registered in the following order: DEPARTMENT - Province, District, Town, altitude in meters (geographic coordinates), collection date, type of carcass, number of ♂, Collector. The new records from Piura Department are indicated with an asterisk (*), while the new records from Peru are indicated with a cross (†).

RESULTS

A total of 18 male specimens were obtained and five genera and nine species were identified, all belonging to the subfamily Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Eight species are new records for Piura, and Blaesoxipha (Gigantotheca) plinthopyga is also a new record for Peru.

Subfamily Sarcophaginae

Argoravinia rufiventris (Walker, 1849)

Material examined: PIURA - Piura, Castilla, Caserío Miraflores, 32 m (05°10′00.51″S, 80°36′51.27″W), 20.vi.2017, guinea pig carcass, 3 ♂, K. Andrade leg.

World distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago, USA (Pape, 1996).

Distribution in Peru: Piura (Townsend, 1912 as Sarcophaga argentea).

Remarks: Registered in pig carcasses (Watson & Carlton, 2003; Barros et al., 2008; Rosa et al., 2011; Alves et al., 2014), bear and deer (Watson & Carlton, 2003), and rat (Beuter et al., 2012).

Blaesoxipha (Gigantotheca) plinthopyga (Wiedemann, 1830)*†

Material examined: PIURA - Piura, Castilla, Caserío Miraflores, 32 m (05°10′00.51″S, 80°36′51.27″W), 20.vi.2017, guinea pig carcass, 2 ♂ K. Andrade leg.; PIURA - Huancabamba, Quispampa bajo, 2,088 m (05°15′15.5″S, 79°27′02.6″W), 27.vii.2019, dog carcass, 1 ♂, K. Andrade & R. García leg.

World distribution: American Virgin Islands, Bahamas, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Galápagos Islands, Great Antilles, Guatemala, Guyana, Hawaiian Island, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, USA, Venezuela (Pape, 1996; Pape et al., 2004; Salazar-Ortega et al., 2012; Mello-Patiu, 2016).

Distribution in Peru: This is new record for Piura and Peru.

Remarks: Registered in pig carcasses (Mello-Patiu et al., 2014a), rat (Beuter et al., 2012), snake (Andrade-Herrera et al., 2020) and human corpse (Wells & Smith, 2013).

Microcerella matucanensis ( Lopes, 1974 )*

Material examined: PIURA - Huancabamba, Huancabamba, Quispampa bajo, 2,088 m (05°15′15.5″S, 79°27′02.6″W), 27.vii.2019, dog carcass, 2 ♂, K. Andrade & R. García leg.

World distribution: Chile and Peru (Lopes, 1974; Lopes & Tibana, 1982).

Distribution in Peru: Lima (Matucana y Chaclacayo), Tacna (cam. Pachia) (Lopes, 1974 as Townsendisca matucanensis;Lopes & Tibana, 1982 as Townsendisca matucanensis). This is new record for Piura.

Remarks: Not previously registered in mammal carcass.

Oxysarcodexia amorosa (Schiner, 1868)*

Material examined: PIURA - Huancabamba, Huancabamba, Quispampa bajo, 2,088 m (05°15′15.5″S, 79°27′02.6″W), 27.vii.2019, dog carcass, 2 ♂, K. Andrade & R. García leg.

World distribution: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Peru (Lopes & Tibana, 1987; Pape, 1996; Pape et al., 2004).

Distribution in Peru: Junin, Huanuco (Tingo Maria) (Lopes & Tibana, 1987). This is a new record for Piura.

Remarks: Registered in pig carcasses (Barbosa et al., 2009; Bitar et al., 2013; Lopes et al., 2018), dog (Toma et al., 2020), and snake (Andrade-Herrera et al., 2020).

Oxysarcodexia bakeri (Aldrich, 1916)*

Material examined: PIURA - Piura, Castilla, Caserío Miraflores, 32 m (05°10′00.51″S, 80°36′51.27″W), 20.vi.2017, guinea pig carcass, 3 ♂, K. Andrade leg.

World distribution: Bahamas, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guadalupe, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Turks & Caicos Islands, USA (Lopes & Tibana, 1987; Flores & Dale, 1995; Pape, 1996; Salazar-Ortega et al., 2012; Mello-Patiu, 2016).

Distribution in Peru: Lima (Flores & Dale, 1995). This is a new record for Piura.

Remarks: Not registered previously in mammal carcasses, but on fish and liver baits (Flores & Dale, 1995), chicken viscera and fish (Yepes-Gaurisas et al., 2013) and decomposing fish (Valverde-Castro et al., 2017).

Oxysarcodexia conclausa (Walker, 1861)*

Material examined: PIURA - Huancabamba, Huancabamba, Quispampa bajo, 2,088 m (05°15′15.5″S, 79°27′02.6″W), 27.vii.2019, dog carcass, 2 ♂, K. Andrade & R. García leg.

World distribution: Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Trinidad & Tobago, USA (Pape, 1996).

Distribution in Peru: Tacna (cam. Pachia) (Lopes & Tibana, 1982). This is a new record for Piura.

Remarks: Registered in snake carcass (Andrade-Herrera et al., 2020), and decomposing fish (Valverde-Castro et al., 2017).

Oxysarcodexia grandis (Lopes, 1946)*

Material examined: PIURA - Huancabamba, Huancabamba, Quispampa bajo, 2,088 m (05°15′15.5″S, 79°27′02.6″W), 27.vii.2019, dog carcass, 1 ♂, K. Andrade & R. García leg.

World distribution: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (Pape, 1996).

Distribution in Peru: Cajamarca (San Miguel), Junin (Lopes, 1975; Lopes & Tibana, 1987). This is a new record for Piura.

Remarks: Not registered previously in mammal carcasses, but on chicken viscera (Yepes-Gaurisas et al., 2013).

Peckia (Euboettcheria) abrupta ( Lopes, 1954 )*

Material examined: PIURA - Huancabamba, Huancabamba, Quispampa bajo, 2,088 m (05°15′15.5″S, 79°27′02.6″W), 27.vii.2019, dog carcass, 1 ♂, K. Andrade & R. García leg.

World distribution: Brazil, Ecuador and Peru (Lopes, 1954; Pape, 1996; Buenaventura & Pape, 2013).

Distribution in Peru: Lima (Callao) (Lopes, 1954 as Paraphrissopoda (Euboettcheria) abrupta). This is a new record for Piura.

Remarks: Not registered previously in mammal carcasses.

Peckia (Euboettcheria) australis (Townsend, 1927)*

Material examined: PIURA - Piura, Castilla, Caserío Miraflores, 32 m (05°10′00.51″S, 80°36′51.27″W), 20.vi.2017, guinea pig carcass, 1 ♂, K. Andrade leg.

World distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Peru (Pape, 1996; Buenaventura & Pape, 2013).

Distribution in Peru: Junin (Chanchamayo) (Buenaventura & Pape, 2013). This is a new record for Piura.

Remarks: Registered in human corpse (Gaedke & Mouga, 2017).

DISCUSSION

In this study, we found nine species were attracted by two kinds of mammal carcasses in the region of Piura, Peru. Lopes (1969) and Pape (1996) catalogued five species for Piura: Argoravinia aurea (Townsend), Argoravinia rufiventris (Wiedemann), Peckia (Peckia) auribarbata (Townsend), Ravinia aurigena (Townsend), and Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) peruana (Townsend). Of these previously reported species, only one is recorded in the present study: Argoravinia rufiventris, with the remaining eight species representing the first records for this region and one of them the first record for Peru.

Very few surveys on Sarcophagidae had been carried out in Peru, one of them was that of Flores & Dale (1995), who revealed species collected in an ecological study using traps baited with meat, excrement and fruit. Lopes (1975, 1992) studied interesting material from Peru collected by Dr. C. Korytkowski and described three new genera and six new species. Lopes (1969) cataloged 35 Sarcophaginae species from Peru and later Pape (1996) compiled 109 species of this subfamily recorded from this country, mainly based on taxonomic studies. Few recent studies in Peru on insects attracted or associated with animal carcasses have mentioned the family Sarcophagidae (Huchet & Greenberg, 2010; Gines et al., 2015; Medina-Achín et al., 2018; Andrade-Herrera et al., 2018; Andrade-Herrera & Marchiori, 2019), but they were unable to determine the species due to the taxonomic difficulty of this group. However, it is necessary to increase the studies on this family of dipterans, as they present a great diversity of life habits and great species richness in South America (Pape, 1996), especially in Peru where their knowledge is underestimated.

The subfamily Sarcophaginae includes mostly sarcosaprophagous species, i.e., those which the larvae feed on or breed in decomposing organic matter (Mello-Patiu et al., 2014b). Some species explore small invertebrate carcasses, other species explore vertebrate feces, some others can be found in vertebrate carcasses (Barros et al., 2008; Ledo et al., 2012; Mello-Patiu et al., 2014a; Farrell et al., 2015; Lopes et al., 2018; Andrade-Herrera et al., 2020) and others may even act as myiasis-causing flies in man and others animals (Calderón-Arguedas et al., 2004; Hagman et al., 2005; Medina et al., 2009; Mello-Patiu & Luna-Dias, 2010). On the other hand, the larviposition habit of these species constitutes an adaptive advantage related to the faster colonization of carcasses than the oviparous species belonging to Calliphoridae (Barros et al., 2008). All of these characteristics give them medical and forensic importance and allow them to be used as tools for determining the post-mortem interval (IPM) (Sharma et al., 2015).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We also thank to Dra. Carolina Núñez-Vázquez and anonymous reviewers for previous revision of this manuscript.

REFERENCES

• Alves, C.; Santos, W. & Creão-Duarte, A. 2014. Diptera (Insecta) de importância forense da região Neotropical. Entomotropica, 29(2): 77-94.
• Andrade-Herrera, K.N. & Marchiori, C.H. 2019. Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae): primer registro en carcasas de cobayas en el norte de Perú. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 45(2): 257-260. https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.45.2.19.11
  » https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.45.2.19.11
• Andrade-Herrera, K.N.; Mello-Patiu, C.A.; Núñez-Vázquez, C. & Estrella, E. 2020. Flesh Flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) Attracted to a Snake Carcass (Boa constrictor) in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Journal of Medical Entomology, 57(6): 2011-2015. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa115
  » https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa115
• Andrade-Herrera, K.N.; Ruiz-Gonzalez, C. & Córdova-Espinoza, M. 2018. Estudio comparativo de insectos asociados a cadáveres de cobayas en dos formas de muerte en Castilla, Piura (Perú). Cuadernos de Medicina Forense, 24(1-2): 6-13.
• Barbosa, R.R.; Mello-Patiu, C.A.; Mello, R.P. de & Queiroz, M.M. de C. 2009. New records of calyptrate dipterans (Fanniidae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) associated with the decomposition of domestic pigs in Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 104(6): 923-926.
• Barros, R.M. de; Mello-Patiu, C.A. & Pujol-Luz, J.R. 2008. Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) associados à decomposição de carcaças de Sus scrofa Linnaeus (Suidae) em área de Cerrado do Distrito Federal, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52(4): 606-609. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000400011
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000400011
• Beuter, L.; Fernandes, P.A.; Barros, P.B.; Souza, C.R. de & Mendes, J. 2012. Insetos de potencial importância forense e na saúde pública em região urbana de Minas Gerais: frequência relativa e variação sazonal de fauna atraída e criada em carcaças de roedores. Revista de Patología Tropical, 41(4): 480-490. https://doi.org/10.5216/rpt.v41i4.21711
  » https://doi.org/10.5216/rpt.v41i4.21711
• Bitar, P.D.R.; Rodrigues, T.F.S. & Geiser, G.C. 2013. Ocorrência da família Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) em carcaças de Sus scrofa Linnaeus (Suidae) em Belém-PA: colonização da carcaça e sua relação com o tempo de morte do animal. Revista Brasileira de Criminalística, 2(1): 24-31.
• Buenaventura, E. & Pape, T. 2013. Revision of the New World genus Peckia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Zootaxa, 3622(1): 1-87. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3622.1.1
  » https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3622.1.1
• Buenaventura, E.; Camacho, G.; García, A. & Wolff, M. 2009. Sarcophagidae (Diptera) de importancia forense en Colombia: claves taxonómicas, notas sobre su biología y distribución. Revista Colombiana de Entomología, 35(2): 189-196.
• Calderón-Arguedas, O.; Avendaño, A. & Vargas-Castro, C. 2004. Miasis nosocomial por sarcophaga spp. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) en un paciente geriátrico de Costa Rica. Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas, 25(3-4): 57-61.
• Camargo, S.; Carvalho-Filho, F. & Esposito, M. 2018. The genus Peckia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in the Brazilian Amazon: a new species, new records, descriptions of female terminalia and key to species. Zootaxa, 4483(1): 1-35. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4483.1.1
  » https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4483.1.1
• Carvalho, C. & Mello-Patiu, C. 2008. Key to the adults of the most common forensic species of Carvalho Diptera in South America. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52(3): 390-406. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000300012
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262008000300012
• Farrell, J.; Whittington, A. & Zalucki, M. 2015. A review of necrophagous insects colonising human and animal cadavers in south-east Queensland, Australia. Forensic Science International, 257: 149-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.053
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.053
• Flores, V.I. & Dale, W.E. 1995. Un estudio sobre ecología de las moscas Sarcophagidae en la costa central peruana. Revista Peruana de Entomología, 38: 13-17.
• Gaedke, A. & Mouga, D. 2017. Diptera survey in human corpses in the north of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Acta Biológica Catarinense, 4(1): 42-51.
• Gines, E.; Alcántara, M.; Calderón, C.; Infante, C. & Villacorta, M. 2015. Entomofauna de interés forense asociada a restos cadavéricos de cerdos (Sus scrofa L.), expuestos a condiciones de campo en Lambayeque - Perú. Revista Peruana de Entomología, 50(1): 1-11.
• Hagman, M.; Pape, T. & Schulte, R. 2005. Flesh fly myiasis (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) in Peruvian poison frogs genus Epipedobates (Anura, Dendrobatidae). Phyllomedusa, 4(1): 69-73. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v4i1p69-73
  » https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v4i1p69-73
• Huchet, J. & Greenberg, B. 2010. Flies, Mochicas and burial practices: a case study from Huaca de la Luna, Peru. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(11): 2846-2856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.025
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.025
• Jagmahender, S. & Sharma, B. 2008. Forensic entomology: a supplement to forensic death investigation. Journal of Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 8: 26-33.
• Ledo, D.R.M.; Barros, R.M. de & Pujol-Luz, J.R. 2012. Sarcophagidae and Calliphoridae related to Rhinella schneideri (Anura, Bufonidae), Bothrops moojeni (Reptilia, Serpentes) and Mabuya frenata (Reptilia, Lacertilia) carcasses in Brasília, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 56(3): 377-380. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262012005000034
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262012005000034
• Lopes, H.D.S. 1954. Contribuição ao conhecimento das espécies do gênero Paraphrissopoda Townsed. (Diptera - Sarcophagidae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 52: 83-87. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761954000100005
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761954000100005
• Lopes, H.D.S. 1969. 103. Family Sarcophagidae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.). A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. São Paulo, Museu de Zoologia.
• Lopes, H.D.S. 1974. Two new genera of neotropical Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 33(2): 193-199.
• Lopes, H.D.S. 1975. Some new Sarcophagid from Peru (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 34(4): 573-580.
• Lopes, H.D.S. 1992. Travassosisca, a new genus of Johnsoniini (Diptera, Sarcophagidae), from Peru. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 87: 131-136.
• Lopes, H.D.S. & Tibana, R. 1982. Sarcophagid flies of Tarapaca, north of Chile (Diptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 42(1): 135-145.
• Lopes, H.D.S. & Tibana, R. 1987. On Oxysarcodexia (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) with descriptions of five new species, key, list and geographic distribution of the species. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 47(3): 329-347.
• Lopes, H.D.S.; Oliveira, F.F. de; Mello-Patiu, C.A., Pamponet, F.M. & Thé, T.S. 2018. Espécies de Oxysarcodexia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) associadas a carcaças de suínos (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) expostas em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica no município de Salvador, Bahia. EntomoBrasilis, 11(2): 103-106. https://doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11i2.779
  » https://doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11i2.779
• Matuszewski, S.; Hall, M.J.R.; Moreau, G.; Schoenly, K.G.; Tarone, A.M. & Villet, M.H. 2019. Pigs vs people: the use of pigs as analogues for humans in forensic entomology and taphonomy research. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 134(2): 793-810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02074-5
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02074-5
• Medina, D.; Rivera, M.; Cossio, R.; Medina, E. & Bermúdez, S. 2009. Primer registro de miasis por Sarcophagidae (Diptera: Oestroidea) en Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Anura: Centrolenidae) de Panamá. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 80: 263-264.
• Medina-Achín, L.; Sosa-Neyra, J.; Villacorta-Angulo, M.; Santa Cruz-López, C. & Calderón-Arias, C. 2018. Sucesión entomológica asociada a restos cadavéricos de Sus scrofa Linnaeus (Artiodactyla: Suidae) y su utilidad en la estimación del Intervalo Post Mortem en Lambayeque, Perú. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 44(4): 443-461.
• Meier, R.; Kotrba, M. & Ferrar, P. 1999. Ovoviviparity and viviparity in the Diptera. Biological Reviews, 74(3): 199-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00186.x
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00186.x
• Mello-Patiu, C.A. 2016. Family sarcophagidae. Zootaxa, 4122(1): 884-903. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.75
  » https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.75
• Mello-Patiu, C.A. & Luna-Dias, C. 2010. Myiasis in the Neotropical Amphibian Hypsiboas beckeri (Anura: Hylidae) by a New Species of Lepidodexia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Journal of Parasitology, 96(4): 685-688. https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-2423.1
  » https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-2423.1
• Mello-Patiu, C.A.; Paseto, M.L.; Faria, L.S. de; Mendes, J. & Linhares, A.X. 2014a. Sarchophagid flies (Insecta, Diptera) from pig carcasses in Minas Gerais, Brazil, with nine new records from the Cerrado, a threatened Neotropical biome. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 58(2): 142-146. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262014000200005
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262014000200005
• Mello-Patiu, C.A.; Mariluis, J.; Silva, K.; Patitucci, L. & Mulieri, P. 2014b. Sarcophagidae. In: Roig-Juñent, S.; Claps, L.E. & Morrone, J.J. (Eds.). Biodiversidad de Artrópodos Argentinos Mendoza, Sociedade Entomologica Argentina. v. 4, p. 475-490.
• Oliveira-Costa, J. & Mello-Patiu, C. 2004. Application of Forensic Entomology to estimate of the postmortem interval (PMI) in homicide investigations by the Rio de Janeiro Police Department in Brazil. Aggrawal’s Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 5(1): 40-44.
• Pape, T. 1996. Catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 8: 1-558.
• Pape, T.; Blagoderov, V. & Mostovski, M.B. 2011. Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758). Zootaxa, 3148: 222-229. (Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.). Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness).
• Pape, T.; Wolff, M. & Amat, E.C. 2004. Los califóridos, éstridos, rinofóridos y sarcofágidos (Diptera: Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Rhinophoridae, Sarcophagidae) de Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 5(2): 201-208.
• Rosa, T.A.; Babata, M.L.Y.; Souza, C.M. de; Sousa, D. de; Mello-Patiu, C.A., Vaz-de-Mello, F.Z. & Mendes, J. 2011. Arthropods associated with pig carrion in two vegetation profiles of Cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55(3): 424-434.
• Salazar-Ortega, J.A.; Amat, E. & Gomez-Piñerez, L.M. 2012. A check list of necrophagous flies (Diptera: Calyptratae) from urban area in Medellín, Colombia. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 83: 562-565.
• Santos, W.E. 2018. Papel das moscas (Insecta, Diptera) na Entomologia Forense. Pesquisa e Ensino Em Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, 2(1): 28. https://doi.org/10.29215/pecen.v2i1.578
  » https://doi.org/10.29215/pecen.v2i1.578
• Schoenly, K.G.; Haskell, N.H.; Mills, D.K.; Bieme-Ndi, C.; Larsen, K. & Lee, Y. 2006. Recreating Death’s Acre in the School Yard: Using Pig Carcasses as Model Corpses, to Teach Concepts of Forensic Entomology & Ecological Succession. The American Biology Teacher, 68(7): 402-410. https://doi.org/10.2307/4452028
  » https://doi.org/10.2307/4452028
• Sharma, R.; Kumar, R. & Gaur, J. 2015. Various methods for the estimation of the post mortem interval from Calliphoridae: A review. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 5(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2013.04.002
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2013.04.002
• Toma, R.; Koller, W.W.; Mello-Patiu, C.A. & Mello, R.L. 2020. New records of Sarcophagidae (Insecta: Diptera) collected in Cerrado fragments in the municipality of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. EntomoBrasilis, 13(e0873): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v13.e0873
  » https://doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v13.e0873
• Tomberlin, J.K.; Mohr, R.; Benbow, M.; Tarone, A. & VanLaerhoven, S. 2011. A roadmap for bridging basic and applied research in forensic entomology. Annual Review of Entomology, 56: 401-421. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-051710-103143
  » https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-051710-103143
• Townsend, C.H.T. 1912. Descriptions of new genera and species of muscoid flies from the Andean and Pacific coast regions of South America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 43: 301-367.
• Vairo, K.; Mello-Patiu, C. & Carvalho, C. 2011. Pictorial identification key for species of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of potential forensic importance in southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 55(3): 333-347. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011005000033
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011005000033
• Valverde-Castro, C.; Buenaventura, E.; Sánchez-Rodríguez, J.D. & Wolff, M. 2017. Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaginae) from the Colombian Guajira biogeographic province, an approach to their ecology and distribution. Zoologia, 34(e12277): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e12277
  » https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e12277
• Watson, E.J. & Carlton, C.E. 2003. Spring Succession of Necrophilous Insects on Wildlife Carcasses in Louisiana. Journal of Medical Entomology, 40(3): 338-347. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-40.3.338
  » https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-40.3.338
• Wells, J.D. & Smith, J.L. 2013. First report of Blaesoxipha plinthopyga (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from a human corpse in the U.S.A. and a new state geographic record based on specimen genotype. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58(5): 1378-1380. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12246
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12246
• Yepes-Gaurisas, D.; Sánchez-Rodríguez, J.D.; Mello-Patiu, C.A. & Wolff, M.E. 2013. Synanthropy of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in La Pintada, Antioquia-Colombia. Revista de Biología Tropical, 61(3): 1275-1287.

• FUNDING INFORMATION: KNAH thanks to the Universidad Nacional de Piura for co-financing your stay at the Museum Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. CAMP is grateful to FAPERJ (Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio de Janeiro) for financial support (Proc. E26-200.078/2019) and to CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) for Research grant (Proc. 308951/2018-2).
• Published with the financial support of the "Programa de Apoio às Publicações Científicas Periódicas da USP"

Edited by

EDITED BY: Carlos José Einicker Lamas.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  16 May 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  26 Mar 2021
• Accepted
  26 Jan 2022
• Published
  10 Mar 2022