Research Trends on Preventive and Therapeutic Use of TIF<sub>4</sub> for Dental Caries and Erosion

Searches were performed in six databases. Studies evaluating TiF₄ use in vitro, in situ, and in vivo in caries and erosive lesions were included and imported into VantagePoint™ (VP). Data about publication year, authors, country, journal, study design, outcomes, TIF₄ vehicles, application and intervention time, cariogenic challenge, erosive cycles, effects (positive/ negative /null) and approach (preventive/therapeutic) were analyzed through VP and Excel.

Results:

93 published studies were included and an increase in publications was observed between 2010 and 2021. Forty-three authors published three or more articles, of which 67.4% were developed in Brazil and published in Caries Research (22.6%). 69.9% were in vitro studies with erosion assays (59.1%) and with preventive approaches (67.4%). The principal vehicle was a solution (69.9%) with a 1-min single application (58.0%) and with an intervention time of 5-7 days (22.6%). The principal cariogenic challenge in vitro was pH cycling (11.8%); in situ was sucrose + biofilm (6.2%); and in vivo, biofilm (6.2%). The most used erosive cycle was 4× per day in in vitro studies (20.4%) and 1× in vivo (2.1%). A positive effect was observed in prevention (41.9%) and treatment (24.7%) studies.

Conclusion:

TIF₄ has shown a positive effect in prevention and therapeutic treatments for dental caries and erosion.

Keywords:
Dental Caries; Fluorides; Tooth Erosion

Variables	Categories	Number of Studies
		in vitro	in situ	in situ and animals	in vivo
		N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	Animals N (%)	HCT N (%)	HRCT N (%)
Substrate	Enamel	42 (45.1)	15 (16.1)	1 (1.0)	2 (2.1)	3 (3.2)	3 (3.2)
	Dentin	15 (16.1)	1 (1.0)	-	2 (2.1)	-	-
	Associated	7(7.5)	2 (2.1)	-	-	-	-
Vehicles	Solution	38 (40.8)	11 (11.8)	-	4 (4.3)	3 (3.2)	2 (2.1)
	Varnish	15 (16.1)	3 (3.2)	1 (1.0)	-	-	1(1.0)
	Gel	4 (4.3)	3 (3.2)	-	-	-	-
	Toothpaste	1 (1.0)	-	-	-	-	-
	Solution and Varnish	5 (5.3)	1 (1.0)	-	-	-	-
	Solution and Gel	1 (1.0)	-	-	-	-	-
Treatment Goal	Prevention	40 (43.0)	13 (13.9)	1 (1.0)	2 (2.1)	2 (2.1)	2 (2.1)
	Treatment	22 (23.6)	5 (5.3)	-	2 (2.1)	1(1.0)	-
	Associated	2 (2.1)	-	-	-	-	1(1.0)
Outcomes	Caries	21 (22,5)	8 (8.6)	1 (1.0)	3 (3.2)	3 (3.2)	2 (2.1)
	Erosion	42 (45.1)	9 (9.6)	-	1 (1.0)	-	1(1.0)
	Associated	1 (1.0)	1 (1.0)	-	-	-	-

Variables		Categories	Number of Studies
			in vitro	in situ	in situ and animals	in vivo
			N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	Animals N (%)	Humans CT N (%)	Humans RCT N (%)
Concentration		< 1 %	6 (6.4)	1 (1.0)	-	-	-	-
		1 %	19 (20.4)	3 (3.2)	-	1 (1.0)	-	2 (2.1)
		1.23 – 3.4 %	22 (23.6)	4 (4.3)	1 (1.0)	3 (3.2)	-	-
		4 %	16 (17.2)	10 (10.7)	-	-	3 (3.2)	1 (1.0)
		> 4 %	1 (1.0)	-	-	-	-	-
Application Time		< 1 min	4 (4.3)	-	-	-	-	-
		1 min	33 (35.4)	10 (10.7)	1 (1.0)	2 (2.1)	3 (3.2)	3 (3.2)
		2 – 5 min	13 (13.9)	6 (6.4)	-	2 (2.1)	-	-
		> 5 min	11 (11.8)	1 (1.0)	-	-	-	-
		Uniformed	3 (3.2)	1 (1.0)	-	-	-	-
Period of Intervention		< 1 day	15 (16.1)	-	-	-	-	1 (1.0)
		1 – 4 days	11 (11.8)	1 (1.0)	-	-	-	1 (1.0)
		5 – 7 days	29 (31.1.5)	6 (6.4)	-	-	-	-
		8 – 21 days	8 (6.8)	9 (9.7)	1 (1.0)	3 (3.2)	-	-
		≥ 28 days	-	2 (2.1)	-	1 (1.0)	3 (3.2)	1 (1.0)
Outcomes	Caries Challenge (n=31)	Sucrose + Bacterial inoculation	4 (4.3)	-	-	1 (1.0)	-	-
		Sucrose + Biofilm human	5 (5.3)	5 (5.3)	1 (1.0)	-	-	-
		Biofilm human	-	1 (1.0)	-	-	3 (3.2)	2 (2.1)
		pH cycling	11 (11.8)	2 (2.1)	-	2 (2.1)	-	-
	Erosion Cycles (n=47)	1 ×	1 (1.0)	-	-	1 (1.0)	-	1 (1.0)
		2 – 3 ×	11 (11.8)	3 (3.2)	-	-	-	-
		4 ×	19 (20.4)	4 (4.3)	-	-	-	-
		> 4 ×	11 (11.8)	2 (2.1)	-	-	-	-
	Associated (n=2)	pH cycling + 4 ×	1 (1.0)	-	-	-	-	-
		Sucrose + Biofilm human + 2 ×	-	1 (1.0)	-	-	-	-

Variables	Categories	Number of Studies
		in vitro	in situ	in situ and	in vivo
		N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	Animals N (%)	Humans CT N (%)	Humans RCT N (%)
Prevention (n=58)	Positive	24 (25.8)	8 (8.6)	-	1 (1.0)	2 (2.0)	1 (1.0)
	Null	9 (9.6)	5 (5.3)	1 (1.0)	1 (1.0)	-	1 (1.0)
	Negative	5 (5.3)	-	-	-	-	-
Treatment (n=32)	Positive	12 (12.9)	5 (5.3)	-	2 (2.1)	1 (1.2)	-
	Null	6 (6.4)	-	-	-	-	-
	Negative	6 (6.4)	-	-	-	-	-
Associated (n=3)	Positive	2 (2.1)	-	-	-	-	1 (1.0)
	Null	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Negative	-	-	-	-	-	-

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[1] Correspondence: Lucianne Cople Maia, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325, Cidade Universitária, RJ, Brazil. 21941-913. E-mail: rorefa@terra.com.br

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Research Trends on Preventive and Therapeutic Use of TIF4 for Dental Caries and Erosion

Abstract

Objective:

Material and Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Research Trends on Preventive and Therapeutic Use of TIF₄ for Dental Caries and Erosion