ChatGPT<sup>®</sup> and Knowledge of Brazilian Dental Ethics and Legislation

Nóbrega, Johnys Berton Medeiros da; Gusmão, Carolina Lucena Veloso; Laureano, Isla Camilla Carvalho; Santiago, Bianca Marques

doi:10.1590/pboci.2026.010

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Pesqui. Bras. Odontopediatria Clín. Integr. 26 • 2026 • https://doi.org/10.1590/pboci.2026.010 linkcopy

ChatGPT^® and Knowledge of Brazilian Dental Ethics and Legislation

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate ChatGPT^®’s knowledge of Brazilian dental ethics and legislation.

Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study analyzed ChatGPT^® 3.5’s responses to 281 dichotomous questions (“yes” or “no”) based on Federal Council of Dentistry (CFO) Resolution 118/2012 – Code of Dental Ethics (CEO) and Brazilian Law No. 5,081/1966 (L5081). The answer was “yes” in all cases, and when not provided, the question “What is the source of this information?” was asked. Answers were classified as “Correct,” “Partially correct,” and “Incorrect.” Errors were then reassessed with a reverse question: “What is described in Art. X of L5081?”. The same approach was applied to errors in the CEO, with classifications of “Correction,” “Same error,” and “New error.” Data were analyzed descriptively and using the Kruskal-Wallis test (α=5%).

Results: Among answers, 134 (47.7%) were “Correct,” 127 (45.2%) were “Partially correct,” and 20 (7.1%) were “Incorrect.” Excluding the CEO’s initial and final provisions, Chapter XVII had the highest percentage of correct answers (n=7, 77.8%), while Chapter X had the highest rate of “Incorrect” answers (n=1, 25.0%). Of the 147 errors, 98.6% (n=145) generated a “New error.” No statistically significant difference was found among CEO chapters (p=0.058), but there was one between CEO and L5081 (p=0.005).

Conclusion: ChatGPT^®’s knowledge of Brazilian dental ethics and legislation may contain inaccuracies, and its use without source verification is not recommended.

Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence; Ethics, Dental; Legislation, Dental; Dentistry

Legislation	Classification of Responses			p-value*	Assessment of Errors			p-value*
Legislation	Correct N (%)	Partially Correct N (%)	Incorrect N (%)	p-value*	Correction N (%)	Same Error N (%)	New Error N (%)	p-value*
Chapter I – Preliminary Provisions	4 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.058	-----	-----	-----	0.065
Chapter II – Fundamental Rights	6 (50.0)	5 (41.7)	1 (8.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	6 (100.0)
Chapter III – Fundamental Duties	7 (31.8)	11 (50.0)	4 (18.2)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	15 (100.0)
Chapter IV – Dental Audits and Forensics	4 (33.3)	7 (58.3)	1 (8.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	8 (100.0)
Chapter V – Relationship with Patients and Health Team	16 (66.7)	8 (33.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	8 (100.0)
Chapter VI – Professional Confidentiality	5 (50.0)	4 (40.0)	1 (10.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	5 (100.0)
Chapter VII – Dental Documentation	2 (22.2)	7 (77.8)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	7 (100.0)
Chapter VIII – Professional Fees	11 (50.0)	8 (36.4)	3 (13.6)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	11 (100.0)
Chapter IX – Specialties	2 (40.0)	3 (60.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (100.0)
Chapter X – Hospital Dentistry	1 (25.0)	2 (50.0)	1 (25.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (33.3)	2 (66.7)
Chapter XI – Entities in Dental Practice	10 (45.5)	11 (50.0)	1 (4.5)	0 (0.0)	1 (8.3)	11 (91.7)
Chapter XII – Technical Directors and Proprietors	2 (50.0)	2 (50.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (100.0)
Chapter XIII – Teaching	6 (60.0)	4 (40.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	4 (100.0)
Chapter XIV – Donation, Transplantation, Organ, Tissue, and Biomaterial Banks	3 (60.0)	2 (40.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (100.0)
Chapter XV – Professional Associations	0 (0.0)	7 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	7 (100.0)
Chapter XVI – Announcements, Advertising, and Publicity	24 (52.2)	19 (41.3)	3 (6.5)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	22 (100.0)
Chapter XVII – Scientific Research	7 (77.8)	2 (22.2)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (100.0)
Chapter XVIII – Penalties and Their Applications	17 (56.7)	11 (36.7)	2 (6.7)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	13 (100.0)
Chapter XIX – Final Provisions	3 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-----	-----	-----
Law No. 5,081/1966 – Regulates the Practice of Dentistry	4 (19.0)	14 (66.7)	3 (14.3)	0.005	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	17 (100.0)	0.608
Code of Dental Ethics	130 (50.0)	113 (43.5)	17 (6.5)	0 (0.0)	2 (1.5)	128 (98.5)

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[TFN1] * Kruskal-Wallis Test.

ChatGPT® and Knowledge of Brazilian Dental Ethics and Legislation

ABSTRACT

ChatGPT^® and Knowledge of Brazilian Dental Ethics and Legislation