Assessing the Competitive Ability of Rhynchosia capitata; an Emerging
               Summer Weed in Asia

Ali, H.H.; Tanveer, A.; Naeem, M.; Jamil, M.; Iqbal, M.; Chadhar, A.R.; Kashif, M.S.

doi:10.1590/0100-83582015000200002

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Artigos • Planta daninha 33 (2) • Apr-Jun 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-83582015000200002 copy

Assessing the Competitive Ability of Rhynchosia capitata; an Emerging Summer Weed in Asia

Avaliação da Capacidade Competitiva de Rhynchosia capitata; uma Erva Daninha de Verão Emergente na Ásia

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Rhynchosia capitata is a newly emerging threatening weed of summer crops in many Asian countries. We conducted 2-yr experiments to evaluate R. capitata competition with mungbean under irrigated conditions. Rhynchosia capitata was allowed to compete with mungbean for 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 weeks after planting and for full crop season. The competitive ability of R. capitata was assessed by measuring its dry weight, micro and macro nutrient contents and uptake; and its effects on mungbean growth and yield parameters. The results showed that full season weed competition produced highest dry weight of R. capitata and its macro and micronutrient contents and uptake. Yield and yield components of mungbean decreased in a linear fashion with increase in competition period of Rhynchosia capitata. Full season competition of R. capitata reduced the seed yield of mungbean by 49% and 46% during 2011 and 2012 respectively. In conclusion, damaging effect of R. capitata intrusion on mungbean yield is associated with duration of its presence in crop, accumulation of dry matter and the nutrient uptake by R. capitata, which otherwise should be available to crop.

Rhynchosia capitata; emerging; infestation; competition; mungbean; nutrients

Duration of weed-crop competition (WAP)**	N				P				K
	Content (%)		Uptake (kg ha^-1)		Content (%)		Uptake (kg ha^-1)		Content (%)		Uptake (kg ha^-1)
	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012

3	1.37* f	1.49 f	3.12 e	3.70 e	1.39 d	1.40 e	2.92 e	3.50 e	2.16 e	2.23 f	4.54 e	5.52 f
4	1.72 e	1.82 e	4.95de	5.49 e	1.49 d	1.51 e	4.06 d	4.57 e	2.27 e	2.36 e	6.19 de	7.15 e
5	2.13 d	2.27 d	6.95 d	8.43 d	1.65 c	1.75 d	5.07 d	6.54 d	2.49 d	2.53 d	7.57 d	9.46 d
6	2.56 c	2.71 c	10.92c	13.18 c	1.80 b	1.94 c	7.27 c	9.44 c	2.66 c	2.72 c	10.72 c	13.20 c
7	3.03 b	3.16 b	15.31b	18.89 b	1.98 a	2.19 b	9.63 b	13.12 b	2.92 b	2.99 b	14.18 b	17.89 b
Full seasons	3.47 a	3.88 a	22.66a	26.19 a	2.11 a	2.42 a	12.29 a	16.31 a	3.15 a	3.26 a	18.36 a	21.98 a
LSD (0.05)	0.272	0.217	2.397	1.895	0.138	0.166	1.119	1.477	0.134	0.085	1.824	1.516
Trend comparison of different weed-crop competition periods (3 to 7 weeks)

Linear	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
Quadratic	NS	NS	**	**	NS	NS	NS	**	NS	NS	**	**
Cubic	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

Duration of weed-crop competition (WAP)**	Cu							Mg								Na							Ca
	Content (mg/kg)				Uptake (g ha^-1)			Content (mg/kg)				Uptake (mg/kg)				Contents (kg/mg)				Uptake (g ha^-1)			Contents (kg/mg)				Uptake (g ha^-1)
	2011		2012		2011		2011	2012		2011		2012		2012		2011		2012		2011		2012	2011		2012		2011		2012
3	5.94 f		6.41 d		1.24 e		1.59 e	23.53 f		26.82 d		4.91 e		1.40 e		14.58 d		17.14 e		3.02 d		4.16 e	0.59 d		0.75 d		1.24 e		1.89 f
4	6.45 e		7.14 d		1.75 de		2.16 e	26.25 e		30.48 cd		7.16 de		2.50 de		16.76 cd		20.18 de		4.53 cd		6.03 e	0.66 cd		0.89 c		1.83 de		2.71 e
5	7.06 d		8.17 c		2.15 d		3.04 d	29.50 d		34.73 c		9.00 d		3.97 d		19.50 c		24.74 cd		5.95 c		9.17 d	0.74 c		1.06 b		2.26 d		3.99 d
6	7.60 c		9.06 b		3.06 c		4.39 c	32.75 c		40.36 b		13.17 c		7.90 c		23.50 b		28.50 bc		9.47 b		13.81 c	0.89 b		1.24 a		3.59 c		6.04 c
7	8.27 b		9.74 ab		4.01 b		5.83 b	35.50 b		44.41 ab		17.21 b		12.88 b		26.75 b		32.16 ab		15.62 a		19.20 b	1.02 ab		1.30 a		4.99 b		7.76 b
Full season	8.87 a		10.47 a		5.16 a		7.05 a	39.67 a		47.17 a		23.18 a		18.34 a		32.16 a		34.95 a		15.49 a		23.49 a	1.10 a		1.34 a		6.45 a		9.03 a
LSD(0.05)	0.139		0.858		0.527		0.782	2.702		4.585		2.941		1.679		3.400		5.799		1.689		2.070	0.137		0.104		0.945		0.785
Trend comparison of different weed-crop competition periods (3 to 7 weeks)
Linear		**	**	**		**		**	**		**		**		**		**		**		**		**	**		**		**
Quadratic		NS	NS	**		NS		NS	NS		**		**		NS		NS		**		**		NS	NS		NS		**
Cubic		NS	NS	NS		NS		NS	NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS	NS		NS		NS

Duration of weed-crop competition (WAP)**	Fe				Mn				Zn
	Content (%)		Uptake (kg ha^-1)		Content (%)		Uptake (kg ha^-1)		Content (%)		Uptake (kg ha^-1)
	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012	2011	2012
3	39.97 d	47.60 d	8.45 e	11.84 e	31.02 f	38.77 e	6.59 e	9.45 f	16.90 d	20.15 e	3.02 d	4.16 e
4	47.59 d	58.97 cd	12.89 de	17.52 e	35.42 e	48.06 d	9.61 de	14.43 e	18.50 d	24.30 d	4.53 cd	6.03 e
5	61.25 c	72.45 c	18.68 d	27.08 d	40.25 d	60.49 c	12.20 d	22.47 d	21.25 c	28.93 c	5.95 c	9.17 d
6	75.06 b	87.74 b	30.22 c	42.56 c	47.80 c	72.63 b	19.23 c	35.19 c	23.50 bc	33.72 b	9.47 b	13.81 c
7	90.99 a	100.29 ab	44.06 b	59.86 b	57.05 b	79.75 ab	27.66 b	47.67 b	25.75 b	35.53 b	15.62 a	19.20 b
Full season	97.50 a	112.25 a	57.09 a	75.47 a	63.50 a	83.14 a	36.92 a	55.91 a	29.75 a	40.51 a	15.49 a	23.49 a
LSD (0.05)	8.864	14.77	8.925	6.542	3.707	7.725	3.232	3.293	2.602	3.310	1.689	2.070
Trend comparison of different weed-crop competition periods (3 to 7 weeks)
Linear	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
Quadratic	NS	NS	**	**	NS	NS	**	**	NS	NS	**	**
Cubic	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

Weed-crop competition (WAP)	Number of pods per plant			Number of seeds per pod				1000-seed weight (g)				Seed yield (kg/ha)
Weed-crop competition (WAP)	2011	2011		2011		2011		2011		2012		2011		2012
0	38.50 a	29.50 a		10.50 a		9.75 a		54.00 a		47.25 a		1688.6 a		1495.5 a
3	36.00 b	25.25 b		10.25 ab		9.25 ab		50.50 b		46.00 ab		1582.0 b		1404.0 b
4	34.25 b	23.00 b		9.75 ab		8.75 bc		48.25 b		43.75 b		1477.8 c		1300.3 c
5	31.50 c	20.25 c		9.50 bc		8.12 c		44.00 c		40.50 c		1308.3 d		1187.3 d
6	29.50 c	18.50 cd		8.75 cd		8.00 c		40.75 d		37.75 d		1155.6 e		1036.3 e
7	27.25 d	17.00 d		8.25 d		8.00 c		37.00 e		35.50 d		975.8 f		878.8 f
Full season	23.25 e	14.00 e		8.000 d		8.12 c		34.75 e		30.50 e		869.3 g		803.8 g
LSD	2.2225	2.395		0.999		0.830		2.977		2.538		46.899		52.739
Trend comparison of different weed-crop competition periods (3 to 7 weeks)
Linear Trend	**		**		**		**		**		**		**		**
Quadratic Trend	NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS
Cubic Trend	NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS		NS

Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas Departamento de Fitotecnia - DFT, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36570-000 - Viçosa-MG - Brasil, Tel./Fax::(+55 31) 3899-2611 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: rpdaninha@gmail.com

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[TFN01] WAP: Weeks after Planting. Means followed by the same letter in a column did not differ significantly according to LSD test (P < 0.05). NS, * and ** indicate non-significant, significant at P ≤ 0.05 level of probability, respectively.