Responses of Plants to Pesticide Toxicity: an Overview

SHARMA, A.; KUMAR, V.; THUKRAL, A.K.; BHARDWAJ, R.

doi:10.1590/S0100-83582019370100065

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Literature Review • Planta daninha 37 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582019370100065 copy

Responses of Plants to Pesticide Toxicity: an Overview

Respostas de Plantas à Toxicidade de Pesticidas: Uma Visão Geral

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Pesticides are applied all over the world to protect plants from pests. However, their application also causes toxicity to plants, which negatively affects the growth and development of plants. Pesticide toxicity results in reduction of chlorophyll and protein contents, accompanied by decreased photosynthetic efficiency of plants. Pesticide stress also generates reactive oxygen species which causes oxidative stress to plants. To attenuate the negative effects of oxidative stress, the antioxidative defense system of plants gets activated, and it includes enzymatic antioxidants as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants. The present review gives an overview of various physiological responses of plants under pesticide toxicity in tabulated form.

Keywords:
physiological responses; antioxidative defense system; oxidative stress

Authorship

A. SHARMA ^** Corresponding author: <anketsharma@gmail.com>

Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, India.Guru Nanak Dev UniversityIndiaAmritsar, India Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, India.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-9045

V. KUMAR

A.K. THUKRAL

R. BHARDWAJ

* Corresponding author: <anketsharma@gmail.com>

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (3)

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Table 1
Effect of pesticides on oxidative stress markers in plants

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Table 2
Effect of pesticides on enzymatic antioxidants in plants

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Table 3
Effect of pesticides on non-enzymatic antioxidants in plants

Table 1 Effect of pesticides on oxidative stress markers in plants

Type of pesticide	Pesticide name	Plant name	Mode of application	Concentration of pesticide	Time after treatment	Plant part analyzed	Effect of pesticide on oxidative stress markers		Reference
Type of pesticide	Pesticide name	Plant name	Mode of application	Concentration of pesticide	Time after treatment	Plant part analyzed	Parameter	Effect
Amide	Acetochlor	Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis labrusca L.	Soil	22460 g a.i. ha^-1	30 d	Leaves (upper node)	O₂·^- MDA	Increase Increase	Tan et al. (2012Tan W, Li Q, Zhai H. Photosynthesis and growth responses of grapevine to acetochlor and fluoroglycofen. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2012;103:210-8.)
	Napropamide	Brassica napus L.	Seedling	8 mg L^-1	5 d	Leaves	TBARS	Increase	Cui et al. (2010Cui J, Zhang R, Wu GL, Zhu HM, Yang H. Salicylic acid reduces napropamide toxicity by preventing its accumulationin rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010;59(1):100-8.)
	Napropamide	Brassica napus L.	Seedling	8 mg L^-1	5 d	Root	TBARS	Increase
	Rac-metolachlor	Oryza sativa L.	Culture solution	6.2 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	MDA	Increase	Liu et al. (2012Liu H, Huang R, Xie F, Zhang S, Shi J. Enantioselective phytotoxicity of metolachlor against maize and rice roots. J Hazard Mater. 2012;217:330-7.)
	Rac-metolachlor	Zea mays L.	Culture solution	74.4 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	MDA	Increase
	S-metolachlor	O. sativa L.	Culture solution	6.2 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	MDA	Increase
	S-metolachlor	Z. mays L.	Culture solution	74.4 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	MDA	Increase
Cyclohexene oxime	Clethodim	Z. mays L.	Soil	200 ppm	21 d	Leaves	H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase	Radwan (2012Radwan DEM. Salicylic acid induced alleviation of oxidative stress caused by clethodim in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2012;102:182-8.)
Dinitroaniline	Pendimethalin	Vigna mungo L. var. Shekhar	Soil	10 ppm	15 d	Leaves	MDA	Decrease	Singh et al. (2012Singh NB, Yadav K, Amist N. Mitigating effects of salicylic acid against herbicidal stress. J Stress Physiol Biochem. 2012;8:27-35)
Diphenyl ether	Fluoroglycofen	V. vinifera L. × V. labrusca L.	Soil	375 g a.i. ha^-1	30 d	Leaves (upper node)	O₂·^- MDA	Increase Increase	Tan et al. (2012Tan W, Li Q, Zhai H. Photosynthesis and growth responses of grapevine to acetochlor and fluoroglycofen. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2012;103:210-8.)
Imidazolinone	Imazapic	Nicotiana tabacum L.	Spray	0.12 mM	9 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Kaya and Doganlar (2016Kaya A, Doganlar ZB. Exogenous jasmonic acid induces stress tolerance in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) exposed to imazapic. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2016;124:470-9.)
	R (-)-imazethapyr	Arabidopsis thaliana L.	Culture solution	2.5 µg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	O₂·^- H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase Increase	Qian et al. (2011Qian HF, Lu T, Peng XF, Han X, Fu ZW, Liu WP. Enantioselective phytotoxicity of the herbicide imazethapyr on the response of the antioxidant system and starch metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoSOne. 2011;6(5):e19451. )
	S (+)-imazethapyr	A. thaliana L.	Culture solution	2.5 µg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	O₂·^- H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase No change
Neonicotinoid	Imidacloprid	Oryza sativa L.	Sand	0.015%	12 d	Seedlings	O₂·^- H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase Increase	Sharma et al. (2015Sharma I, Bhardwaj R, Pati PK. Exogenous application of 28-homobrassinolide modulates the dynamics of salt and pesticides induced stress responses in an elite rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. J Plant Growth Regul. 2015;34:509-18.)
Neonicotinoid	Imidacloprid	Oryza sativa L.	Sand	0.02%	12 d	Seedlings	MDA	Increase	Sharma et al. (2013Sharma I, Bhardwaj R, Pati PK. Stress modulation response of 24-epibrassinolide against imidacloprid in an elite indica rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2013;105:144-53.)
Organophosphorus	Chlorpyrifos	O. sativa L.	Sand	0.04%	12 d	Seedlings	O₂·^- H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase Increase	Sharma et al. (2015Sharma I, Bhardwaj R, Pati PK. Exogenous application of 28-homobrassinolide modulates the dynamics of salt and pesticides induced stress responses in an elite rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. J Plant Growth Regul. 2015;34:509-18.)
		O. sativa L.	Sand	0.06%	12 d	Seedlings	MDA	Increase	Sharma et al. (2012Sharma I, Bhardwaj R, Pati PK. Mitigation of adverse effects of chlorpyrifos by 24-epibrassinolide and analysis of stress markers in a rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe. 2012;85:72-81.)
		Vigna radiata L.	Spray	15 mM	10 d	Leaves	TBARS	Increase	Parween et al. (2012Parween T, Jan S, Fatma MT. Evaluation of oxidative stress in Vigna radiata L. in response to chlorpyrifos. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2012;9(4):605-12.)
	Dimethoate	V. radiata L.	Culture soln.	150 ppm	4 d	Leaves	O₂·^- H₂O₂ MDA OH^-	Increase Increase Increase Increase	Singh et al. (2014Singh VP, Kumar J, Singh S, Prasad SM. Dimethoate modifies enhanced UV-B effects on growth, photosynthesis and oxidative stress in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings: implication of salicylic acid. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2014;116:13-23.)
	Glyphosate	Glycine max L. var. DM48	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Moldes et al. (2008Moldes CA, Medici LO, Abrahão OS, Tsai SM, Azevedo RA. Biochemical responses of glyphosate resistant and susceptible soybean plants exposed to glyphosate. Acta Physiol Plant. 2008;30(4):469-79.)
		Glycine max L. var. DM48	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Root	MDA	Increase
		G. max L. var. DM4800RG	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	MDA	Increase
		G. max L. var. DM4800RG	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Root	MDA	Decrease
		G. max L. var. MSOY7501	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	MDA	Increase
		G. max L. var. MSOY7501	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Root	MDA	Increase
		G. max L. var. MSOY7575RR	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	MDA	Increase
		G. max L. var. MSOY7575RR	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Root	MDA	Increase
		Z. mays L. var. Kneza-640	Spray	10 mM	10 d	Leaves	H₂O₂ MDA Electrolyte leakage	Increase Increase Increase	Sergiev et al. (2006Sergiev IG, Alexieva VS, Ivanov SV, Moskova II, Karanov EN. The phenylureacytokinin 4PU-30 protects maize plants against glyphosate action. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2006;8(3)5:139-46.)
Phenoxy	Clodinafop-propargyl	Secale cereale L.	Spray	800 µg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	O₂·^-	Increase	Lukatkin et al. 2013Lukatkin AS, Gar’kova AN, Bochkarjova AS, Nushtaeva OV, Silva TJA. Treatment with the herbicide TOPIK induces oxidative stress in cereal leaves. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2013;105:44-9.
		Triticum aestivum L.	Spray	800 µg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	O₂·^-	Increase
		Z. mays L.	Spray	800 µg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	O₂·^-	Increase
	Fluazifop-P-butyl	Acanthospermum hispidum DC.	Shoot immersing	10 µM	24 h	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Luo et al. (2004Luo XY, Sunohara Y, Matsumoto H. Fluazifop-butyl causes membrane peroxidation in the herbicide-susceptible broad leaf weed bristly starbur (Acanthospermumhispidum). Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2004;78(2):93-102.)
	Fluazifop-P-butyl	Avena sativa L.	Shoot immersing	10 µM	24 h	Leaves	MDA	Increase
	Fusilade	Arachis hypogaea L.	Spray	60 ppm	14 d	Leaves	H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase	Fayez et al. (2014Fayez KA, Radwan DEM, Mohamed AK, Abdelrahman AM. Fusilade herbicide causes alterations in chloroplast ultrastructure, pigment content and physiological activities of peanut leaves. Photosynthetica. 2014;52(4):548-54.)
	Quizalofop-p-ethyl	Helianthus. annuus L.	Spray	0.8 mM	15 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Bayram et al. (2015Bayram DD, Yigit E, Akbulut GB. The effects of salicylic acid on Helianthus annuus L. exposed to quizalofop-p-ethyl. Am J Plant Sci. 2015;6:2412-25.)
	R-diclofop-methyl	A. thaliana L.	Culture medium	1 mg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	MDA	Increase	Zhang et al. (2012Zhang Q, Zhao M, Qian H, Lu T, Zhang Q, Liu W. Enantioselective damage of diclofop acid mediated by oxidative stress and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in nontarget plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(15):8405-12.)
	S-diclofop-methyl	A. thaliana L.	Culture medium	1 mg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	MDA	Increase
Pyrethroid	Deltamethrin	G. max L. Merr.	Spray	0.20 %	10 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Bashir et al. (2007)Bashir F, Mahmooduzzafar, Siddiqi TO, Iqbal M. The antioxidative response system in Glycine max (L.)Merr.exposed to deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Environ Poll. 2007;147:94-100.
Pyridine	Fluroxypyr	O. sativa L.	Culture soln.	0.8 mg L^-1	6 d	Leaves	O·̄₂ H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase Increase	Wu et al. (2010Wu GL, Cui J, Tao L, Yang H. Fluroxypyr triggers oxidative damage by producing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in rice (Oryza sativa). Ecotoxicology. 2010;19:124-32.)
Quaternary ammonium	Paraquat	Papaver somniferum L.	Spray	0.48 %	24 h	Leaves	MDA Electrolyte leakage	Increase Increase	Zhao et al. (2010)Zhao RG, P-Y, Yuan X-Y, Wang J-Y, Han M-Q. Effect of paraquat on the antioxidative enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). J Plant Dis Prot. 2010;117(2):55-9.
Triazine	Atrazine	Acorus calamus L.	Culture soln.	8 mg L^-1	15 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Wang et al. (2015Wang Q, Que X, Zheng R, Pang Z, Li C, Xiao B. Phytotoxicity assessment of atrazine on growth and physiology of three emergent plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2015;22(13):9646-57.)
		Lythrum salicaria L.	Culture soln.	8 mg L^-1	15 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase
		O. sativa L.	Hoagland medium	0.4 mg L^-1	6 d	Leaves	O₂·^- H₂O₂ TBARS	Increase Increase Increase	Zhang et al. (2014Zhang JJ, Lu YC, Zhang JJ, Tan LR, Yang H Accumulation and toxicological response of atrazine in rice crops. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe. 2014;102:105-12.)
		Pennisetum americanum L.	Soil	10 mg kg^-1	38 d	Shoot	MDA	Increase	Jiang et al. (2016Jiang Z, Ma B, Erinle KO, Cao B, Liu X, Ye S, Zhang Y. Enzymatic antioxidant defense in resistant plant: Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum during long-term atrazine exposure. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2016;133:59-66.)
		Pennisetum americanum L.	Soil	10 mg kg^-1	38 d	Root	MDA	Increase
		Scirpus tabernaemontani P.	Culture soln.	8 mg L^-1	15 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Wang et al. (2015Wang Q, Que X, Zheng R, Pang Z, Li C, Xiao B. Phytotoxicity assessment of atrazine on growth and physiology of three emergent plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2015;22(13):9646-57.)
		Vicia faba L.	Spray	1.79 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase Increase	Hassan and Alla (2005Hassan NM, Alla MMN. Oxidative stress in herbicide-treated broad bean and maize plants. Acta Physiol Plant. 2005;27(4):429-38.)
		Z. mays L.	Spray	1.79 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase Increase
			Spray	78 mM	5 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Akbulut and Yigit (2010Akbulut GB, Yigit E. The changes in some biochemical parameters in Zea mays cv. “Martha F1” treated with atrazine. Ecotox Environ Safe. 2010;73(6):1429-32.)
			Hoagland medium	10 mg L^-1	3 d	Shoot	MDA	No change	Li et al. (2012Li X, Wu T, Huang H, Zhang S. Atrazine accumulation and toxic responses in maize Zea mays. J Environ Sci. 2012;24(2):203-8.)
			Hoagland medium	10 mg L^-1	3 d	Root	MDA	Increase
		Z. mays L. Hybrid 351	Soil	1.79 kg ha^-1	8 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase Increase	Alla and Hassan (2006Alla MMN, Hassan NM. Changes of antioxidants levels in two maize lines following atrazine treatments. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2006;44:202-10.)
		Z. mays L. Giza 2	Soil	1.79 kg ha^-1	8 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase Increase
	Prometryne	T. aestivum L.	Soil	12 mg kg^-1	10 d	Leaves	TBARS	Increase	Jiang and Yang (2009Jiang L, Yang H. Prometryne-induced oxidative stress and impact on antioxidant enzymes in wheat. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2009;72(6):1687-93.)
	Prometryne	T. aestivum L.	Soil	12 mg kg^-1	10 d	Root	TBARS	Increase
Urea	Chlorotoluron	T. aestivum L.	Soil	25 mg kg^-1	10 d	Leaves	O₂·^- H₂O₂ TBARS	Increase Increase Increase	Song et al. (2007Song NH, Yin XL, Chen GF, Yang H. Biological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants to the herbicide chlorotoluron in soils. Chemosphere. 2007;68(9):1779-87.)
	Chlorimuron-ethyl	T. aestivum L.	Soil	300 µg kg^-1	24 h	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Wang and Zhou (2006Wang M, Zhou Q. Effects of herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl on physiological mechanisms in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Ecotox Environ Safe. 2006;64:190-7.)
	Chlorimuron-ethyl	T. aestivum L.	Soil	300 µg kg^-1	24 h	Root	MDA	Increase
	Fluometuron	V. faba L.	Spray	2.98 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase Increase	Hassan and Alla (2005Hassan NM, Alla MMN. Oxidative stress in herbicide-treated broad bean and maize plants. Acta Physiol Plant. 2005;27(4):429-38.)
	Fluometuron	Z. mays L.	Spray	2.98 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase Increase
	Granstar	Avena fatua L.	Spray	300 µg L^-1	3 d	Leaves	O₂·^- MDA	Increase Increase	Gar’kova et al. (2011Gar’kova AN, Rusyaeva MM, Nushtaeva OV, Aroslankina YN, Lukatkin AS. Treatment with the herbicide granstar induces oxidative stress in cereal leaves. Russ J Plant Physiol. 2011;58:1074-81.)
		Secale cereale L.	Spray	300 µg L^-1	3 d	Leaves	O₂·^- MDA	Increase Increase
		Secale cereale L.	Leaf disk immersing	300 µg L^-1	3 h	Leaves	O₂·^-	Increase
		T. aestivum L.	Leaf disk immersing	300 µg L^-1	3 h	Leaves	O₂·^-	Increase
		T. aestivum L.	Spray	300 µg L^-1	3 d	Leaves	O₂·^- MDA	Increase Increase
		Z. mays L.	Leaf disk immersing	300 µg L^-1	3 h	Leaves	O₂·^-	Increase
		Z. mays L.	Spray	300 µg L^-1	3 d	Leaves	O₂·^- MDA	Increase Increase
	Isoproturon	P. sativum L.	Sand	10 mM	15 d	Leaves	H₂O₂ MDA Electrolyte leakage	Increase Increase Increase	Singh et al. (2016Singh H, Singh NB, Singh A, Hussain I, Yadav V. Physiological and biochemical effects of salicylic acid on Pisum sativum exposed to isoproturon. Arch Agron Soil Sci. 2016;62(10):1425-1436. )
		T. aestivum L.	Soil	2.5 L ha^-1	15 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase	Alla and Hassan (2014Alla MMN, Hassan NM. Alleviation of isoproturon toxicity to wheat by exogenous application of glutathione. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2014;112:56-62.)
				4 mg kg^-1	10 d	Shoot	O₂·^- H₂O₂ TBARS	Increase Increase Increase	Liang et al. (2012Liang L, Lu YL, Yang H. Toxicology of isoproturon to the food crop wheat as affected by salicylic acid. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2012;19(6):2044-54.)
						Root	TBARS	Increase
						Leaves	H₂O₂	Increase
				10 mg kg^-1	10 d	Leaves	TBARS	Increase	Yin et al. (2008Yin XL, Jiang L, Song NH, Yang H. Toxic reactivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants to herbicide isoproturon. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(12):4825-31.)
				10 mg kg^-1	10 d	Root	TBARS	No change
	Rimsulfuron	V. faba L.	Spray	0.015 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase Increase	Hassan and Alla (2005Hassan NM, Alla MMN. Oxidative stress in herbicide-treated broad bean and maize plants. Acta Physiol Plant. 2005;27(4):429-38.)
	Rimsulfuron	Z. mays L.	Spray	0.015 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase No change
Unclassified	Dichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Root	H₂O₂	Increase	San Miguel et al. (2012San Miguel, Faure M, Ravanel P, Raveton M. Biological responses of maize (Zea mays) plants exposed to chlorobenzenes. Case study of monochloro-, 1, 4-dichloro-and 1, 2, 4-trichloro-benzenes. Ecotoxicology. 2012;21(2):315-24.)
	Dichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	H₂O₂	Decrease
	Flurochloridone	H. annuus L.	Spray	11 mM	15 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Kaya and Yigit (2014Kaya A, Yigit E. The physiological and biochemical effects of salicylic acid on sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) exposed to flurochloridone. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe. 2014;106:232-8.)
	Monochlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Root	H₂O₂	Increase	San Miguel et al. (2012San Miguel, Faure M, Ravanel P, Raveton M. Biological responses of maize (Zea mays) plants exposed to chlorobenzenes. Case study of monochloro-, 1, 4-dichloro-and 1, 2, 4-trichloro-benzenes. Ecotoxicology. 2012;21(2):315-24.)
	Monochlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	H₂O₂	No change
	Trichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	40 mg L^-1	7 d	Root	H₂O₂	Increase
	Trichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	40 mg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	H₂O₂	Increase

Table 2 Effect of pesticides on enzymatic antioxidants in plants

Type of pesticide	Pesticide name	Plant name	Mode of application	Concentration of pesticide	Time after treatment	Plant part analyzed	Effect of pesticide on enzymatic antioxidants		Reference
Type of pesticide	Pesticide name	Plant name	Mode of application	Concentration of pesticide	Time after treatment	Plant part analyzed	Parameter	Effect
Amide	Acetochlor	Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis labrusca L.	Soil	22460 g a.i.ha^-1	30 d	Leaves (upper node)	APOX CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease	Tan et al. (2012Tan W, Li Q, Zhai H. Photosynthesis and growth responses of grapevine to acetochlor and fluoroglycofen. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2012;103:210-8.)
	Alachlor	Lactuca sativa L.	Hoagland medium	2 µM	24 d	Leaves	CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase	Stajner et al. (2003Štajner D, Popoviæ M, Štajner M. Herbicide induced oxidative stress in lettuce, beans, pea seeds and leaves. Biol Plant. 2003;47(4):575-9.)
		Phaseolus vulgaris L.	Hoagland medium	2 µM	24 d	Leaves	CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase
		Pisum sativum L.	Hoagland medium	2 µM	24 d	Leaves	CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase
	Fomesafen	Glycine max L. Merr.	Spray	1000 g ha^-1	2 d	Leaves	GST	Increase	Andrews et al. (2005Andrews CJ, Cummins I, Skipsey M, Grundy NM, Jepson I, Townson Jane et al. Purification and characterisation of a family of glutathione transferases with roles in herbicide detoxification in soybean (Glycine max L.); selective enhancement by herbicides and herbicide safeners. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2005;82:205-19.)
	Metolachlor	L. sativa L.	Hoagland medium	2 µM	24 d	Leaves	CAT POD SOD	No change Decrease Increase	Stajner et al. (2003Štajner D, Popoviæ M, Štajner M. Herbicide induced oxidative stress in lettuce, beans, pea seeds and leaves. Biol Plant. 2003;47(4):575-9.)
		P. vulgaris L.	Hoagland medium	2 µM	24 d	Leaves	CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase
		P. sativum L.	Hoagland medium	2 µM	24 d	Leaves	CAT POD SOD	Decrease Increase Increase
	Metosulam	Vicia faba L.	Seedling’s root immersing	10^-4 %	24 h	Leaves	APOX CAT POD	Increase Increase Decrease	Badr et al. (2013Badr A, Zaki H, Germoush MO, Tawfeek AQ, El-Tayeb MA. Cytophysiological impacts of metosulam herbicide on Vicia faba plants. Acta Physiol Plant. 2013;35(6):1933-41.)
	Napropamide	Brassica napus L.	Seedling	8 mg L^-1	5 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GST POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase	Cui et al. (2010Cui J, Zhang R, Wu GL, Zhu HM, Yang H. Salicylic acid reduces napropamide toxicity by preventing its accumulationin rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010;59(1):100-8.)
	Rac-metolachlor	Oryza. sativa L.	Culture solution	6.2 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	CAT POD	Decrease Decrease	Liu et al. (2012Liu H, Huang R, Xie F, Zhang S, Shi J. Enantioselective phytotoxicity of metolachlor against maize and rice roots. J Hazard Mater. 2012;217:330-7.)
	Rac-metolachlor	Zea mays L.	Culture solution	74.4 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease
	S-metolachlor	O. sativa L.	Culture solution	6.2 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	CAT POD	Decrease Decrease
	S-metolachlor	Z. mays L.	Culture solution	74.4 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease
Cyclohexene oxime	Clethodim	Z. mays L.	Soil	200 ppm	21 d	Leaves	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Decrease	Radwan (2012Radwan DEM. Salicylic acid induced alleviation of oxidative stress caused by clethodim in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2012;102:182-8.)
Diphenyl ether	Fluoroglycofen	V. vinifera L. × V. labrusca L.	Soil	375 g ai ha^-1	30 d	Leaves (upper node)	APOX CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease	Tan et al. (2012Tan W, Li Q, Zhai H. Photosynthesis and growth responses of grapevine to acetochlor and fluoroglycofen. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2012;103:210-8.)
Diphenyl ether	Oxyfluorfen	G. max L. Merr.	Spray	2500 g ha^-1	2 d	Leaves	GST	Increase	Andrews et al. (2005Andrews CJ, Cummins I, Skipsey M, Grundy NM, Jepson I, Townson Jane et al. Purification and characterisation of a family of glutathione transferases with roles in herbicide detoxification in soybean (Glycine max L.); selective enhancement by herbicides and herbicide safeners. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2005;82:205-19.)
Imidazolinone	Imazapic	Nicotiana tabacum L.	Spray	0.12 mM	9 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GR GST	Increase Increase Increase Increase	Kaya and Doganlar (2016Kaya A, Doganlar ZB. Exogenous jasmonic acid induces stress tolerance in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) exposed to imazapic. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2016;124:470-9.)
	R (-)-imazethapyr	Arabidopsis thaliana L.	Culture solution	2.5 µg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	APOX CAT GPOX SOD	Decrease Decrease Increase Decrease	Qian et al. (2011Qian HF, Lu T, Peng XF, Han X, Fu ZW, Liu WP. Enantioselective phytotoxicity of the herbicide imazethapyr on the response of the antioxidant system and starch metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoSOne. 2011;6(5):e19451. )
	S (+)-imazethapyr	A. thaliana L.	Culture solution	2.5 µg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	APOX CAT GPOX SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Decrease
Neonicotinoid	Imidacloprid	Brassica juncea L.	Soil	300 mg kg^-1	65 d	Leaves	GR GST POD	Increase Increase Increase	Sharma et al. (2016bSharma A, Bhardwaj R, Kumar V, Thukral AK. GC-MS studies reveal stimulated pesticide detoxification by brassinolide application in Brassica juncea L. plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2016b;23(14):14518-25.)
		Brassica juncea L.	Soil	300 mg kg^-1	80 d	Green pods	APOX GPOX GR GST POD	Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase	Sharma et al. (2017cSharma A, Kumar V, Bhardwaj R, Thukral AK. Seed pre-soaking with 24-epibrassinolide reduces the imidacloprid pesticide residues in green pods of Brassica juncea L. Toxicol Environ Chem. 2017c;99:95-103.)
		O. sativa L.	Sand	0.01%	12 d	Seedlings	APOX CAT DHAR GR MDHAR POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase Decrease Increase	Sharma et al. (2013Sharma I, Bhardwaj R, Pati PK. Stress modulation response of 24-epibrassinolide against imidacloprid in an elite indica rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2013;105:144-53.)
		O. sativa L.	Sand	0.015%	12 d	Seedlings	APOX CAT DHAR GR MDHAR POD SOD	Increase Increase Decrease Increase Increase Decrease Increase	Sharma et al. (2015Sharma I, Bhardwaj R, Pati PK. Exogenous application of 28-homobrassinolide modulates the dynamics of salt and pesticides induced stress responses in an elite rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. J Plant Growth Regul. 2015;34:509-18.)
Organochlorine	DDT	G. max L.	Soil	63.5 ng g^-1	60 d	Leaves Root	GST GST	Decrease Increase	Mitton et al. (2016Mitton FM, Ferreira JLR, Gonzalez M, Miglioranza KSB, Monserrat JM. Antioxidant responses in soybean and alfalfa plants grown in DDTs contaminated soils: Useful variables for selecting plants for soil phytoremediation? Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2016;130:17-21.)
Organochlorine	DDT	Medicago sativa L.	Soil	63.5 ng g^-1	60 d	Leaves Root	GST GST	Increase Increase
Organophosphorus	Chlorpyrifos	Vigna radiata L.	Spray	15 mM	10 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GR SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Increase	Parween et al. (2012Parween T, Jan S, Fatma MT. Evaluation of oxidative stress in Vigna radiata L. in response to chlorpyrifos. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2012;9(4):605-12.)
	Dimethoate	V. radiata L.	Culture soln.	30 ppm	4 d	Leaves	CAT DHAR GR SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase	Singh et al. (2014Singh VP, Kumar J, Singh S, Prasad SM. Dimethoate modifies enhanced UV-B effects on growth, photosynthesis and oxidative stress in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings: implication of salicylic acid. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2014;116:13-23.)
	Dimethoate	V. radiata L.	Culture soln.	150 ppm	4 d	Leaves	CAT DHAR GR SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Increase
	Glyphosate	G. max L. var. DM48	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	APOX CAT POD	Increase Increase Increase	Moldes et al. (2008Moldes CA, Medici LO, Abrahão OS, Tsai SM, Azevedo RA. Biochemical responses of glyphosate resistant and susceptible soybean plants exposed to glyphosate. Acta Physiol Plant. 2008;30(4):469-79.)
		G. max L. var. DM48	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Roots	APOX CAT POD	Increase Increase Decrease
		G. max L. var. DM4800RG	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	APOX CAT POD	Increase Decrease Increase
		G. max L. var. DM4800RG	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Root	APOX CAT POD	Increase Decrease Increase
		G. max L. var. MSOY7501	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	APOX CAT POD	Increase Decrease Increase
		G. max L. var. MSOY7501	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Root	APOX CAT POD	Increase Decrease Increase
		G. max L. var. MSOY7575RR	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	APOX CAT POD	Increase Increase Increase
		G. max L. var. MSOY7575RR	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Roots	APOX CAT POD	Increase Increase Increase
		V. radiate L. var. PDM11	Seed	10 mM	12 d	Root	CAT GST POD	Increase Increase Increase	Basantani et al. (2011Basantani M, Srivastava A, Sen S. Elevated antioxidant response and induction of tau-class glutathione S-transferase after glyphosate treatment in Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2011;99:111-7.)
		V. radiate L. var. PDM54	Seed	10 mM	12 d	Root	CAT POD GST	Increase Increase Increase
		Z. mays L. var. Kneza-640	Spray	10 mM	10 d	Leaves	CAT GST POD	Increase Increase Increase	Sergiev et al. (2006Sergiev IG, Alexieva VS, Ivanov SV, Moskova II, Karanov EN. The phenylureacytokinin 4PU-30 protects maize plants against glyphosate action. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2006;8(3)5:139-46.)
Phenoxy	Clodinafop-propargyl	Secale cereale L.	Spray	800 µg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	CAT APOX	Increase Increase	Lukatkin et al. 2013Lukatkin AS, Gar’kova AN, Bochkarjova AS, Nushtaeva OV, Silva TJA. Treatment with the herbicide TOPIK induces oxidative stress in cereal leaves. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2013;105:44-9.
		Triticum aestivum L.	Spray	800 µg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	CAT APOX	Increase Increase
		Z. mays L.	Spray	800 µg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	CAT APOX	Increase Increase
	Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl	T. aestivum L.	Spray	250 g ha^-1	15 d	Leaves	CAT POD	Increase Increase	Sing et al. (2013)
	Fusilade	Arachis hypogaea L.	Spray	60 ppm	14 d	Leaves	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Decrease	Fayez et al. (2014Fayez KA, Radwan DEM, Mohamed AK, Abdelrahman AM. Fusilade herbicide causes alterations in chloroplast ultrastructure, pigment content and physiological activities of peanut leaves. Photosynthetica. 2014;52(4):548-54.)
	Haloxyfop-ethoxyethyl	Triticum vulgare L.	Drop on leaf	50 µM	12 h	Leaves	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Decrease	Janicka et al. (2008)Janicka U, Mioduszewska, Kielak E, Klocek J, Horbowic M The effect of haloxyfop-ethoxyethyl on antioxidant enzyme activities and growth of wheat leaves (Triticum vulgare L.). Pol J Environ Stud. 2008;17(4):485-90.
	Quizalofop-p-ethyl	Helianthus annuus L.	Spray	0.8 mM	15 d	Leaves	APOX POD	Increase Increase	Bayram et al. (2015Bayram DD, Yigit E, Akbulut GB. The effects of salicylic acid on Helianthus annuus L. exposed to quizalofop-p-ethyl. Am J Plant Sci. 2015;6:2412-25.)
	R-diclofop-methyl	A. thaliana L.	Culture medium	1 mg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	CAT POD SOD	Decrease Increase Increase	Zhang et al. (2012Zhang Q, Zhao M, Qian H, Lu T, Zhang Q, Liu W. Enantioselective damage of diclofop acid mediated by oxidative stress and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in nontarget plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(15):8405-12.)
	S-diclofop-methyl	A. thaliana L.	Culture medium	1 mg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Decrease
Pyrethroid	Deltamethrin	G. max L. Merr.	Spray	0.20 %	10 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GR SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Increase	Bashir et al. (2007)Bashir F, Mahmooduzzafar, Siddiqi TO, Iqbal M. The antioxidative response system in Glycine max (L.)Merr.exposed to deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Environ Poll. 2007;147:94-100.
Pyridine	Fluroxypyr	O. sativa L.	Culture soln.	0.8 mg L^-1	6 d	Leaves	APOX CAT POD SOD	No change Decrease Increase Increase	Wu et al. (2010Wu GL, Cui J, Tao L, Yang H. Fluroxypyr triggers oxidative damage by producing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in rice (Oryza sativa). Ecotoxicology. 2010;19:124-32.)
Quaternary ammonium	Paraquat	Papaversomniferum L.	Spray	0.48 %	24 h	Leaves	CAT POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase	Zhao et al. (2010)Zhao RG, P-Y, Yuan X-Y, Wang J-Y, Han M-Q. Effect of paraquat on the antioxidative enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). J Plant Dis Prot. 2010;117(2):55-9.
Triazine	Atrazine	Acorus calamus L.	Culture soln.	8 mg L^-1	15 d	Leaves	POD	Increase	Wang et al. (2015Wang Q, Que X, Zheng R, Pang Z, Li C, Xiao B. Phytotoxicity assessment of atrazine on growth and physiology of three emergent plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2015;22(13):9646-57.)
		Lythrum salicaria L.	Culture soln.	8 mg L^-1	15 d	Leaves	POD	Decrease
		O. sativa L.	Hoagland medium	0.4 mg L^-1	6 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GR GST POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase	Zhang et al. (2014Zhang JJ, Lu YC, Zhang JJ, Tan LR, Yang H Accumulation and toxicological response of atrazine in rice crops. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe. 2014;102:105-12.)
		O. sativa L.	Hoagland medium	0.4 mg L^-1	6 d	Root	APOX CAT GR GST POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Decrease Increase Increase
		Pennisetum americanum L.	Soil	10 mg kg^-1	38 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase	Jiang et al. (2016Jiang Z, Ma B, Erinle KO, Cao B, Liu X, Ye S, Zhang Y. Enzymatic antioxidant defense in resistant plant: Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum during long-term atrazine exposure. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2016;133:59-66.)
		Pennisetum americanum L.	Soil	10 mg kg^-1	38 d	Root	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase
		Scirpus tabernaemontani P.	Culture soln.	8 mg L^-1	15 d	Leaves	POD	Decrease	Wang et al. (2015Wang Q, Que X, Zheng R, Pang Z, Li C, Xiao B. Phytotoxicity assessment of atrazine on growth and physiology of three emergent plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2015;22(13):9646-57.)
		V. faba L.	Spray	1.79 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease	Hassan and Alla (2005Hassan NM, Alla MMN. Oxidative stress in herbicide-treated broad bean and maize plants. Acta Physiol Plant. 2005;27(4):429-38.)
		Z. mays L.	Spray	1.79 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Increase
			Spray	78 mM	5 d	Leaves	APOX POD	Increase Increase	Akbulut and Yigit (2010Akbulut GB, Yigit E. The changes in some biochemical parameters in Zea mays cv. “Martha F1” treated with atrazine. Ecotox Environ Safe. 2010;73(6):1429-32.)
			Hoagland medium	10 mg L^-1	3 d	Shoot	CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase	Li et al. (2012Li X, Wu T, Huang H, Zhang S. Atrazine accumulation and toxic responses in maize Zea mays. J Environ Sci. 2012;24(2):203-8.)
			Hoagland medium	10 mg L^-1	3 d	Root	CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase
		Z. mays L. Hybrid 351	Soil	1.79 kg ha^-1	8 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD GST SOD	Increase Decrease Decrease Increase Increase	Alla and Hassan (2006Alla MMN, Hassan NM. Changes of antioxidants levels in two maize lines following atrazine treatments. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2006;44:202-10.)
		Z. mays L. Giza 2	Soil	1.79 kg ha^-1	8 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD GST SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease
	Prometryn	T. aestivum L.	Soil	12 mg kg^-1	10 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GST POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase	Jiang and Yang (2009Jiang L, Yang H. Prometryne-induced oxidative stress and impact on antioxidant enzymes in wheat. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2009;72(6):1687-93.)
	Prometryn	T. aestivum L.	Soil	12 mg kg^-1	10 d	Root	APOX CAT GST POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase
Urea	Chlorotoluron	T. aestivum L.	Soil	25 mg kg^-1	10 d	Root	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Increase	Song et al. (2007Song NH, Yin XL, Chen GF, Yang H. Biological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants to the herbicide chlorotoluron in soils. Chemosphere. 2007;68(9):1779-87.)
	Chlorimuron-ethyl	T. aestivum L.	Soil	300 µg kg^-1	24 h	Leaves	POD	Increase	Wang and Zhou (2006Wang M, Zhou Q. Effects of herbicide chlorimuron-ethyl on physiological mechanisms in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Ecotox Environ Safe. 2006;64:190-7.)
	Chlorimuron-ethyl	T. aestivum L.	Soil	300 µg kg^-1	24 h	Root	POD	Increase
	Fluometuron	Z. mays L.	Spray	2.98 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease	Hassan and Alla (2005Hassan NM, Alla MMN. Oxidative stress in herbicide-treated broad bean and maize plants. Acta Physiol Plant. 2005;27(4):429-38.)
	Fluometuron	V. faba L.	Spray	2.98 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease
	Granstar	S. cereale L.	Leaf disk immersing	300 µg L^-1	3 h	Leaves	APOX CAT SOD	Increase Increase Increase	Gar’kova et al. (2011Gar’kova AN, Rusyaeva MM, Nushtaeva OV, Aroslankina YN, Lukatkin AS. Treatment with the herbicide granstar induces oxidative stress in cereal leaves. Russ J Plant Physiol. 2011;58:1074-81.)
		T. aestivum L.	Leaf disk immersing	300 µg L^-1	3 h	Leaves	APOX CAT SOD	Increase Increase Increase
		Z. mays L.	Leaf disk immersing	300 µg L^-1	3 h	Leaves	APOX CAT SOD	Increase Increase Increase
	Isoproturon	P. sativum L.	Sand	10 mM	15 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GPOX SOD	Increase Increase Decrease Increase	Singh et al. (2016Singh H, Singh NB, Singh A, Hussain I, Yadav V. Physiological and biochemical effects of salicylic acid on Pisum sativum exposed to isoproturon. Arch Agron Soil Sci. 2016;62(10):1425-1436. )
		T. aestivum L. .	Soil	2.5 L ha^-1	15 d	Shoot	APOX CAT SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease	Alla and Hassan, (2014)
				4 mg kg^-1	10 d	Shoot	APOX CAT GR GST POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase Increase	Liang et al. (2012Liang L, Lu YL, Yang H. Toxicology of isoproturon to the food crop wheat as affected by salicylic acid. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2012;19(6):2044-54.)
				4 mg kg^-1	10 d	Root	APOX CAT GR GST POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase Increase
				10 mg kg^-1	10 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GST POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase	Yin et al. (2008Yin XL, Jiang L, Song NH, Yang H. Toxic reactivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants to herbicide isoproturon. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(12):4825-31.)
				10 mg kg^-1	10 d	Root	APOX CAT GST POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase
			Spray	1 kg ha^-1	15 d	Leaves	CAT POD	Increase Increase	Sing et al. (2013)
	Rimsulfuron	V. faba L.	Spray	0.015 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase	Hassan and Alla (2005Hassan NM, Alla MMN. Oxidative stress in herbicide-treated broad bean and maize plants. Acta Physiol Plant. 2005;27(4):429-38.)
	Rimsulfuron	Z. mays L.	Spray	0.015 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase
	Sulfosulfuron	T. aestivum L.	Spray	800 g ha^-1	15 d	Leaves	CAT POD	Increase Increase	Sing et al. (2013)
Unclassified	Dichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Root	GR POD	Increase Decrease	San Miguel et al. (2012San Miguel, Faure M, Ravanel P, Raveton M. Biological responses of maize (Zea mays) plants exposed to chlorobenzenes. Case study of monochloro-, 1, 4-dichloro-and 1, 2, 4-trichloro-benzenes. Ecotoxicology. 2012;21(2):315-24.)
	Dichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	GR POD	Decrease Decrease
	Flurochloridone	H. annuus L.	Spray	11 mM	15 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GR GST SOD	Decrease Decrease Increase Increase Increase	Kaya and Yigit (2014Kaya A, Yigit E. The physiological and biochemical effects of salicylic acid on sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) exposed to flurochloridone. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe. 2014;106:232-8.)
	Flurochloridone	V. sativa L.	Spray	32 mM	15 d	Leaves	GR GST	Increase Increase	Kaya and Yigit (2012Kaya A, Yigit E. Interactions among glutathione s-transferase, glutathione reductase activity and glutathione contents in leaves of Vicia faba L. subjected to flurochloridone. Fresenius Environ Bull. 2012;21(6):1635-40.)
	Monochlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Roots	GR POD	Increase Increase	San Miguel et al. (2012San Miguel, Faure M, Ravanel P, Raveton M. Biological responses of maize (Zea mays) plants exposed to chlorobenzenes. Case study of monochloro-, 1, 4-dichloro-and 1, 2, 4-trichloro-benzenes. Ecotoxicology. 2012;21(2):315-24.)
	Monochlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	GR POD	Decrease Increase
	Trichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	40 mg L^-1	7 d	Root	GR POD	Increase No change
	Trichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	40 mg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	GR POD	Decrease No change

Table 3 Effect of pesticides on non-enzymatic antioxidants in plants

Type of pesticide	Pesticide name	Plant name	Mode of application	Concentration of pesticide	Time after treatment	Plant part analyzed	Effect of pesticide on non-enzymatic antioxidants		Reference
Type of pesticide	Pesticide name	Plant name	Mode of application	Concentration of pesticide	Time after treatment	Plant part analyzed	Parameter	Effect	Reference
Amide	Fomesafen	Glycine max L. Merr.	Spray	1000 g ha^-1	2 d	Leaves	HGSH	Increase	Andrews et al. (2005Andrews CJ, Cummins I, Skipsey M, Grundy NM, Jepson I, Townson Jane et al. Purification and characterisation of a family of glutathione transferases with roles in herbicide detoxification in soybean (Glycine max L.); selective enhancement by herbicides and herbicide safeners. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2005;82:205-19.)
	Metosulam	Vicia faba L.	Seedling’s root immersing	10^-4 %	24 h	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Badr et al. (2013Badr A, Zaki H, Germoush MO, Tawfeek AQ, El-Tayeb MA. Cytophysiological impacts of metosulam herbicide on Vicia faba plants. Acta Physiol Plant. 2013;35(6):1933-41.)
						Stems	Proline	Increase
						Root	Proline	Increase
Cyclohexene oxime	Clethodim	Zea mays L.	Soil	200 ppm	21 d	Leaves	Total phenolics	Increase	Radwan (2012Radwan DEM. Salicylic acid induced alleviation of oxidative stress caused by clethodim in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2012;102:182-8.)
Diamide	Chlorantraniliprole	Z. mays L.	Seed	0.5 ppm	7 d	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Kilic et al. (2015Kilic S, Duran RE, Coskun Y. Morphological and physiological responses of maize (Zea mays L.) seeds grown under increasing concentrations of chlorantraniliprole insecticide. Polish J Environ Stud. 2015;24(3):1069-75.)
Dinitroaniline	Pendimethalin	Foeniculum vulgare L.	Soil	8.5 mg L^-1	84 d	Leaves	Total phenolics	Increase	El-Awadi and Hassan et al. 2011El-Awadi ME, Hassan EA. Improving growth and productivity of fennel plant exposed to pendimethalin herbicide: stress-recovery treatments. Nature Sci. 2011;9:97-108.
Diphenyl ether	Oxyfluorfen	G. max L. Merr.	Spray	2500 g ha^-1	2 d	Leaves	HGSH	Increase	Andrews et al. (2005Andrews CJ, Cummins I, Skipsey M, Grundy NM, Jepson I, Townson Jane et al. Purification and characterisation of a family of glutathione transferases with roles in herbicide detoxification in soybean (Glycine max L.); selective enhancement by herbicides and herbicide safeners. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2005;82:205-19.)
Imidazolinone	Imazapic	Nicotiana tabacum L.	Spray	0.12 mM	9 d	Leaves	GSH	Increase	Kaya and Doganlar (2016Kaya A, Doganlar ZB. Exogenous jasmonic acid induces stress tolerance in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) exposed to imazapic. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2016;124:470-9.)
Neonicotinoid	Imidacloprid	Brassica juncea L.	Soil	300 mg kg^-1	60 d	Leaves	Ascorbate GSH Tocopherol Polyphenols Total phenolics	Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase	Sharma et al. (2016cSharma A,Kumar V, Thukral AK, Bhardwaj R. Epibrassinolide-imidacloprid interaction enhances non-enzymatic antioxidants in Brassica juncea L. Indian J Plant Physiol. 2016c;21:70-5.)
					65 d	Leaves	GSH	Increase	Sharma et al. (2016bSharma A, Bhardwaj R, Kumar V, Thukral AK. GC-MS studies reveal stimulated pesticide detoxification by brassinolide application in Brassica juncea L. plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2016b;23(14):14518-25.)
					80 d	Green pods	GSH	Increase	Sharma et al. (2017cSharma A, Kumar V, Bhardwaj R, Thukral AK. Seed pre-soaking with 24-epibrassinolide reduces the imidacloprid pesticide residues in green pods of Brassica juncea L. Toxicol Environ Chem. 2017c;99:95-103.)
		Oryza sativa L.	Sand	0.02%	12 d	Seedling	Proline	Increase	Sharma et al. (2013Sharma I, Bhardwaj R, Pati PK. Stress modulation response of 24-epibrassinolide against imidacloprid in an elite indica rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2013;105:144-53.)
		Oryza sativa L.	Sand	0.015%	12 d	Seedling	Proline	Increase	Sharma et al. (2015Sharma I, Bhardwaj R, Pati PK. Exogenous application of 28-homobrassinolide modulates the dynamics of salt and pesticides induced stress responses in an elite rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. J Plant Growth Regul. 2015;34:509-18.)
Organophosphorus	Chlorpyrifos	O. sativa L.	Sand	0.06%	12 d	Seedling	Proline	Increase	Sharma et al. (2012Sharma I, Bhardwaj R, Pati PK. Mitigation of adverse effects of chlorpyrifos by 24-epibrassinolide and analysis of stress markers in a rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe. 2012;85:72-81.)
		O. sativa L.	Sand	0.04%	12 d	Seedling	Proline	Increase	Sharma et al. (2015Sharma I, Bhardwaj R, Pati PK. Exogenous application of 28-homobrassinolide modulates the dynamics of salt and pesticides induced stress responses in an elite rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. J Plant Growth Regul. 2015;34:509-18.)
		Vigna radiata L.	Spray	15 mM	10 d	Leaves	Proline Ascorbate GSH	Increase Decrease Increase	Parween et al. (2012Parween T, Jan S, Fatma MT. Evaluation of oxidative stress in Vigna radiata L. in response to chlorpyrifos. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2012;9(4):605-12.)
	Dimethoate	V. radiata L.	Culture soln.	30 ppm	4 d	Leaves	GSH Ascorbate	Increase Increase	Singh et al. (2014Singh VP, Kumar J, Singh S, Prasad SM. Dimethoate modifies enhanced UV-B effects on growth, photosynthesis and oxidative stress in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings: implication of salicylic acid. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2014;116:13-23.)
	Dimethoate	V. radiata L.	Culture soln.	150 ppm	4 d	Leaves	GSH Ascorbate	Decrease Decrease
	Glyphosate	Z. mays L. var. Kneza-640	Spray	10 mM	10 d	Leaves	Proline GSH	Increase Increase	Sergiev et al. (2006Sergiev IG, Alexieva VS, Ivanov SV, Moskova II, Karanov EN. The phenylureacytokinin 4PU-30 protects maize plants against glyphosate action. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2006;8(3)5:139-46.)
Phenoxy	Fluzifop-p-butyl	Arachis hypogaea L. var. Giza 5	Spray	0.156 g L^-1	14 d	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Fayez et al. (2011Fayez KA, Radwan DEM, Mohamed AK, Abdelrahman AM. Herbicides and salicylic acid applications caused alterations in total amino acids and proline contents of peanut cultivars. J Environ Stud. 2011;6:55-61.)
Phenoxy	Quizalofop-p-ethyl	Helianthus annuus L.	Spray	0.8 mM	15 d	Leaves	Total phenolics	Increase	Bayram et al. (2015Bayram DD, Yigit E, Akbulut GB. The effects of salicylic acid on Helianthus annuus L. exposed to quizalofop-p-ethyl. Am J Plant Sci. 2015;6:2412-25.)
Pyrethroid	Deltamethrin	G. max L. Merr.	Spray	0.20 %	10 d	Leaves	Proline Ascorbate GSH	Increase Increase Increase	Bashir et al. (2007)Bashir F, Mahmooduzzafar, Siddiqi TO, Iqbal M. The antioxidative response system in Glycine max (L.)Merr.exposed to deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Environ Poll. 2007;147:94-100.
Pyridine	Fluroxypyr	O. sativa L.	Culture soln.	0.8 mg L^-1	6 d	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Wu et al. (2010Wu GL, Cui J, Tao L, Yang H. Fluroxypyr triggers oxidative damage by producing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in rice (Oryza sativa). Ecotoxicology. 2010;19:124-32.)
Triazine	Atrazine	Z. mays L. Hybrid 351	Soil	1.79 kg ha^-1	8 d	Shoot	GSH Ascorbate	Increase Increase	Alla and Hassan (2006Alla MMN, Hassan NM. Changes of antioxidants levels in two maize lines following atrazine treatments. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2006;44:202-10.)
Triazine	Atrazine	Z. mays L. Giza 2	Soil	1.79 kg ha^-1	8 d	Shoot	GSH Ascorbate	Decrease Decrease
Urea	Chlorotoluron	Triticum aestivum L.	Soil	25 mg kg^-1	10 d	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Song et al. (2007Song NH, Yin XL, Chen GF, Yang H. Biological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants to the herbicide chlorotoluron in soils. Chemosphere. 2007;68(9):1779-87.)
	Diuron	G. max L. var. Clark	Soil	2 ppm	7 d	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Fayez (2000Fayez KA. Action of photosynthetic diuron herbicide on cell organelles and biochemical constituents of the leaves of two soybean cultivars. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2000;66:105-15.)
	Diuron	G. max L. var. Crawford	Soil	2 ppm	7 d	Leaves	Proline	Increase
	Isoproturon	T. aestivum	Soil	2.5 L ha^-1	15 d	Shoot	GSH	Decrease	Alla and Hassan (2014)
Unclassified	Bentazon	A. hypogaea L. var. Giza 6	Spray	1.6 g L^-1	14 d	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Fayez et al. (2011Fayez KA, Radwan DEM, Mohamed AK, Abdelrahman AM. Herbicides and salicylic acid applications caused alterations in total amino acids and proline contents of peanut cultivars. J Environ Stud. 2011;6:55-61.)
Unclassified	Flurochloridone	Vicia sativa L.	Spray	32 mM	15d	Leaves	GSH	Increase	Kaya and Yigit (2012Kaya A, Yigit E. Interactions among glutathione s-transferase, glutathione reductase activity and glutathione contents in leaves of Vicia faba L. subjected to flurochloridone. Fresenius Environ Bull. 2012;21(6):1635-40.)

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Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas Departamento de Fitotecnia - DFT, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36570-000 - Viçosa-MG - Brasil, Tel./Fax::(+55 31) 3899-2611 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
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[1] * Corresponding author: <anketsharma@gmail.com>