Respostas de Plantas à Toxicidade de Pesticidas: Uma Visão Geral

SHARMA, A.; KUMAR, V.; THUKRAL, A.K.; BHARDWAJ, R.

doi:10.1590/S0100-83582019370100065

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Literature Review • Planta daninha 37 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582019370100065 linkcopiar

Respostas de Plantas à Toxicidade de Pesticidas: Uma Visão Geral

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO:

Os pesticidas são aplicados no mundo todo para proteger as plantas contra as pragas. No entanto, essa aplicação também causa toxicidade às plantas, o que afeta de forma negativa o crescimento e o desenvolvimento delas. A toxicidade dos pesticidas resulta na redução dos teores de clorofila e proteína, acompanhada de menor eficiência fotossintética das plantas. O estresse causado por pesticidas também gera espécies reativas de oxigênio, que causam estresse oxidativo às plantas. Para atenuar os efeitos negativos do estresse oxidativo, o sistema de defesa antioxidante das plantas é ativado, e isso inclui antioxidantes enzimáticos e não enzimáticos. A presente revisão fornece uma visão geral de várias respostas fisiológicas de plantas sob toxicidade de pesticidas, em forma de tabela.

Palavras-chave:
respostas fisiológicas; sistema de defesa antioxidante; estresse oxidativo

Autoria

person A. SHARMA *

school Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, India.Guru Nanak Dev UniversityIndiaAmritsar, India Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, India.

0000-0002-5251-9045

person V. KUMAR

person A.K. THUKRAL

person R. BHARDWAJ

* Corresponding author: <
anketsharma@gmail.com>

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, India.Guru Nanak Dev UniversityIndiaAmritsar, India Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, India.

Tabelas

Tabelas (3)

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Table 1 Effect of pesticides on oxidative stress markers in plants

Thumbnail

Table 2 Effect of pesticides on enzymatic antioxidants in plants

Thumbnail

Table 3 Effect of pesticides on non-enzymatic antioxidants in plants

table_chartTable 1 Effect of pesticides on oxidative stress markers in plants

Type of pesticide	Pesticide name	Plant name	Mode of application	Concentration of pesticide	Time after treatment	Plant part analyzed	Effect of pesticide on oxidative stress markers		Reference
Type of pesticide	Pesticide name	Plant name	Mode of application	Concentration of pesticide	Time after treatment	Plant part analyzed	Parameter	Effect
Amide	Acetochlor	Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis labrusca L.	Soil	22460 g a.i. ha^-1	30 d	Leaves (upper node)	O₂·^- MDA	Increase Increase	Tan et al. (2012)
	Napropamide	Brassica napus L.	Seedling	8 mg L^-1	5 d	Leaves	TBARS	Increase	Cui et al. (2010)
	Napropamide	Brassica napus L.	Seedling	8 mg L^-1	5 d	Root	TBARS	Increase	Cui et al. (2010)
	Rac-metolachlor	Oryza sativa L.	Culture solution	6.2 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	MDA	Increase	Liu et al. (2012)
	Rac-metolachlor	Zea mays L.	Culture solution	74.4 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	MDA	Increase
	S-metolachlor	O. sativa L.	Culture solution	6.2 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	MDA	Increase
	S-metolachlor	Z. mays L.	Culture solution	74.4 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	MDA	Increase
Cyclohexene oxime	Clethodim	Z. mays L.	Soil	200 ppm	21 d	Leaves	H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase	Radwan (2012)
Dinitroaniline	Pendimethalin	Vigna mungo L. var. Shekhar	Soil	10 ppm	15 d	Leaves	MDA	Decrease	Singh et al. (2012)
Diphenyl ether	Fluoroglycofen	V. vinifera L. × V. labrusca L.	Soil	375 g a.i. ha^-1	30 d	Leaves (upper node)	O₂·^- MDA	Increase Increase	Tan et al. (2012)
Imidazolinone	Imazapic	Nicotiana tabacum L.	Spray	0.12 mM	9 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Kaya and Doganlar (2016)
	R (-)-imazethapyr	Arabidopsis thaliana L.	Culture solution	2.5 µg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	O₂·^- H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase Increase	Qian et al. (2011)
	S (+)-imazethapyr	A. thaliana L.	Culture solution	2.5 µg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	O₂·^- H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase No change	Qian et al. (2011)
Neonicotinoid	Imidacloprid	Oryza sativa L.	Sand	0.015%	12 d	Seedlings	O₂·^- H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase Increase	Sharma et al. (2015)
Neonicotinoid	Imidacloprid	Oryza sativa L.	Sand	0.02%	12 d	Seedlings	MDA	Increase	Sharma et al. (2013)
Organophosphorus	Chlorpyrifos	O. sativa L.	Sand	0.04%	12 d	Seedlings	O₂·^- H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase Increase	Sharma et al. (2015)
		O. sativa L.	Sand	0.06%	12 d	Seedlings	MDA	Increase	Sharma et al. (2012)
		Vigna radiata L.	Spray	15 mM	10 d	Leaves	TBARS	Increase	Parween et al. (2012)
	Dimethoate	V. radiata L.	Culture soln.	150 ppm	4 d	Leaves	O₂·^- H₂O₂ MDA OH^-	Increase Increase Increase Increase	Singh et al. (2014)
	Glyphosate	Glycine max L. var. DM48	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Moldes et al. (2008)
		Glycine max L. var. DM48	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Root	MDA	Increase
		G. max L. var. DM4800RG	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	MDA	Increase
		G. max L. var. DM4800RG	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Root	MDA	Decrease
		G. max L. var. MSOY7501	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	MDA	Increase
		G. max L. var. MSOY7501	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Root	MDA	Increase
		G. max L. var. MSOY7575RR	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	MDA	Increase
		G. max L. var. MSOY7575RR	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Root	MDA	Increase
		Z. mays L. var. Kneza-640	Spray	10 mM	10 d	Leaves	H₂O₂ MDA Electrolyte leakage	Increase Increase Increase	Sergiev et al. (2006)
Phenoxy	Clodinafop-propargyl	Secale cereale L.	Spray	800 µg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	O₂·^-	Increase	Lukatkin et al. 2013
		Triticum aestivum L.	Spray	800 µg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	O₂·^-	Increase
		Z. mays L.	Spray	800 µg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	O₂·^-	Increase
	Fluazifop-P-butyl	Acanthospermum hispidum DC.	Shoot immersing	10 µM	24 h	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Luo et al. (2004)
	Fluazifop-P-butyl	Avena sativa L.	Shoot immersing	10 µM	24 h	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Luo et al. (2004)
	Fusilade	Arachis hypogaea L.	Spray	60 ppm	14 d	Leaves	H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase	Fayez et al. (2014)
	Quizalofop-p-ethyl	Helianthus. annuus L.	Spray	0.8 mM	15 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Bayram et al. (2015)
	R-diclofop-methyl	A. thaliana L.	Culture medium	1 mg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	MDA	Increase	Zhang et al. (2012)
	S-diclofop-methyl	A. thaliana L.	Culture medium	1 mg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	MDA	Increase	Zhang et al. (2012)
Pyrethroid	Deltamethrin	G. max L. Merr.	Spray	0.20 %	10 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Bashir et al. (2007)
Pyridine	Fluroxypyr	O. sativa L.	Culture soln.	0.8 mg L^-1	6 d	Leaves	O·̄₂ H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase Increase	Wu et al. (2010)
Quaternary ammonium	Paraquat	Papaver somniferum L.	Spray	0.48 %	24 h	Leaves	MDA Electrolyte leakage	Increase Increase	Zhao et al. (2010)
Triazine	Atrazine	Acorus calamus L.	Culture soln.	8 mg L^-1	15 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Wang et al. (2015)
		Lythrum salicaria L.	Culture soln.	8 mg L^-1	15 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Wang et al. (2015)
		O. sativa L.	Hoagland medium	0.4 mg L^-1	6 d	Leaves	O₂·^- H₂O₂ TBARS	Increase Increase Increase	Zhang et al. (2014)
		Pennisetum americanum L.	Soil	10 mg kg^-1	38 d	Shoot	MDA	Increase	Jiang et al. (2016)
		Pennisetum americanum L.	Soil	10 mg kg^-1	38 d	Root	MDA	Increase	Jiang et al. (2016)
		Scirpus tabernaemontani P.	Culture soln.	8 mg L^-1	15 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Wang et al. (2015)
		Vicia faba L.	Spray	1.79 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase Increase	Hassan and Alla (2005)
		Z. mays L.	Spray	1.79 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase Increase	Hassan and Alla (2005)
			Spray	78 mM	5 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Akbulut and Yigit (2010)
			Hoagland medium	10 mg L^-1	3 d	Shoot	MDA	No change	Li et al. (2012)
			Hoagland medium	10 mg L^-1	3 d	Root	MDA	Increase	Li et al. (2012)
		Z. mays L. Hybrid 351	Soil	1.79 kg ha^-1	8 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase Increase	Alla and Hassan (2006)
		Z. mays L. Giza 2	Soil	1.79 kg ha^-1	8 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase Increase	Alla and Hassan (2006)
	Prometryne	T. aestivum L.	Soil	12 mg kg^-1	10 d	Leaves	TBARS	Increase	Jiang and Yang (2009)
	Prometryne	T. aestivum L.	Soil	12 mg kg^-1	10 d	Root	TBARS	Increase	Jiang and Yang (2009)
Urea	Chlorotoluron	T. aestivum L.	Soil	25 mg kg^-1	10 d	Leaves	O₂·^- H₂O₂ TBARS	Increase Increase Increase	Song et al. (2007)
	Chlorimuron-ethyl	T. aestivum L.	Soil	300 µg kg^-1	24 h	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Wang and Zhou (2006)
	Chlorimuron-ethyl	T. aestivum L.	Soil	300 µg kg^-1	24 h	Root	MDA	Increase	Wang and Zhou (2006)
	Fluometuron	V. faba L.	Spray	2.98 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase Increase	Hassan and Alla (2005)
	Fluometuron	Z. mays L.	Spray	2.98 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase Increase	Hassan and Alla (2005)
	Granstar	Avena fatua L.	Spray	300 µg L^-1	3 d	Leaves	O₂·^- MDA	Increase Increase	Gar’kova et al. (2011)
		Secale cereale L.	Spray	300 µg L^-1	3 d	Leaves	O₂·^- MDA	Increase Increase
		Secale cereale L.	Leaf disk immersing	300 µg L^-1	3 h	Leaves	O₂·^-	Increase
		T. aestivum L.	Leaf disk immersing	300 µg L^-1	3 h	Leaves	O₂·^-	Increase
		T. aestivum L.	Spray	300 µg L^-1	3 d	Leaves	O₂·^- MDA	Increase Increase
		Z. mays L.	Leaf disk immersing	300 µg L^-1	3 h	Leaves	O₂·^-	Increase
		Z. mays L.	Spray	300 µg L^-1	3 d	Leaves	O₂·^- MDA	Increase Increase
	Isoproturon	P. sativum L.	Sand	10 mM	15 d	Leaves	H₂O₂ MDA Electrolyte leakage	Increase Increase Increase	Singh et al. (2016)
		T. aestivum L.	Soil	2.5 L ha^-1	15 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA	Increase Increase	Alla and Hassan (2014)
				4 mg kg^-1	10 d	Shoot	O₂·^- H₂O₂ TBARS	Increase Increase Increase	Liang et al. (2012)
						Root	TBARS	Increase
						Leaves	H₂O₂	Increase
				10 mg kg^-1	10 d	Leaves	TBARS	Increase	Yin et al. (2008)
				10 mg kg^-1	10 d	Root	TBARS	No change	Yin et al. (2008)
	Rimsulfuron	V. faba L.	Spray	0.015 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase Increase	Hassan and Alla (2005)
	Rimsulfuron	Z. mays L.	Spray	0.015 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	H₂O₂ MDA C=O	Increase Increase No change	Hassan and Alla (2005)
Unclassified	Dichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Root	H₂O₂	Increase	San Miguel et al. (2012)
	Dichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	H₂O₂	Decrease	San Miguel et al. (2012)
	Flurochloridone	H. annuus L.	Spray	11 mM	15 d	Leaves	MDA	Increase	Kaya and Yigit (2014)
	Monochlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Root	H₂O₂	Increase	San Miguel et al. (2012)
	Monochlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	H₂O₂	No change
	Trichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	40 mg L^-1	7 d	Root	H₂O₂	Increase
	Trichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	40 mg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	H₂O₂	Increase

table_chartTable 2 Effect of pesticides on enzymatic antioxidants in plants

Type of pesticide	Pesticide name	Plant name	Mode of application	Concentration of pesticide	Time after treatment	Plant part analyzed	Effect of pesticide on enzymatic antioxidants		Reference
Type of pesticide	Pesticide name	Plant name	Mode of application	Concentration of pesticide	Time after treatment	Plant part analyzed	Parameter	Effect
Amide	Acetochlor	Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis labrusca L.	Soil	22460 g a.i.ha^-1	30 d	Leaves (upper node)	APOX CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease	Tan et al. (2012)
	Alachlor	Lactuca sativa L.	Hoagland medium	2 µM	24 d	Leaves	CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase	Stajner et al. (2003)
		Phaseolus vulgaris L.	Hoagland medium	2 µM	24 d	Leaves	CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase
		Pisum sativum L.	Hoagland medium	2 µM	24 d	Leaves	CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase
	Fomesafen	Glycine max L. Merr.	Spray	1000 g ha^-1	2 d	Leaves	GST	Increase	Andrews et al. (2005)
	Metolachlor	L. sativa L.	Hoagland medium	2 µM	24 d	Leaves	CAT POD SOD	No change Decrease Increase	Stajner et al. (2003)
		P. vulgaris L.	Hoagland medium	2 µM	24 d	Leaves	CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase
		P. sativum L.	Hoagland medium	2 µM	24 d	Leaves	CAT POD SOD	Decrease Increase Increase
	Metosulam	Vicia faba L.	Seedling’s root immersing	10^-4 %	24 h	Leaves	APOX CAT POD	Increase Increase Decrease	Badr et al. (2013)
	Napropamide	Brassica napus L.	Seedling	8 mg L^-1	5 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GST POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase	Cui et al. (2010)
	Rac-metolachlor	Oryza. sativa L.	Culture solution	6.2 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	CAT POD	Decrease Decrease	Liu et al. (2012)
	Rac-metolachlor	Zea mays L.	Culture solution	74.4 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease
	S-metolachlor	O. sativa L.	Culture solution	6.2 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	CAT POD	Decrease Decrease
	S-metolachlor	Z. mays L.	Culture solution	74.4 µM L^-1	5 d	Root	CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease
Cyclohexene oxime	Clethodim	Z. mays L.	Soil	200 ppm	21 d	Leaves	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Decrease	Radwan (2012)
Diphenyl ether	Fluoroglycofen	V. vinifera L. × V. labrusca L.	Soil	375 g ai ha^-1	30 d	Leaves (upper node)	APOX CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease	Tan et al. (2012)
Diphenyl ether	Oxyfluorfen	G. max L. Merr.	Spray	2500 g ha^-1	2 d	Leaves	GST	Increase	Andrews et al. (2005)
Imidazolinone	Imazapic	Nicotiana tabacum L.	Spray	0.12 mM	9 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GR GST	Increase Increase Increase Increase	Kaya and Doganlar (2016)
	R (-)-imazethapyr	Arabidopsis thaliana L.	Culture solution	2.5 µg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	APOX CAT GPOX SOD	Decrease Decrease Increase Decrease	Qian et al. (2011)
	S (+)-imazethapyr	A. thaliana L.	Culture solution	2.5 µg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	APOX CAT GPOX SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Decrease	Qian et al. (2011)
Neonicotinoid	Imidacloprid	Brassica juncea L.	Soil	300 mg kg^-1	65 d	Leaves	GR GST POD	Increase Increase Increase	Sharma et al. (2016b)
		Brassica juncea L.	Soil	300 mg kg^-1	80 d	Green pods	APOX GPOX GR GST POD	Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase	Sharma et al. (2017c)
		O. sativa L.	Sand	0.01%	12 d	Seedlings	APOX CAT DHAR GR MDHAR POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase Decrease Increase	Sharma et al. (2013)
		O. sativa L.	Sand	0.015%	12 d	Seedlings	APOX CAT DHAR GR MDHAR POD SOD	Increase Increase Decrease Increase Increase Decrease Increase	Sharma et al. (2015)
Organochlorine	DDT	G. max L.	Soil	63.5 ng g^-1	60 d	Leaves Root	GST GST	Decrease Increase	Mitton et al. (2016)
Organochlorine	DDT	Medicago sativa L.	Soil	63.5 ng g^-1	60 d	Leaves Root	GST GST	Increase Increase	Mitton et al. (2016)
Organophosphorus	Chlorpyrifos	Vigna radiata L.	Spray	15 mM	10 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GR SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Increase	Parween et al. (2012)
	Dimethoate	V. radiata L.	Culture soln.	30 ppm	4 d	Leaves	CAT DHAR GR SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase	Singh et al. (2014)
	Dimethoate	V. radiata L.	Culture soln.	150 ppm	4 d	Leaves	CAT DHAR GR SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Increase	Singh et al. (2014)
	Glyphosate	G. max L. var. DM48	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	APOX CAT POD	Increase Increase Increase	Moldes et al. (2008)
		G. max L. var. DM48	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Roots	APOX CAT POD	Increase Increase Decrease
		G. max L. var. DM4800RG	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	APOX CAT POD	Increase Decrease Increase
		G. max L. var. DM4800RG	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Root	APOX CAT POD	Increase Decrease Increase
		G. max L. var. MSOY7501	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	APOX CAT POD	Increase Decrease Increase
		G. max L. var. MSOY7501	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Root	APOX CAT POD	Increase Decrease Increase
		G. max L. var. MSOY7575RR	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Leaves	APOX CAT POD	Increase Increase Increase
		G. max L. var. MSOY7575RR	Spray	0.94 %	24 h	Roots	APOX CAT POD	Increase Increase Increase
		V. radiate L. var. PDM11	Seed	10 mM	12 d	Root	CAT GST POD	Increase Increase Increase	Basantani et al. (2011)
		V. radiate L. var. PDM54	Seed	10 mM	12 d	Root	CAT POD GST	Increase Increase Increase	Basantani et al. (2011)
		Z. mays L. var. Kneza-640	Spray	10 mM	10 d	Leaves	CAT GST POD	Increase Increase Increase	Sergiev et al. (2006)
Phenoxy	Clodinafop-propargyl	Secale cereale L.	Spray	800 µg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	CAT APOX	Increase Increase	Lukatkin et al. 2013
		Triticum aestivum L.	Spray	800 µg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	CAT APOX	Increase Increase
		Z. mays L.	Spray	800 µg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	CAT APOX	Increase Increase
	Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl	T. aestivum L.	Spray	250 g ha^-1	15 d	Leaves	CAT POD	Increase Increase	Sing et al. (2013)
	Fusilade	Arachis hypogaea L.	Spray	60 ppm	14 d	Leaves	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Decrease	Fayez et al. (2014)
	Haloxyfop-ethoxyethyl	Triticum vulgare L.	Drop on leaf	50 µM	12 h	Leaves	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Decrease	Janicka et al. (2008)
	Quizalofop-p-ethyl	Helianthus annuus L.	Spray	0.8 mM	15 d	Leaves	APOX POD	Increase Increase	Bayram et al. (2015)
	R-diclofop-methyl	A. thaliana L.	Culture medium	1 mg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	CAT POD SOD	Decrease Increase Increase	Zhang et al. (2012)
	S-diclofop-methyl	A. thaliana L.	Culture medium	1 mg L^-1	28 d	Plantlets	CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Decrease	Zhang et al. (2012)
Pyrethroid	Deltamethrin	G. max L. Merr.	Spray	0.20 %	10 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GR SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Increase	Bashir et al. (2007)
Pyridine	Fluroxypyr	O. sativa L.	Culture soln.	0.8 mg L^-1	6 d	Leaves	APOX CAT POD SOD	No change Decrease Increase Increase	Wu et al. (2010)
Quaternary ammonium	Paraquat	Papaversomniferum L.	Spray	0.48 %	24 h	Leaves	CAT POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase	Zhao et al. (2010)
Triazine	Atrazine	Acorus calamus L.	Culture soln.	8 mg L^-1	15 d	Leaves	POD	Increase	Wang et al. (2015)
		Lythrum salicaria L.	Culture soln.	8 mg L^-1	15 d	Leaves	POD	Decrease	Wang et al. (2015)
		O. sativa L.	Hoagland medium	0.4 mg L^-1	6 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GR GST POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase	Zhang et al. (2014)
		O. sativa L.	Hoagland medium	0.4 mg L^-1	6 d	Root	APOX CAT GR GST POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Decrease Increase Increase	Zhang et al. (2014)
		Pennisetum americanum L.	Soil	10 mg kg^-1	38 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase	Jiang et al. (2016)
		Pennisetum americanum L.	Soil	10 mg kg^-1	38 d	Root	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase	Jiang et al. (2016)
		Scirpus tabernaemontani P.	Culture soln.	8 mg L^-1	15 d	Leaves	POD	Decrease	Wang et al. (2015)
		V. faba L.	Spray	1.79 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease	Hassan and Alla (2005)
		Z. mays L.	Spray	1.79 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Increase	Hassan and Alla (2005)
			Spray	78 mM	5 d	Leaves	APOX POD	Increase Increase	Akbulut and Yigit (2010)
			Hoagland medium	10 mg L^-1	3 d	Shoot	CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase	Li et al. (2012)
			Hoagland medium	10 mg L^-1	3 d	Root	CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase	Li et al. (2012)
		Z. mays L. Hybrid 351	Soil	1.79 kg ha^-1	8 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD GST SOD	Increase Decrease Decrease Increase Increase	Alla and Hassan (2006)
		Z. mays L. Giza 2	Soil	1.79 kg ha^-1	8 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD GST SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease	Alla and Hassan (2006)
	Prometryn	T. aestivum L.	Soil	12 mg kg^-1	10 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GST POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase	Jiang and Yang (2009)
	Prometryn	T. aestivum L.	Soil	12 mg kg^-1	10 d	Root	APOX CAT GST POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase	Jiang and Yang (2009)
Urea	Chlorotoluron	T. aestivum L.	Soil	25 mg kg^-1	10 d	Root	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Increase	Song et al. (2007)
	Chlorimuron-ethyl	T. aestivum L.	Soil	300 µg kg^-1	24 h	Leaves	POD	Increase	Wang and Zhou (2006)
	Chlorimuron-ethyl	T. aestivum L.	Soil	300 µg kg^-1	24 h	Root	POD	Increase	Wang and Zhou (2006)
	Fluometuron	Z. mays L.	Spray	2.98 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease	Hassan and Alla (2005)
	Fluometuron	V. faba L.	Spray	2.98 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease Decrease	Hassan and Alla (2005)
	Granstar	S. cereale L.	Leaf disk immersing	300 µg L^-1	3 h	Leaves	APOX CAT SOD	Increase Increase Increase	Gar’kova et al. (2011)
		T. aestivum L.	Leaf disk immersing	300 µg L^-1	3 h	Leaves	APOX CAT SOD	Increase Increase Increase
		Z. mays L.	Leaf disk immersing	300 µg L^-1	3 h	Leaves	APOX CAT SOD	Increase Increase Increase
	Isoproturon	P. sativum L.	Sand	10 mM	15 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GPOX SOD	Increase Increase Decrease Increase	Singh et al. (2016)
		T. aestivum L. .	Soil	2.5 L ha^-1	15 d	Shoot	APOX CAT SOD	Decrease Decrease Decrease	Alla and Hassan, (2014)
				4 mg kg^-1	10 d	Shoot	APOX CAT GR GST POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase Increase	Liang et al. (2012)
				4 mg kg^-1	10 d	Root	APOX CAT GR GST POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase Increase	Liang et al. (2012)
				10 mg kg^-1	10 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GST POD SOD	Increase Decrease Increase Increase Increase	Yin et al. (2008)
				10 mg kg^-1	10 d	Root	APOX CAT GST POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase	Yin et al. (2008)
			Spray	1 kg ha^-1	15 d	Leaves	CAT POD	Increase Increase	Sing et al. (2013)
	Rimsulfuron	V. faba L.	Spray	0.015 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase	Hassan and Alla (2005)
	Rimsulfuron	Z. mays L.	Spray	0.015 kg a.i. ha^-1	12 d	Shoot	APOX CAT POD SOD	Increase Increase Increase Increase	Hassan and Alla (2005)
	Sulfosulfuron	T. aestivum L.	Spray	800 g ha^-1	15 d	Leaves	CAT POD	Increase Increase	Sing et al. (2013)
Unclassified	Dichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Root	GR POD	Increase Decrease	San Miguel et al. (2012)
	Dichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	GR POD	Decrease Decrease	San Miguel et al. (2012)
	Flurochloridone	H. annuus L.	Spray	11 mM	15 d	Leaves	APOX CAT GR GST SOD	Decrease Decrease Increase Increase Increase	Kaya and Yigit (2014)
	Flurochloridone	V. sativa L.	Spray	32 mM	15 d	Leaves	GR GST	Increase Increase	Kaya and Yigit (2012)
	Monochlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Roots	GR POD	Increase Increase	San Miguel et al. (2012)
	Monochlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	80 mg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	GR POD	Decrease Increase
	Trichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	40 mg L^-1	7 d	Root	GR POD	Increase No change
	Trichlorobenzene	Z. mays L.	Hoagland medium	40 mg L^-1	7 d	Leaves	GR POD	Decrease No change

table_chartTable 3 Effect of pesticides on non-enzymatic antioxidants in plants

Type of pesticide	Pesticide name	Plant name	Mode of application	Concentration of pesticide	Time after treatment	Plant part analyzed	Effect of pesticide on non-enzymatic antioxidants		Reference
Type of pesticide	Pesticide name	Plant name	Mode of application	Concentration of pesticide	Time after treatment	Plant part analyzed	Parameter	Effect	Reference
Amide	Fomesafen	Glycine max L. Merr.	Spray	1000 g ha^-1	2 d	Leaves	HGSH	Increase	Andrews et al. (2005)
	Metosulam	Vicia faba L.	Seedling’s root immersing	10^-4 %	24 h	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Badr et al. (2013)
						Stems	Proline	Increase
						Root	Proline	Increase
Cyclohexene oxime	Clethodim	Zea mays L.	Soil	200 ppm	21 d	Leaves	Total phenolics	Increase	Radwan (2012)
Diamide	Chlorantraniliprole	Z. mays L.	Seed	0.5 ppm	7 d	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Kilic et al. (2015)
Dinitroaniline	Pendimethalin	Foeniculum vulgare L.	Soil	8.5 mg L^-1	84 d	Leaves	Total phenolics	Increase	El-Awadi and Hassan et al. 2011
Diphenyl ether	Oxyfluorfen	G. max L. Merr.	Spray	2500 g ha^-1	2 d	Leaves	HGSH	Increase	Andrews et al. (2005)
Imidazolinone	Imazapic	Nicotiana tabacum L.	Spray	0.12 mM	9 d	Leaves	GSH	Increase	Kaya and Doganlar (2016)
Neonicotinoid	Imidacloprid	Brassica juncea L.	Soil	300 mg kg^-1	60 d	Leaves	Ascorbate GSH Tocopherol Polyphenols Total phenolics	Increase Increase Increase Increase Increase	Sharma et al. (2016c)
					65 d	Leaves	GSH	Increase	Sharma et al. (2016b)
					80 d	Green pods	GSH	Increase	Sharma et al. (2017c)
		Oryza sativa L.	Sand	0.02%	12 d	Seedling	Proline	Increase	Sharma et al. (2013)
		Oryza sativa L.	Sand	0.015%	12 d	Seedling	Proline	Increase	Sharma et al. (2015)
Organophosphorus	Chlorpyrifos	O. sativa L.	Sand	0.06%	12 d	Seedling	Proline	Increase	Sharma et al. (2012)
		O. sativa L.	Sand	0.04%	12 d	Seedling	Proline	Increase	Sharma et al. (2015)
		Vigna radiata L.	Spray	15 mM	10 d	Leaves	Proline Ascorbate GSH	Increase Decrease Increase	Parween et al. (2012)
	Dimethoate	V. radiata L.	Culture soln.	30 ppm	4 d	Leaves	GSH Ascorbate	Increase Increase	Singh et al. (2014)
	Dimethoate	V. radiata L.	Culture soln.	150 ppm	4 d	Leaves	GSH Ascorbate	Decrease Decrease	Singh et al. (2014)
	Glyphosate	Z. mays L. var. Kneza-640	Spray	10 mM	10 d	Leaves	Proline GSH	Increase Increase	Sergiev et al. (2006)
Phenoxy	Fluzifop-p-butyl	Arachis hypogaea L. var. Giza 5	Spray	0.156 g L^-1	14 d	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Fayez et al. (2011)
Phenoxy	Quizalofop-p-ethyl	Helianthus annuus L.	Spray	0.8 mM	15 d	Leaves	Total phenolics	Increase	Bayram et al. (2015)
Pyrethroid	Deltamethrin	G. max L. Merr.	Spray	0.20 %	10 d	Leaves	Proline Ascorbate GSH	Increase Increase Increase	Bashir et al. (2007)
Pyridine	Fluroxypyr	O. sativa L.	Culture soln.	0.8 mg L^-1	6 d	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Wu et al. (2010)
Triazine	Atrazine	Z. mays L. Hybrid 351	Soil	1.79 kg ha^-1	8 d	Shoot	GSH Ascorbate	Increase Increase	Alla and Hassan (2006)
Triazine	Atrazine	Z. mays L. Giza 2	Soil	1.79 kg ha^-1	8 d	Shoot	GSH Ascorbate	Decrease Decrease	Alla and Hassan (2006)
Urea	Chlorotoluron	Triticum aestivum L.	Soil	25 mg kg^-1	10 d	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Song et al. (2007)
	Diuron	G. max L. var. Clark	Soil	2 ppm	7 d	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Fayez (2000)
	Diuron	G. max L. var. Crawford	Soil	2 ppm	7 d	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Fayez (2000)
	Isoproturon	T. aestivum	Soil	2.5 L ha^-1	15 d	Shoot	GSH	Decrease	Alla and Hassan (2014)
Unclassified	Bentazon	A. hypogaea L. var. Giza 6	Spray	1.6 g L^-1	14 d	Leaves	Proline	Increase	Fayez et al. (2011)
Unclassified	Flurochloridone	Vicia sativa L.	Spray	32 mM	15d	Leaves	GSH	Increase	Kaya and Yigit (2012)

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Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas Departamento de Fitotecnia - DFT, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36570-000 - Viçosa-MG - Brasil, Tel./Fax::(+55 31) 3899-2611 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: rpdaninha@gmail.com

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