Cultivation Systems, Vegetable Soil Covers and their Influence on the Phytosocyology of Weeds

FORTE, C.T.; GALON, L.; BEUTLER, A.N.; REICHERT JR., F.W.; MENEGAT, A.D.; PERIN, G.F.; TIRONI, S.P.

doi:10.1590/S0100-83582018360100099

ABSTRACT:

Phytosociological studies are groups of methods that aim at the identification, composition and distribution of plant species in a community. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify the main weeds found in beans, maize and soybean cultivated in no-tillage and conventional systems. The experimental design was a randomized block one, with four replications. Experiments were conducted during three consecutive years, with summer crop (bean, maize and soybean) treatments, no-tillage system (NTS) composed by the covers, black oat, vetch and forage radish, in addition to their intercrop. In the conventional planting system (CTS), the area was left fallow in the off-season. The shoot dry matter of the covers was evaluated in each crop. The evaluated variables were: frequency, density, abundance, dry matter and the importance value index of the species in the area. Eighteen species of weeds and 12 families were identified, with Asteraceae and Poaceae families showing the highest number of individuals. The shoot dry matter production presented a difference among the covers; the cover black oat alone and intercrop with radish and vetch stood out, with the highest averages in the 3 years of the experiments. Cropping systems and different cover crops within the no-tillage system interfered in the number of encontered species. The emergence of Euphorbia heterophylla was favored, while the emergence of Lolium multiflorum was inhibited. E. heterophylla was the most encountered in the NTS areas, and its germination was negatively influenced by soil mobilization. The intercrop of black oat and vetch provided maximum weed control in soybean.

Keywords:
phytosociological parameters; crop systems; Euphorbia heterophylla; Vicia sativa; Avena strigosa; Raphanus sativus

[1] * Corresponding author: <leandro.galon@uffs.edu.br>

Summer crop	Plant covers
Summer crop	2013/14	2014/15	2015/16
BEAN	Black oat + radish	Black oat + Forage radish	Vetch
BEAN	Forage radish	Forage radish + vetch	Black oat
BEAN	Fallow⁽¹⁾	Fallow	Fallow
MAIZE	Forage radish + vetch	Black oat	Forage radish
MAIZE	Vetch	Vetch	Black oat + vetch
MAIZE	Fallow	Fallow	Fallow
SOYBEAN	Black oat	Forage radish	Black oat + forage radish
SOYBEAN	Black oat + vetch	Black oat + vetch	Vetch + forage radish
SOYBEAN	Fallow	Fallow	Fallow

Family	Scientific name	Common name
Asteraceae	Bidens pilosa	Blackjack
	Conyza bonariensis	Buva
	Gnaphalium spicatum	Cudweed
	Sonchus oleraceus	Sowthistle
Amaranthaceae	Amaranthus lividus	English wild amaranth
Brassicaceae	Raphanus sativus	Radish
Commelinaceae	Commelina benghalensis	Benghal dayflower
Convolvulaceae	Ipomoea indivisa	Morning glory
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia heterophylla	Fireplant
Euphorbiaceae	Chamaesyce hirta	Asthma plant
Lamiaceae	Stachys arvensis	Staggerweed
Rubiaceae	Richardia brasiliensis	Mexican clover
Malvaceae	Sida rhombifolia	Arrowleaf sida
Oxalidaceae	Oxalis corniculata	Creeping woodsorrel
Poaceae	Urochloa plantaginea	Plantain signalgrass
	Digitaria ciliaris	Southern crabgrass
	Lolium multiflorum	Ryegrass
Solanaceae	Solanum americanum	American black nightshade

Soil cover	Shoot dry matter (Mg ha^-1)
	HARVEST
	2013/14	2014/15	2015/16
Black oat	4.69 bc	5.34 ab	7.11 a
Black oat + forage radish	4.07 cd	4.31 ab	6.81 ab
Black oat + vetch	6.41 a	6.27 a	5.87 c
Vetch + forage radish	5.50 ab	6.36 a	4.91 d
Forage radish	1.55 e	1.40 c	5.11 d
Vetch	5.62 ab	5.64 ab	6.61 b
Fallow	3.23 d	3.67 b	2.73 e
VC (%)	11.45	19.20	3.57

Parameter	FRE	DEN	ABN	RFR	RDE	RAB	RDM	IVI	RIVI
Covers	Black oat + forage radish
Euphorbia heterophylla	1.00	45.00	11.25	40.00	75.00	60.00	56.36	231.37	57.84
Chamaesyce hirta	0.75	6.00	2.00	30.00	10.00	10.67	7.66	58.33	14.58
Digitaria ciliaris	0.50	7.00	3.50	20.00	11.67	18.67	15.13	65.47	16.37
Bidens pilosa	0.25	2.00	2.00	10.00	3.33	10.67	20.84	44.84	11.21
Total	2.50	60.00	16.50	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	400.00	100.00
Covers	Forage radish
Euphorbia heterophylla	0.75	3.00	0.75	15.79	5.00	3.66	23.10	47.55	11.89
Chamaesyce hirta	1.00	11.00	2.75	21.05	18.33	13.41	8.62	61.41	15.35
Digitaria ciliaris	0.50	4.00	2.00	10.53	6.67	9.76	5.47	32.43	8.11
Bidens pilosa	1.00	33.00	8.25	21.05	55.00	40.24	54.10	170.39	42.60
Ipomoea indivisa	0.25	2.00	0.50	5.26	3.33	2.44	0.33	11.36	2.84
Urochloa plantaginea	0.25	6.00	6.00	5.26	10.00	29.27	7.39	51.92	12.98
Conyza bonariensis	0.25	1.00	0.25	5.26	1.67	1.22	0.99	9.14	2.29
Total	4.75	60.00	20.50	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	400.00	100.00
Covers	CTS
Euphorbia heterophylla	0.50	3.00	1.50	18.19	17.65	19.56	20.06	75.46	18.86
Chamaesyce hirta	0.50	3.00	1.50	18.19	17.65	19.56	9.38	64.78	16.19
Digitaria ciliaris	0.75	5.00	1.67	27.24	29.40	21.76	22.08	100.48	25.12
Bidens pilosa	0.50	3.00	1.50	18.19	17.65	19.56	30.44	85.84	21.46
Ipomoea indivisa	0.50	3.00	1.50	18.19	17.65	19.56	18.59	73.99	18.50
Total	2.75	17.00	7.67	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	400.00	100.00

Parameter	FRE	DEN	ABN	RFR	RDE	RAB	RDM	IVI	RIVI
Covers	Black oat + forage radish
Euphorbia heterophylla	0.25	2.00	2.00	14.29	25.00	40.00	7.17	86.46	21.61
Bidens pilosa	0.50	2.00	1.00	28.57	25.00	20.00	40.39	113.96	28.49
Ipomoea indivisa	0.50	2.00	1.00	28.57	25.00	20.00	40.78	114.35	28.59
Sonchus oleraceus	0.50	2.00	1.00	28.57	25.00	20.00	11.65	85.22	21.31
Total	1.75	8.00	5.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	400.00	100.00
Covers	Forage radish + vetch
Euphorbia heterophylla	0.25	2.00	2.00	16.67	18.19	36.37	1.16	72.39	18.10
Bidens pilosa	0.50	3.00	1.50	33.33	27.27	27.27	14.99	102.86	25.72
Ipomoea indivisa	0.75	6.00	2.00	50.00	54.55	36.37	83.86	224.78	56.20
Total	1.50	11.00	5.50	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	400.00	100.00
Covers	CTS
Chamaesyce hirta	1.00	9.00	2.25	80.00	75.00	42.86	72.12	269.98	67.50
Raphanus sativus	0.25	3.00	3.00	20.00	25.00	57.14	27.88	130.02	32.50
Total	1.25	12.00	5.25	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	400.00	100.00

Brasil

Brasil

Cultivation Systems, Vegetable Soil Covers and their Influence on the Phytosocyology of Weeds

Sistemas de Cultivo, Coberturas Vegetais de Solo e sua Influência na Fitossociologia de Plantas Daninhas

ABSTRACT:

Parameter	FRE	DEN	ABN	RFR	RDE	RAB	RDM	IVI	RIVI
Coberturas	Vetch
Euphorbia heterophylla	1.00	4.25	4.25	40.00	50.00	27.87	54.95	172.82	43.21
Chamaesyce hirta	0.25	0.75	3.00	10.00	8.82	19.67	12.17	50.66	12.67
Digitaria ciliaris	0.50	1.50	2.00	20.00	17.65	13.11	26.24	77.00	19.25
Bidens pilosa	0.25	1.00	4.00	10.00	11.76	26.23	2.19	50.18	12.55
Ipomoea indivisa	0.50	1.00	2.00	20.00	11.76	13.11	4.45	49.32	12.33
Total	2.50	8.50	15.25	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	400.00	100.00
Covers	Black oat
Euphorbia heterophylla	1.00	3.75	3.75	57.14	78.95	48.39	89.18	273.66	68.42
Digitaria ciliaris	0.25	0.25	1.00	14.29	5.26	12.90	6.67	39.12	9.78
Bidens pilosa	0.25	0.25	1.00	14.29	5.26	12.90	2.65	35.10	8.77
Ipomoea indivisa	0.25	0.50	2.00	14.29	10.53	25.81	1.50	52.13	13.03
Total	1.75	4.75	7.75	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	400.00	100.00
Covers	CTS
Euphorbia heterophylla	0.50	0.50	1.00	18.18	15.38	14.64	40.82	89.02	22.26
Chamaesyce hirta	0.25	0.25	1.00	9.09	7.70	14.64	3.14	34.57	8.64
Digitaria ciliaris	0.50	0.75	1.50	18.18	23.08	21.96	5.06	68.28	17.07
Bidens pilosa	0.25	0.25	1.00	9.09	7.70	14.64	3.61	35.04	8.76
Ipomoea indivisa	0.75	1.00	1.33	27.27	30.77	19.47	33.69	111.20	27.80
Sida rhombifolia	0.50	0.50	1.00	18.18	15.38	14.64	13.68	61.88	15.47
Total	2.75	3.25	6.83	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	400.00	100.00