Polysaccharide from Cumaru (<i toggle="yes">Amburana cearensis</i>) exudate and its potential for biotechnological applications

Amburana cearensis tree is used in various applications, from artisanal to pharmaceutical use. However, the gum extracted from its exudate has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to the physicochemical and structural characterization of Amburana cearensis Gum (AcG) by elemental, rheological, and thermal analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Additionally, a hemolytic assay was performed to evaluate the biocompatibility of AcG using human erythrocytes. The results showed that AcG consists of β-D-Galactopyranose monomers linked by glycosidic bonds (1→3). At the same time, the side chains exhibit β-Galactopyranose (1→6) and α-L-Arabinofuranoside (1→3,6) monomers as non-reducing terminals, whose biocompatibility was excellent in the model used. AcG was described for the first time as a biopolymer that could have broad applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, justifying the interest in further studies about AcG applications.

Keywords:
gum of tree exudate; biopolymer; arabinogalactan; hemolytic activity

Authorship

José Regilmar Teixeira da Silva

conceptualization

data curation

formal analysis

investigation

writing

original draft

Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Novos Materiais e Sistemas Sensores – MATSENS, Universidade Federal do Piauí – UFPI, Teresina, PI, BrasilUniversidade Federal do PiauíBrasilTeresina, PI, BrasilLaboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Novos Materiais e Sistemas Sensores – MATSENS, Universidade Federal do Piauí – UFPI, Teresina, PI, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7710-4906

Iranildo Costa Araújo

conceptualization

investigation

http://orcid.org/0009-0002-3502-2608

Eziel Cardoso da Silva

conceptualization

investigation

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3187-1170

Moisés das Virgens Santana

conceptualization

investigation

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1107-8455

Geanderson Emilio de Almeida

writing

review & editing

http://orcid.org/0009-0004-7926-3344

Emanuel Airton de Oliveira Farias

conceptualization

investigation

writing

original draft

Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia – BIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba – UFDPar, Parnaíba, PI, BrasilUniversidade Federal do Delta do ParnaíbaBrasilParnaíba, PI, BrasilNúcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia – BIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba – UFDPar, Parnaíba, PI, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7078-2840

Laís Ramos Monteiro de Lima

conceptualization

investigation

Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC, Fortaleza, CE, BrasilUniversidade Federal do CearáBrasilFortaleza, CE, BrasilDepartamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6420-5564

Regina Célia Monteiro de Paula

conceptualization

investigation

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7617-0343

Durcilene Alves da Silva

conceptualization

investigation

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8698-7309

Alyne Rodrigues Araújo

conceptualization

investigation

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2801-1401

Carla Eiras ^* * carla.eiras.ufpi@gmail.com

conceptualization

data curation

formal analysis

funding acquisition

investigation

methodology

project administration

writing

original draft

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8861-774X

* carla.eiras.ufpi@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Formulas

Figures (6)
Formulas (4)

Thumbnail

Figure 1
(A) Absorbance spectra in the Ultraviolet-Visible region of a 0.1% w/v aqueous solution of the exudate of Amburana cearensis, AcGIs, AcGP1, and AcGP2; (B) FTIR spectrum obtained for AcGP2 in KBr.

Thumbnail

Figure 2
(A) HPLC graph to determine the main monomers of AcGP2; (B) GPC graph to determine the molar mass distribution of AcGP2.

Thumbnail

Figure 3
Unit structures (A) β-D-Galactopyranose and (B) α-L-Arabinofuranose; (C) ¹H NMR; (D) ¹³C; (E) DEPT 135; and (F) HSQC. The chemical shifts in ppm of C and H refer to β-D-Galactopyranose shown in red, while to α-L-Arabinofuranose is shown in blue.

Thumbnail

Figure 4
(A) Representation of β-D-Galactopyranose (1→3)-bonded units and (B) representation of fragments of non-reducing terminal units of arabinose and α-L-Arabinofuranose (1→3,6)-bonded chains[³⁹39 Aspinall, G. O. (1973). Carbohydrate polymers of plant cell walls. In F. Loewus (Ed.), Biogenesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides (pp. 95-115). New York: Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-455350-7.50011-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-4553...

40 Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M., Kriz, G. S., & Vyvyan, J. A. (2014). Introduction to spectroscopy. Stamford: Cengage Learning.-⁴¹41 Carpita, N. C., & Gibeaut, D. M. (1993). Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. The Plant Journal, 3(1), 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.1993.tb00007.x. PMid:8401598.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.19... ].

Thumbnail

Figure 5
Suggested structure of a type II arabinogalactan found in AcG[³⁹39 Aspinall, G. O. (1973). Carbohydrate polymers of plant cell walls. In F. Loewus (Ed.), Biogenesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides (pp. 95-115). New York: Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-455350-7.50011-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-4553... ,⁴¹41 Carpita, N. C., & Gibeaut, D. M. (1993). Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. The Plant Journal, 3(1), 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.1993.tb00007.x. PMid:8401598.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.19... ].

Thumbnail

Figure 6
Hemolysis assay for biocompatibility of AcGP2.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Figure 1 (A) Absorbance spectra in the Ultraviolet-Visible region of a 0.1% w/v aqueous solution of the exudate of Amburana cearensis, AcGIs, AcGP1, and AcGP2; (B) FTIR spectrum obtained for AcGP2 in KBr.

Figure 2 (A) HPLC graph to determine the main monomers of AcGP2; (B) GPC graph to determine the molar mass distribution of AcGP2.

Figure 3 Unit structures (A) β-D-Galactopyranose and (B) α-L-Arabinofuranose; (C) ¹H NMR; (D) ¹³C; (E) DEPT 135; and (F) HSQC. The chemical shifts in ppm of C and H refer to β-D-Galactopyranose shown in red, while to α-L-Arabinofuranose is shown in blue.

Figure 4 (A) Representation of β-D-Galactopyranose (1→3)-bonded units and (B) representation of fragments of non-reducing terminal units of arabinose and α-L-Arabinofuranose (1→3,6)-bonded chains[³⁹39 Aspinall, G. O. (1973). Carbohydrate polymers of plant cell walls. In F. Loewus (Ed.), Biogenesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides (pp. 95-115). New York: Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-455350-7.50011-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-4553...

40 Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M., Kriz, G. S., & Vyvyan, J. A. (2014). Introduction to spectroscopy. Stamford: Cengage Learning.-⁴¹41 Carpita, N. C., & Gibeaut, D. M. (1993). Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. The Plant Journal, 3(1), 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.1993.tb00007.x. PMid:8401598.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.19... ].

Figure 5 Suggested structure of a type II arabinogalactan found in AcG[³⁹39 Aspinall, G. O. (1973). Carbohydrate polymers of plant cell walls. In F. Loewus (Ed.), Biogenesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides (pp. 95-115). New York: Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-455350-7.50011-0.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-4553... ,⁴¹41 Carpita, N. C., & Gibeaut, D. M. (1993). Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. The Plant Journal, 3(1), 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.1993.tb00007.x. PMid:8401598.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.19... ].

Figure 6 Hemolysis assay for biocompatibility of AcGP2.

(1)

% M C = (\frac{M_{H} - M_{d}}{M_{H}}) x 100

(2)

% A S = \frac{A_{m}}{G_{m}} x 100

(3)

L o g M = 14.40967 - 1.1392 \times V e

(4)

H (%) = \frac{A b s Gum - A b s Saline}{A b s Triton - A b s Saline} x 100

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Polysaccharide from Cumaru (<i toggle="yes">Amburana cearensis</i>) exudate and its potential for biotechnological applications

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[1] * carla.eiras.ufpi@gmail.com