Food |
BC can be used as a fat substitute; as solid support to immobilization of enzymes and cells; as food packaging and as potential gelling, thickening, suspending and emulsion stabilizer. |
Akoğlu et al.[7171 Akoğlu, A., Çakır, İ., Akoğlu, İ. T., Karahan, A. G., & Çakmakçı, M. L. (2015). Effect of bacterial cellulose as a fat replacer on some quality characteristics of fat reduced sucuk. Gida: The Journal of Food, 40(3), 133-139.], Bandyopadhyay et al.[7272 Bandyopadhyay, S., Saha, N., & Saha, P. (2020). Comparative analysis of bacterial cellulose based polymeric films for food packaging. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2205, 020069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5142984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5142984...
], Jayani et al.[7373 Jayani, T., Sanjeev, B., Marimuthu, S., & Uthandi, S. (2020). Bacterial Cellulose Nano Fiber (BCNF) as carrier support for the immobilization of probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus 016. Carbohydrate Polymers, 250, 116965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116965. PMid:33049863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020...
], Razavi et al.[7474 Razavi, M. S., Golmohammadi, A., Nematollahzadeh, A., Fiori, F., Rovera, C., & Farris, S. (2020). Preparation of cinnamon essential oil emulsion by bacterial cellulose nanocrystals and fish gelatin. Food Hydrocolloids, 109, 106111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020...
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Electronics, electrochemical and magnetic fields |
Due to its porous nanofibrous network structure, BC can be used as a flexible matrix for developing biomaterials. |
Fei et al.[7575 Fei, G., Wang, Y., Wang, H., Ma, Y., Guo, Q., Huang, W., Yang, D., Shao, Y., & Ni, Y. (2019). Fabrication of bacterial cellulose/polyaniline nanocomposite paper with excellent conductivity, strength, and flexibility. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 7(9), 8225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng....
], Guan et al.[7676 Guan, F., Chen, S., Sheng, N., Chen, Y., Yao, J., Pei, Q., & Wang, H. (2019). Mechanically robust reduced graphene oxide / bacterial cellulose fi lm obtained via biosynthesis for fl exible supercapacitor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 360, 829-837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11....
], Kim et al.[7777 Kim, H., Yim, E., Kim, J., Kim, S., Park, J., & Oh, I.-K. (2017). Nano energy bacterial nano ‐ cellulose triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy, 33, 130-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.01.035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017....
], Xie et al.[7878 Xie, Y., Zheng, Y., Fan, J., Wang, Y., Yue, L., & Zhang, N. (2018). Novel electronic − ionic hybrid conductive composites for multifunctional flexible bioelectrode based on in situ synthesis of poly (dopamine) on bacterial cellulose. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10(26), 22692-22702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b05345. PMid:29895145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b05345...
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Antimicrobial activity |
After being combined with substances with antimicrobial effects, BC can be used to protect against infections and contaminations. |
Żywicka et al.[7979 Żywicka, A., Fijałkowski, K., Junka, A. F., Grzesiak, J., & El Fray, M. (2018). Modification of bacterial cellulose with quaternary ammonium compounds based on fatty acids and amino acids and the effect on antimicrobial activity. Biomacromolecules, 19(5), 1528-1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00183. PMid:29579391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b0...
], Adepu and Khandelwal[8080 Adepu, S., & Khandelwal, M. (2018). Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of bacterial cellulose silver nanocomposites with sustained release. Journal of Materials Science, 53(3), 1596-1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1638-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-163...
], Horue et al.[8181 Horue, M., Cacicedo, M. L., Fernandez, M. A., Rodenak-Kladniew, B., Torres Sánchez, R. M., & Castro, G. R. (2020). Antimicrobial activities of bacterial cellulose – Silver montmorillonite nanocomposites for wound healing. Materials Science and Engineering C, 116, 111152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111152. PMid:32806328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.11...
], Sajjad et al.[8282 Sajjad, W., Khan, T., Ul-Islam, M., Khan, R., Hussain, Z., Khalid, A., & Wahid, F. (2019). Development of modified montmorillonite-bacterial cellulose nanocomposites as a novel substitute for burn skin and tissue regeneration. Carbohydrate Polymers, 206, 548-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.023. PMid:30553356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018...
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Drug delivery |
BC can be used for drug delivery due to its water holding capacity and controlled release of substances. |
Badshah et al.[8383 Badshah, M., Ullah, H., Khan, A. R., Khan, S., Park, J. K., & Khan, T. (2018). Surface modification and evaluation of bacterial cellulose for drug delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 113, 526-533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.135. PMid:29477541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201...
], Beekmann et al.[8484 Beekmann, U., Schmölz, L., Lorkowski, S., Werz, O., Thamm, J., Fischer, D., & Kralisch, D. (2020). Process control and scale-up of modified bacterial cellulose production for tailor-made anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems. Carbohydrate Polymers, 236, 116062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116062. PMid:32172877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020...
], Inoue et al.[8585 Inoue, B. S., Streit, S., Schneider, A. L. S., & Meier, M. M. (2020). Bioactive bacterial cellulose membrane with prolonged release of chlorhexidine for dental medical application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 148, 1098-1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.036. PMid:31917984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.202...
], Luo et al.[8686 Luo, H., Ao, H., Li, G., Li, W., Xiong, G., Zhu, Y., & Wan, Y. (2017). Bacterial cellulose/graphene oxide nanocomposite as a novel drug delivery system. Current Applied Physics, 17(2), 249-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2016.12.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2016.12....
], Weyell et al.[8787 Weyell, P., Beekmann, U., Küpper, C., Dederichs, M., Thamm, J., Fischer, D., & Kralisch, D. (2019). Tailor-made material characteristics of bacterial cellulose for drug delivery applications in dentistry. Carbohydrate Polymers, 207, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.061. PMid:30599988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018...
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Wound dressing |
BC can be used to reduce pain, maintain moisture and serve as a bacteriological barrier in patients with burns and chronic wounds. |
Gupta et al.[8888 Gupta, A., Briffa, S. M., Swingler, S., Gibson, H., Kannappan, V., Adamus, G., Kowalczuk, M., Martin, C., & Radecka, I. (2020). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using curcumin-cyclodextrins loaded into bacterial cellulose-based hydrogels for wound dressing applications. Biomacromolecules, 21(5), 1802-1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01724. PMid:31967794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b0...
], Faisul Aris et al.[8989 Faisul Aris, F. A., Mohd Fauzi, F. N. A., Tong, W. Y., & Syed Abdullah, S. S. (2019). Interaction of silver sulfadiazine wıth bacterial cellulose via ex-situ modification method as an alternative diabetic wound healing. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 21, 101332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.10...
], Ye et al.[9090 Ye, S., Jiang, L., Wu, J., Su, C., Huang, C., Liu, X., & Shao, W. (2018). Flexible amoxicillin-grafted bacterial cellulose sponges for wound dressing: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10(6), 5862-5870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b16680. PMid:29345902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b16680...
], Moradi et al.[9191 Moradi, M., Tajik, H., Almasi, H., Forough, M., & Ezati, P. (2019). A novel pH-sensing indicator based on bacterial cellulose nanofibers and black carrot anthocyanins for monitoring fish freshness. Carbohydrate Polymers, 222, 115030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115030. PMid:31320095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019...
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Tissue engineering |
Since BC's morphological structure has a high degree of purity, excellent biocompatibility and high tensile strength, BC can be used to support newly formed tissues, interact with cells and release substances necessary for cell growth. |
Halib et al.[9292 Halib, N., Ahmad, I., Grassi, M., & Grassi, G. (2019). The remarkable three-dimensional network structure of bacterial cellulose for tissue engineering applications. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 566, 631-640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.017. PMid:31195074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019...
], Frone et al.[9393 Frone, A. N., Panaitescu, D. M., Nicolae, C. A., Gabor, A. R., Trusca, R., Casarica, A., Stanescu, P. O., Baciu, D. D., & Salageanu, A. (2020). Bacterial cellulose sponges obtained with green cross-linkers for tissue engineering. Materials Science and Engineering C, 110, 110740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110740. PMid:32204048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.11...
], Zhang et al.[9494 Zhang, C., Cao, J., Zhao, S., Luo, H., Yang, Z., Gama, M., Zhang, Q., Su, D., & Wan, Y. (2020). Biocompatibility evaluation of bacterial cellulose as a scaffold material for tissue-engineered corneal stroma. Cellulose, 27(5), 2775-2784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-02979-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-029...
,9595 Zhang, W., Wang, X., Li, X. Y., Zhang, L. L., & Jiang, F. (2020). A 3D porous microsphere with multistage structure and component based on bacterial cellulose and collagen for bone tissue engineering. Carbohydrate Polymers, 236, 116043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116043. PMid:32172857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020...
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Bioengineering |
BC can be used as biosensors to detect and quantify certain analytes in several areas. The immobilization of enzymes and cells into BC has been promising for effluent treatment, biomedical area and food manufacturing. |
Hu et al.[9696 Hu, W., Chen, S., Zhou, B., Liu, L., Ding, B., & Wang, H. (2011). Highly stable and sensitive humidity sensors based on quartz crystal microbalance coated with bacterial cellulose membrane. Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical, 159(1), 301-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.07.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.07....
], Moradi et al.[9797 Moradi, M., Tajik, H., Almasi, H., Forough, M., & Ezati, P. (2019). A novel pH-sensing indicator based on bacterial cellulose nanofibers and black carrot anthocyanins for monitoring fish freshness. Carbohydrate Polymers, 222, 115030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115030. PMid:31320095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019...
], Cai et al.[9898 Cai, Q., Hu, C., Yang, N., Wang, Q., Wang, J., Pan, H., Hu, Y., & Ruan, C. (2018). Enhanced activity and stability of industrial lipases immobilized onto spherelike bacterial cellulose. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 109, 1174-1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.100. PMid:29157911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201...
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Cosmetics |
Due to its controlled release of substances, water holding capacity and ability to stabilize emulsions, BC can be used to produce cosmetic products. |
Wang et al.[9999 Wang, X., Tang, J., Huang, J., & Hui, M. (2020). Production and characterization of bacterial cellulose membranes with hyaluronic acid and silk sericin. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 195, 111273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111273. PMid:32721822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.202...
], Muhsinin et al.[100100 Muhsinin, S., Putri, N. T., Ziska, R., & Jafar, G. (2017). Bacterial cellulose from fermented banana peels (Musa paradisiaca) by Acetobacter xylinum as matrix of biocellulose mask. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(2), 159-162.], Amnuaikit et al.[101101 Amnuaikit, T., Chusuit, T., Raknam, P., & Boonme, P. (2011). Effects of a cellulose mask synthesized by a bacterium on facial skin characteristics and user satisfaction. Medical Devices: Evidence and Research, 4(1), 77-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S20935. PMid:22915933. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S20935...
], Aramwit and Bang[102102 Aramwit, P., & Bang, N. (2014). The characteristics of bacterial nanocellulose gel releasing silk sericin for facial treatment. BMC Biotechnology, 14(1), 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12896-014-0104-x. PMid:25487808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12896-014-010...
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Filtration/ adsorption |
BC combined with materials specific materials can be used to remove contaminants, heavy metal and impurities from water. |
Urbina et al.[103103 Urbina, L., Guaresti, O., Requies, J., Gabilondo, N., Eceiza, A., Corcuera, M. A., & Retegi, A. (2018). Design of reusable novel membranes based on bacterial cellulose and chitosan for the filtration of copper in wastewaters. Carbohydrate Polymers, 193, 362-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.007. PMid:29773392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018...
], Zhuang and Wang[104104 Zhuang, S., & Wang, J. (2019). Removal of cesium ions using nickel hexacyanoferrates-loaded bacterial cellulose membrane as an effective adsorbent. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 294, 111682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019....
], Núñez et al.[105105 Núñez, D., Cáceres, R., Ide, W., Varaprasad, K., & Oyarzún, P. (2020). An ecofriendly nanocomposite of bacterial cellulose and hydroxyapatite efficiently removes lead from water. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 165(Pt B), 2711-2720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.055. PMid:33069824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.202...
], Shoukat et al.[106106 Shoukat, A., Wahid, F., Khan, T., Siddique, M., Nasreen, S., Yang, G., Ullah, M. W., & Khan, R. (2019). Titanium oxide-bacterial cellulose bioadsorbent for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solution. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 129, 965-971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.032. PMid:30738165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201...
], Luo et al.[107107 Luo, H., Feng, F., Yao, F., Zhu, Y., Yang, Z., & Wan, Y. (2020). Improved removal of toxic metal ions by incorporating graphene oxide into bacterial cellulose. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 20(2), 719-730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.16902. PMid:31383067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.16902...
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