PRODUCTION INVENTORY MODELS WITH INTEGRATED STOCK AND PRICE DEPENDENT DEMANDS FOR DETERIORATIVE ITEMS

ABSTRACT This research takes into account production inventory models with price-dependent are developed: The first model uses integrated stock and price dependent demands, the second model uses stock dependent demand, and the third model uses price dependent demand. The models are built on the basis of a bipartition of the production cycle which in turn results in the holding cost. It was found that the holding cost is lower in integrated stock and price dependent demand compared to that of stock dependent demand and price dependent demand individually. Detailed mathematical models are presented for each model, as well as applicable illustrations are given for making the suggested technique clearer. In this scenario, the goal is to determine the order amounts and order intervals that will result in the lowest total cost. Each of the three models has its own individual sensitivity analysis offered. Visual Basic 6.0 was used in order to produce the required data.


INTRODUCTION
Conventional models of production inventory control, including the EOQ (economic order quantity) model and EPQ (economic production quantity) models, are typically based on the idea of a constant and time-dependent (exponential, quadratic, linear, etc.) demand rate.However, in real practice, it was noticed that the rate of demand is typically determined by the price as well as the availability of the goods.The stock-dependent demand has an upwards sloping demand rate, in contrast to the price-dependent demand rate, which has a linear downward slope.
The realization that reduced selling prices often result in increased sales for a variety of items is the foundation of inventory models that include price-dependent demand rates.In addition, the demand for food products is often price-dependent.Many consumers will switch to a different brand or even a different food item when the price of these goods increases.However, in real life There are many other ways to express demand for a commodity.This article uses the idea of "price dependent demand," which is a combination of price-dependent and stock-dependent as well as other patterns such as (a − bP)(x + yI(t)).With the purpose of constructing mathematical models for estimating the best quantity of inventory to be replenished in order to meet future demand, this work presents degrading-product demand models with price-dependent demand and exponential time-dependent demand.Three models are shown here: the first model uses integrated stock and price dependent demands, the second model uses stock dependent demand, and the third model uses price dependent demand.Each of the three models has its mathematical derivation, numerical demonstrations, and data given in Visual Basic 6.0, which is used in the presentation.
In addition to this, the following sections are included in the document: Section 2 provides an overview of important literature, while Section 3 provides the model's assumptions and notations.Section 4 introduces the inventory model and the best solution technique.Section 5 is devoted to a comparative examination.Sect.6 concludes with a discussion of the findings and potential directions for further study.

LITERATURE REVIEW
The most recent and pertinent research is presented in this section.Since demand plays a significant role in the formation of deteriorating inventory, researchers have recognized and studied the variants of demand from the perspective of real-life situations.This is because demand plays a significant role in the formation of deteriorating inventory.For example, it's possible that demand fluctuates over time, is tied to supply, or is influenced by both.Ghare and Schrader (1963) were the first researchers to study the effects of persistent demand and deterioration of things.Bernstein and Federgruen (2003) took into consideration a two-echelon distribution system in which a single supplier would distribute a product to N different retailers who would be in direct competition with one another.The demand rate at each store is dependent on the prices set by the other retailers; conversely, the price that each retailer is able to charge for Pesquisa Operacional, Vol.43, 2023: e265586 its product is contingent on the sales volumes that are sought by the other shops.The provider maintains an adequate supply of goods by regularly placing orders (for purchases or manufacturing runs) with a third party that has an abundant supply.The items are then delivered to the various shops from that location.Carrying costs are incurred for all stocks, whereas fixed and variable costs are incurred for all supplier orders and transfers to the retailers from the suppliers.A model created by Teng and Chang (2005) referred to as EPQ explains circumstances where the demand rate is reliant on both existing stock levels and per-unit sales prices for degraded commodities.
Because there is a cap on the quantity of shelf and display space available, as well as an excessive amount of goods gives the customer a bad image, we restrict the number of items that may be shown at one time.The next step is to establish the essential circumstances to arrive at an ideal solution for the EPQ model that optimises earnings.Deng et al. (2008) enhanced this technique by introducing the inventory replenishment strategy across a limitless forecasting viewpoint with a negative exponential lead time crashing cost and taking time value into consideration.Panda and Maiti, (2009) constructed multi-item EPQ models with holding costs, stock dependent unit production, infinite production rate, and selling price dependent demand.These models also included an unlimited production rate.The manufacturing process has been updated to include flexibility and reliability considerations.
When the demand rate relies on the instantaneous inventory level, Toy and Chaudhuri (2009) developed two production inventory models for degrading products.These models are used in situations in which the inventory level is constantly changing.Not only does the amount of stock determine the production rate, but so does the amount of demand.The Weibull distribution degradation is employed in both of these models.Model I is designed and solved so that there are no shortages, whereas Model II is developed and solved so that there are shortages and backlogs.
Deteriorating products' optimum order quantity and selling price must be determined concurrently by Chun et al. (2010).On-display stock level, selling price per unit, and restricted shelf space are all thought to influence demand rate, as well as how quickly a product sells.
An inventory model for decaying products and selling price dependent demand was presented by Singh et al. (2011).Within this model, the inflationary environment and deterioration rate are addressed using a two-parameter Weibull distribution.Datta (2013) conducted research on an inventory management system for jointly determining product quality and selling price in a scenario in which some of the goods produced were flawed.It is presumable that just a portion of faulty products may be fixed or redone.The rate of demand is influenced not only by the product's quality but also by the price at which it is sold.Alfares (2014) created solutions for gradual order replenishment using economic production quantity (EPQ).Stock-dependent demand models assume that demand is a linear function of the inventory level, which is the case in practice.It is assumed that the cost of storing each unit throughout the course of each period is a function of the entire duration in which the unit has been stored in models with variable holding costs.Bhunia and Shaikh (2014) established two inventory models for degrading products with changing demand.This demand was based on the selling price of the item as well as the frequency with which it was advertised.In the first model, shortages are not permitted in any way, but in the second model, shortages are not only permitted but also partly backlogged at a variable rate that is depending on the amount of time that must pass until the arrival of the following lot.In each of these models, the rate of degradation is represented by a Weibull distribution with three parameters.An economic production quantity (EPQ) model with reworked faulty goods while a multi-shipment policy is in place was examined by Taleizadeh et al. (2015).2017) created an inventory model that takes into account two warehouse models for degrading products with exponential demand rates.There is no reduction in the pace of degradation.This model takes into account both a leased and an owned warehouse.Mishra (2017) developed an EOQ inventory model that considers the demand rate as a function of stock and selling price.Shortages are permitted.Inventory models developed by Tripathi et al. (2017) allow for shortages while demand grows exponentially over time and degradation is also time-dependent.Unit cost and demand rate of production are thought to be correlated.

Kaliraman et al. (
According to Shah et al. (2018), a price-sensitive stock demand scenario is a realistic circumstance.We have to deal with faulty products as the manufacturing process progresses.So, the production rate is an important factor in determining profit in the current model.Retail pricing and cycle time have a direct impact on profit.According to Singh and Rastogi (2018), in an inflationary climate, a production inventory model for degrading items may be used to predict demand and supply shortfalls.The pace at which a product is produced is determined by the amount of demand.The shortages experienced during the stock out period is presumed to be somewhat backlogged.
A production-inventory model created by Dharamender Singh (2019) has stock dependent and price dependent demand.Shortages are permitted and partly back-ordered at a rate that decreases with the length of time it takes for a new supply of an item to arrive.This study has been refined by Qi Feng (2019) to a class of intuitively attractive policies, through which the price decreases in the post-order stock level.In the context of stochastic functions and stochastic demand, the objective function is concave along such price routes, resulting in a simple base stock list pricing strategy.It also determines the top and lower bounds of a possible set of decreasing pricing pathways and demonstrates that any decreasing road outside of this set is always dominated by a path within the set in terms of profit performance.
There are several factors that affect the demand for a certain product, such as the amount of onhand stock in a shop and its selling price, which were studied by Ruidas et al. (2020).Carbon tax policy and Remanufacturing subsidy policy were explored by Kaiying Cao et al. (2020) for two enterprises in a dual-channel supply chain selling both remanufactured and new items in a supply chain.
There are two categories of clients that a manufacturer serves: those who have a long-term commitment and are separated into many backorder classes, as well as those who do not have a long-term commitment and are grouped together as a single lost sales class.An inventory management and integrated production structure is used to address this issue.Wang and Zhang (2021) conducted research to determine how the selection of a distribution system's partners affected the value of the information that was shared between the system's one capacitated make-to-stock manufacturer along with its two retailers.A manufacturer may more precisely allocate inventory based on more predictable orders from the high-priority retailer whenever the store is the lone partner with a greater shortfall cost.Singh P et al. (2022) developed a production inventory model for deteriorating items with price-stock dependent demand rate under complete backlog.Mahata and Debnath (2022) addressed a single item two-level supply chain inventory model considering deterioration during carrying of deteriorating item from a supplier's warehouse to a retailer's warehouse as well as deterioration in the retailer's warehouse.Poswal P et al. (2022) studied demand function as price sensitive and stock dependent demand and a crisp model developed and then fuzzified the ordering cost, holding cost, deteriorative rate and shortage cost as a fuzzy trapezoidal number.Nita H. Shah et al. (2022) formulated an inventory model for perishable products for price and stock-dependent demand rate along with greening efforts.Qusay H. Al-Salami et al. (2022) developed an inventory control model-based Genetic Algorithm (GA) to minimize the total annual inventory cost function developed explicitly for the proposed model.

ASSUMPTIONS AND NOTATIONS
These assumptions and notations describe a single-item deterministic inventory model in order to degrade goods with stock and price dependent demand (PDD) rate.

Assumptions
(1) Because the replenishment rate is indefinite, so lead time is insignificant, and duration of all replenishment cycles is the same, only a typical planning cycle with a length of T is taken into consideration (which means that the planning horizon is [0, T]). ( 2) The planning horizon for the inventory is limitless, yet the inventory system only comprises a single stocking point and a single commodity.(3) In order to prevent revenue from being wasted, shortages are not permitted.(4) sales price is inversely proportionate to demand.i.e., D = (a − bP)(x + yI(t)) which is the selling price function with stock-dependent demand (SDD) I(t) at time t; here 'a' and 'b' are positive constants in price dependent demand and x and y are positive constants in stock-dependent demand.(5) A constant deteriorating rate θ is only applied to on-hand inventory.

Notations
The following list of presumptions serves as the foundation for the model.( 1) T -cycle time (decision variable), (2) Q -demanded quantity, that is order size, (3) C S -setup cost per set, (4) C P -unit purchase cost , (5) C h -unit holding cost per unit time, (6) θ -rate of deteriorative items, (7) D c -unit deteriorative cost, (8) P C -rate of production during the first (upward) phase of the cycle ( P C > D), ( 9)T 1 -duration of first phase, (10) Q 1 -Stock at the end of the first phase, (11) D = (a − bP)(x + yI(t)) demand rate.During the production stage, the inventory of good items increases due to production but decreases due to demand and loss of perishable items.Then, the inventory differential equation is The inventory differential equation during the consumption period with no production and subsequent reduction in the inventory level due to rate of perishable items is given by with the boundary conditions Solving the differential equation (1), Solving the differential equation ( 2), To find the optimum quantity Q: From equation ( 2) with the boundary conditions To find T 1 and Q 1 : From equations ( 4) and ( 5) with the boundary conditions, On simplification, From equations ( 3) and ( 4) with the boundary conditions, Total Cost: Total cost comprises setup cost, holding cost, production cost, and deteriorative cost.
Total cost (TC) = Production cost + Setup cost + Holding cost + Deteriorative cost Partially differentiating equation ( 14) with respect to T 1 , Partially differentiating ( 14) with respect to T, Vol. 43, 2023: e265586 This is an optimum solution of T in a higher-order equation.This equation can be evaluated by using MATLAB.But for the reader's convenience the equation is reduced to the fourth-order equation and then the third order equation in T. On simplification, which is in fourth order equation.The reduced third order equation is Substituting the value of T 1 from equation ( 7) and simplifying, which is the optimum solution for T in the third order equation.

Numerical example 1
The following values are given:

Optimum solution
The solution is obtained as follows.

Sensitivity analysis and discussion
In order to assess the relative impact of the different input parameters on the solution quantity, systematic sensitivity analysis was performed on the above example.The rate of the deterioration was given values from 0.01 to 0.1 and the other 11 values of Example 1 were kept constant.
Sensitivity Analysis with respect to Rate of Deteriorative items (θ ) Table 1 shows a study of the rate of the deteriorative items with cycle time, optimum quantity, production time, maximum inventory, setup cost, holding cost deteriorating cost, total cost and total profit.There is a positive relationship between the increase in the rate of deterioration for items θ with setup costs, deteriorating costs, and total costs, while there is a negative relationship between the increase in the rate of deterioration for items θ with cycle time, optimum quantity, production time, maximum inventory, holding cost and total profit.The graphical representation between rate of deteriorative items and total profit is given on Figure 2. It is observed that the total profit is in a downward curve.
Sensitivity Analysis with respect to constant demand in SDD (x): Table 2 shows a study of the rate of the constant demand in SDD (x) with cycle time, optimum quantity, production time, maximum inventory, setup cost, holding cost deteriorating cost, total cost and total profit.There is a positive relationship between the increase in the rate of constant demand in SDD with optimum cycle time, optimum quantity, production time, total cost and total profit, while there is a negative relationship between the increase in the constant demand in SDD with maximum inventory, setup cost, holding cost, deteriorative cost.The graphical representation between constant demand rate (x) items and total profit is given below.It is observed that the total profit is in

Sensitivity Analysis with respect to constant rate (a) in PDD
Table 3 shows a study with constant rate of demand in SDD (a) with cycle time, optimum quantity, production time, maximum inventory, setup cost, holding cost deteriorating cost, total cost and total profit.There is a positive relationship between the increase in the rate of constant demand in SDD and optimum quantity, production time, maximum inventory, setup cost, holding cost, deteriorative cost, total cost and total profit, while there is a negative relationship between the increase in the constant demand in SDD and cycle time.The graphical representation between constant demand rate (a) in PDD and total profit is given below.It is observed that the total profit is in an upward curve.

Managerial insights
A sensitivity analysis is performed to study the effects of changes in the system parameters, ordering cost per order (C 0 ), holding cost per unit time (C h ), deteriorating cost per unit time (C d ), and coefficients in SDD on optimal values, that is, optimal cycle time (T), optimal quantity (Q), maximum inventory, production time, setup cost, holding cost, deteriorating cost, total cost and total profit.The sensitivity analysis is performed by changing (increasing or decreasing) the parameter taking at a time, keeping the remaining parameters at their original values.The following influences can be obtained from the sensitivity analysis based on Table 4.
1.There is a positive relationship between the increase in the setup costs per set (C 0 ) and the cycle time, the optimum quantity, maximum inventory, production time, setup costs, holding costs, deteriorating costs, total costs and total profit.
2. There is a positive relationship between the increase in the holding cost per unit time (C h ) and the setup cost, holding cost, and total cost, while there is a negative relationship between the increase in the holding cost per unit time (C h ) and the cycle time, optimal quantity, maximum inventory, production time, and deteriorating cost.
3. There is a positive relationship between the increase in the deteriorative cost per unit C d ) and the setup cost, deteriorative cost and total cost, while there is a negative relationship between the increase in the deteriorative cost per unit (C d ) and the cycle time, optimum quantity, production time, maximum inventory, holding cost, and total profit.4. Similarly, other parameters, as the coefficient constant rate in SDD (y) can also be observed in Table 4.

Production inventory model for deteriorative items with stock dependent demand
This model is developed for deteriorating inventory model in which demand is Stock-dependent that is D = (x + yI(t)), where x (constant demand in SDD) > 0 at time t and y is coefficient of demand in SDD.
Thus, the inventory differential equation is The inventory differential equation during the consumption period with no production and subsequent reduction in the inventory level due to the rate of perishable items is given by with the boundary conditions From the equation ( 17), the solution of the differential equation is Note: when y= 0 and x is replaced by D then I(t) = P−D θ 1 − e −θ t which is basic inventory model.
From the equation ( 18), the solution of the differential equation is Note: when y= 0 and x is replaced by D then I(t) D θ e (θ (T −t) − 1 which is basic inventory model.
To find Q: From the equations ( 19) and ( 21), Q x y+θ e (y+θ )T − 1 To find T 1 and Q 1 : From the equations ( 20) and ( 21) From the equations ( 19) and ( 20), Total cost TC(T) Pesquisa Operacional, Vol.43, 2023: e265586 V. CHOUDRI and C.K. SIVASHANKARI 15 Total cost is the sum of the production cost, setup cost, holding cost and deteriorating cost.They are grouped after evaluating each cost individually.

Production cost = DC
3. Holding cost Total cost = Production cost + Setup cost + Holding cost + Deteriorative cost Partially differentiating equation ( 28) with respect to T 1 On simplification, Partially differentiating equation ( 28) with respect to T, This equation is reduced to the fourth-order equation and then the third order equation in T.
Substituting the value of T 1 and simplifying, which is the fourth order equation.
This fourth order equation is further reduced to third order equation as follows:

Sensitivity analysis and discussion
In order to assess the relative impact of the different input parameters on the solution quantity, a systematic sensitivity analysis was performed on the above example.

Sensitivity Analysis with respect to Rate of Deteriorative items (θ )
Table 5 shows a study of the relationship of the rate of deteriorative items with cycle time, optimum quantity, production time, maximum inventory, setup cost, holding cost deteriorating cost, total cost and total profit.There is a positive relationship between the increase in the rate of deterioration for items θ and setup costs, deteriorating costs, and total costs, while there is a negative relationship between the increase in the rate of deterioration for items θ and cycle time, optimum quantity, production time, maximum inventory, holding cost and total profit.

Production inventory model for deteriorative items with price dependent demand
This model is developed for deteriorating inventory model in which demand is Price-dependent demand that is D = (a − bP), where a denotes a constant demand in PDD > 0 and b is coefficient of demand in PDD >0.
During the production stage, the inventory of good items increases due to production but decreases due to demand and rate of perishable items.Thus, the inventory differential equation is The inventory differential equation during the consumption period with no production and subsequent reduction in the inventory level due to the rate of perishable items is given by With the boundary conditions, From the equation ( 17), the solution of the differential equation is From the equations ( 19) and ( 20), Total cost TC (T) Total cost is the sum of the production cost, setup cost, holding cost, and deteriorating cost.They are grouped after evaluating each cost individually.
Total cost = Production cost + Setup cost + Holding cost + Deteriorative cost Partially differenting equation ( 43) with respect to T 1 On simplification.
Partially differentiating equation ( 43) with respect to T, This equation is now reduced to the fourth-order equation and then the third order equation in T.
Substituting the value of T 1 , and simplifying which is the optimum solution of T in the third order equation. Therefore, Note: when b = 0 and a replaced by D, then T = Pesquisa Operacional, Vol.43, 2023: e265586 1.When x=1, y = 0, then (16) becomes bP) which is the price dependent demand as per equation (45).
2. When a = 1 and b = 0 then ( 16) becomes Which is stock dependent demand as per the equation (30).

Illustrative example 3
The following values are given:

Sensitivity analysis and discussion
In order to assess the relative impact of the different input parameters on the solution quantity, systematic sensitivity analysis was performed on the above example.

Sensitivity Analysis with respect to Rate of Deteriorative items (θ )
Table 6 shows a study of the rate of the deteriorative items with cycle time, optimum quantity, production time, maximum inventory, setup cost, and holding cost deteriorating cost, total cost and total profit.There is a positive relationship between the increase in the rate of deterioration for items θ with setup costs, deteriorating costs, and total costs, while there is a negative relationship between the increase in the rate of deterioration for items θ with cycle time, optimum quantity, production time, maximum inventory, holding cost and total profit.

COMPARATIVE STUDY
A comparative study was carried out between stock dependent demand, price dependent demand and integrated stock and price dependent demand, fixing the deterioration rate at a low value of 0.01.From the comparative study it is observed that the holding cost rate is very low in integrated Stock and Price dependent demand rather than in Stock dependent demand and Price dependent demand individually.Also it is observed that when demand value is kept equal in all the three models the values obtained for total sales are also equal in all the three models for comparative purpose.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE STUDIES
The price and stock dependent demand for deteriorating items was included in this study's inventory model.Instead of assuming constant values for variables such as supply and demand, the model makes use of actual assumptions about stock integration and price-dependent demand.
For example, the model assumes that the demand rate is constant.It has been shown that the ideal cycle duration and the optimal lot size can be determined with the help of visual basic 6.0, which has led to the development of a mathematical model and the production of an effective solution.
Each model contains a numerical example that was analyzed as well as the sensitivity of the result examined.Sensitivity analysis shows that the two demand parameters a and b have the greatest impact on the choice variables and the total profit function.This implies that organizations must first focus on raising their income by improving client demand via well-designed marketing tactics.In order to boost profitability, organizations should focus on reducing buying and ordering expenses through negotiation with suppliers.To maximize profitability, the third stage might be to lower the selling price.Companies should lower the unit selling price for promoting demand and enhance revenues if ordering and buying expenses are decreased.
Future studies: The suggested model may be further developed in a variety of ways.
1.For example, supposing that the demand rate is a non-linear selling price function, stock level, or time, is one expansion that might be considered.
2. There are many other alternatives, such as taking into account scarcities, the rate at which objects degrade, and the worth of money in relation to the passage of time.
3. The influence that advertising has on the demand function may also be taken into account.
4. One further way is to model the demand as a time function.
5. Additionally, the time value concept might be introduced.
inventory model for deteriorative items with integrated stock and price dependent demand This model is developed for Price-dependent demand integrated with Stock dependent demand for deteriorating inventory model, that is D = (a − bP)(x + yI(t)), where a denotes the constant demand in PDD and x the constant demand in SDD >0 and where b and y are coefficients of demand in PDD and SDD, respectively.The inventory level decreases due to demand and deteriorating till it becomes zero in the interval (0, T).The total process is repeated.The inventory level at different instants of time is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 2 -
Figure 2 -Relationship between rate of deteriorative items and total profit.

Figure 3 -
Figure 3 -Relationship between constant demand rate (x) and total profit.

Figure 4 -
Figure 4 -Relationship between constant demand rate (a) and total profit.

Note:
when b = 0 and a is replaced by D then T = 2P c C 0 D(P c −D)(C h +θC d ) .Numerical example 2 The following values are given: Production rate P c = 500 units, Demand rate D = 450 units, Setup cost per set C 0 = 130, Holding cost per unit per unit time C h = 13, Production cost per unit C P = 130, Deteriorative cost per unit C d = 130, Rate of Deteriorative item θ = 0.01, Selling price per unit P = 150, Constant demand rate in SDD x = 450, Coefficient of constant demand rate in SDD y = 0.1 Optimum solution The solution is obtained as follows: Optimum cycle time T= 0.6277, Optimum quantity Q = 282.48,Production time T 1 = 0.5649, Maximum inventory Q 1 = 28.24,Production cost = 58500, Setup cost = 207.09,Holding cost = 183.61,Deteriorative cost = 18.36,Total cost = 58909.06,Total sales = 67500, Total profit = 8590.93 Production rate P = 500 units, Demand rate D = 450 units, Setup cost per set C 0 = 130, Holding cost per unit per unit time C h = 13, Production cost per unit C P = 130, Deteriorative cost per unit C d = 130, Rate of Deteriorative item θ = 0.01, Selling price per unit P S = 150, Constant demand rate in PDD a = 465, Coefficient of Constant demand rate in PDD = 0.1 Optimum solution: The solution is obtained as follows.Third order equation is 2750T 3 + 750000T 2 − 303030.30= 0 Optimum cycle time T= 0.6349, Optimum quantity Q = 285.70,Production time T 1 = 0.5714, Maximum inventory Q 1 = 28.57,Production cost = 58500 , Setup cost = 204.75,Holding cost = 185.71, Deteriorative cost = 18.57,Total cost = 58909.03, Total sales = 67500, Total profit = 8590.96.

Table 1 -
Result of sensitivity analysis with respect to rate of deteriorative items.

Table 2 -
Result of sensitivity analysis with respect to constant demand rate coefficient in stock dependent demand (x).

Table 3 -
Result of sensitivity analysis with respect to constant demand rate coefficient in price dependent demand (a).

Table 4 -
Sensitivity Analysis with respect to inventory cost parameters.

Table 5 -
Result of sensitivity analysis with respect to deteriorative items.

Table 6 -
Result of sensitivity analysis with respect to deteriorative items.