The Phubbing Scale (PS-8) in the Portuguese population: psychometric properties

García-Castro, F. Javier; Abreu, Ana Maria; Rando, Belén; Blanca, María J.

doi:10.1186/s41155-022-00209-z

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Research • Psicol. Reflex. Crit. 35 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-022-00209-z copy

The Phubbing Scale (PS-8) in the Portuguese population: psychometric properties

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Phubbing is defined as ignoring other individuals by using a mobile phone during a face-to-face conversation. The Phubbing Scale (PS) was developed to assess this practice. In this study, we analyze the psychometric properties of the 8-item version of the PS (PS-8) in the Portuguese population, providing validity evidence based on internal structure and on relationships with other variables, and examining item properties, reliability, and measurement invariance across gender. Participants were 391 Portuguese adults (132 men, 259 women) who completed a battery of questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices for the two-factor structure (communication disturbance and phone obsession), which was invariant across gender. Item homogeneity and reliability of factor scores (McDonald's omega) were satisfactory. Validity evidence based on relationships with other variables was provided by positive associations with time spent on the Internet on weekdays and at the weekend, time spent on social networking sites, number of social networks used, Internet addiction, problematic mobile phone use, Facebook intrusion, fear of missing out, and depression. These associations show the addictive component of phubbing and its relationship with mental health. The PS-8 is a short and easy-to-administer scale with adequate psychometric properties for measuring phubbing in the Portuguese population.

Keywords:
Communication disturbance; Phone obsession; Internet addiction; Problematic mobile phone use; Confirmatory factor analysis; Psychometric properties

Variable		Percentage
Gender
	Men	66.24
	Women	33.76
Marital status
	Single	76.98
	Married	20.46
	Divorced	2.56
Level of education
	Primary	0.26
	Secondary	48.08
	University	51.66
Employment status
	Student	55.50
	Employed	30.43
	Student and employed	12.02
	Unemployed/retired	2.05

Variables	M	SD	S	K
1. My eyes start wandering on my phone when I’m together with others [Quando estou com outras pessoas, costumo estar de olho no telemóvel]	2.74	0.92	0.38	− 0.07
2. I am busy with my mobile phone when I’m with my friends [Quando estou com os meus amigos/as, costumo estar ocupado com o meu telemóvel]	2.11	0.71	0.41	0.50
3. People complain about me dealing with my mobile phone [As pessoas queixam-se por eu estar no telemóvel]	1.66	0.83	1.26	1.30
4. I’m busy with my mobile phone when I’m with my family [Estou ocupado/a com o meu telemóvel Quando estou com familiars]	2.27	0.86	0.42	− 0.19
5. My phone is within my reach [O meu telemóvel está sempre ao meu alcance]	3.88	1.07	− 0.65	− 0.52
6. When I wake up in the morning, I first check the messages on my phone [Quando acordo de manhã, o primeiro que fago é verificar as mensagens no meu telemóvel]	3.20	1.41	− 0.16	− 1.29
7. I feel incomplete without my mobile phone [Sinto-me incompleto/a sem o meu telemóvel]	2.87	1.28	0.08	− 1.09
8. My mobile phone use increases day by day [De dia para dia o meu uso do telemóvel aumenta]	2.18	1.01	0.59	− 0.27
Communication Disturbance	8.78	2.67	0.61	0.67
Phone Obsession	12.13	3.55	0.06	− 0.65
Time spent on the Internet on weekdays	6.30	3.25	0.05	− 1.18
Time spent on the Internet at the weekend	5.66	3.38	0.23	− 1.10
Time spent on social networking sites	3.38	1.27	0.24	− 0.37
Number of social networks used	4.91	1.59	0.18	− 0.20
Internet addiction	13.57	4.59	0.48	− 0.36
Problematic mobile phone use	19.47	4.84	0.44	− 0.10
Facebook intrusion	17.44	7.68	1.06	0.91
Fear of missing out	21.37	6.98	0.52	0.02
Depression	9.83	5.96	0.70	− 0.04

Model	X ² _S-B	df	CFI	NNFI	RMSEA	Δ CFI
Total sample	33.05	19	.99	.99	0.04 [0.02, 0.07]
Men	24.81	19	.99	.98	0.05 [0.00, 0.10]
Women	36.72	19	.99	.98	0.06 [0.03, 0.09]
Configural invariance	63.39	38	.99	.98	0.06 [0.03, 0.08]
Equality constraints on factor loadings	73.31	44	.98	.98	0.06 [0.03, 0.08]	.003
Equality constraints on factor loadings and covariance	73.71	45	.98	.98	0.06 [0.03, 0.08]	.002

PS-8 items		Factor loading	Item-total factor correlation
Communication disturbance
	1	.74	.61
	2	.86	.72
	3	.73	.61
	4	.73	.59
Phone obsession
	5	.58	.48
	6	.70	.54
	7	.77	.60
	8	.60	.45

Variable	Communication disturbance	Phone obsession
Time spent on the Internet on weekdays	.21 ^ p <.01;	.24 ^ p <.01;
Time spent on the Internet at the weekend	.37 ^ p <.01;	.39 ^ p <.01;
Time spent on social networking sites	.43 ^ p <.01;	.42 ^ p <.01;
Number of social networks used	.22 ^ p <.01;	.31 ^ p <.01;
Internet addiction	.47 ^ p <.01;	.53 ^ p <.01;
Problematic mobile phone use	.57 ^ p <.01;	.59 ^ p <.01;
Facebook intrusion	.37 ^ p <.01;	.39 ^ p <.01;
Fear of missing out	.28 ^ p <.01;	.32 ^ p <.01;
Depression	.25 ^ p <.01;	.29 ^ p <.01;

Curso de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - sala 110, 90035-003 Porto Alegre RS - Brazil, Tel.: +55 51 3308-5691 - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil
E-mail: prc@springeropen.com

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[1] * Correspondence: fergarde@uma.es

Variable	Communication disturbance	Phone obsession
Time spent on the Internet on weekdays	.21 ^ p <.01;	.24 ^ p <.01;
Time spent on the Internet at the weekend	.37 ^ p <.01;	.39 ^ p <.01;
Time spent on social networking sites	.43 ^ p <.01;	.42 ^ p <.01;
Number of social networks used	.22 ^ p <.01;	.31 ^ p <.01;
Internet addiction	.47 ^ p <.01;	.53 ^ p <.01;
Problematic mobile phone use	.57 ^ p <.01;	.59 ^ p <.01;
Facebook intrusion	.37 ^ p <.01;	.39 ^ p <.01;
Fear of missing out	.28 ^ p <.01;	.32 ^ p <.01;
Depression	.25 ^ p <.01;	.29 ^ p <.01;