Validity evidence of a Brazilian version of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire

Moreira, Luana Vianez; Souza, Mariane Lima de; Guerra, Valeschka Martins

doi:10.1590/0102.3772e35513

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Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa

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Social, Work and Organizations Psychology • Psic.: Teor. e Pesq. 35 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e35513 copy

Validity evidence of a Brazilian version of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Morality is a human phenomenon that involves sensitivity and skills developed by the individual throughout their social life. Considering the importance of measuring the moral concerns of adults, this paper sought validity evidence for a Brazilian version of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire. Two studies were conducted, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In the first study, 341 adults (63% women) responded to the on-line questionnaire translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. The results indicated a two-factor structure, and reduced items. In the second study, 371 adults (61% women) participated. Results confirmed the two-factor structure (binding morality and individualizing morality). We conclude that the QFM has satisfactory psychometric properties for use in research.

Keywords:
psychological assessment; validity evidence; social cognition; moral

Variable	Total (n = 341)	Men (n = 126)	Women (n = 215)
Age group
18 to 20	29 (8.5%)	13 (10.3%)	16 (7.4%)
21 to 28	120 (35.2%)	43 (34.1%)	77 (35.8%)
29 to 35	92 (27.0%)	34 (27.0%)	58 (27.0%)
36 to 42	39 (11.4%)	16 (12.7%)	23 (10.7%)
43 to 49	31 (9.1%)	7 (5.6%)	24 (11.2%)
50 to 56	15 (4.4%)	6 (4.8%)	9 (4.2%)
57 to 62	12 (3.5%)	6 (4.8%)	6 (2.8%)
63 to 70	3 (0.9%)	1 (0.8%)	2 (0.9%)
Children
Yes	87 (25.5%)	26 (20.6%)	61 (28.4%)
No	254 (74.5%)	100 (79,4)	154 (71.6%)
Marital status
Single	193 (56.6%)	77 (61.1%)	116 (54.0%)
Married	134 (39.3%)	47 (37.3%)	87 (40.5%)
Divorced	13 (3.8%)	2 (1.6%)	11 (5.1%)
Widowed	1 (0.3%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)
Religious belief
Yes	234 (68.6%)	77 (61.1%)	157 (73%)
No	107 (31.4%)	49 (38.9%)	58 (27.0%)
Religion
Catholic	74 (31.6%)	14 (18.2%)	60 (38.5%)
Evangelical	61 (26.1%)	23 (29.9%)	38 (24.2%)
Spiritist	65 (27.8%)	25 (32.5%)	40 (25.5%)
Other	15 (6.4%)	5 (6.5%)	10 (6.5%)
Not defined/not declared	15 (6.4%)	8 (10.4%)	7 (4.5%)
No religion	4 (1.7%)	2 (2.6%)	2 (1.3%)
Education level
Primary School (completed)	2 (0.6%)	2 (1.6%)	0 (0.0%)
High School (completed)	76 (22.3%)	33 (43.4%)	43 (20.0%)
College (completed)	147 (43.1%)	55 (16.1%)	92 (42.8%)
Graduation	116 (34.0%)	36 (28.6%)	80 (37.2%)
Currently working
Yes	201 (58.9%)	78 (61.9%)	123 (57.2%)
No	140 (41.1%)	48 (38.1%)	92 (42.8%)
Region of the country
North	3 (0.9%)	1 (0.8%)	2 (0.9%)
Northeast	43 (12.6%)	19 (15.1%)	24 (11.2%)
Central-West	30 (8.8%)	14 (11.1%)	16 (7.4%)
Southeast	224 (65.7%)	79 (62.7%)	145 (67.4%)
South	41 (12.0%)	13 (10.3%)	28 (13.1%)

Items	Factor loading
	Factor 1	Factor 2
16. Whether or not someone acted in a way that God would approve of	0.73.	0.02.
27. .I would call some acts wrong on tde grounds tdat tdey are unnatural	0.71.	0.10.
05. Whether or not someone violated standards of purity and decency	0.69.	0.14.
20. Respect for autdority is sometding all children need to learn	0.68.	0.05.
10. Whether or not someone conformed to the traditions of society	0.65.	0.07.
32. Chastity is an important and valuable virtue	0.64.	0.14.
21. People should not do things that are disgusting, even if no one is harmed	0.61.	0.07.
04. Whether or not someone showed a lack of respect for authority	0.59.	0.14.
03. Whether or not someone’s action showed love for his or her country	0.55.	0.06.
26. Men and women each have different roles to play in society	0.55.	0.16.
31. If I were a soldier and disagreed with my commanding officer’s orders, I would obey anyway because that is my duty	0.53.	0.16.
15. Whether or not an action caused chaos or disorder	0.51.	0.24.
25. People should be loyal to their family members, even when they have done something wrong	0.46.	0.14.
30. It is more important to be a team player than to express oneself	0.37.	0.08.
19. I am proud of my country’s history	0.29.	0.01.
28. It can never be right to kill a human being	0.28.	0.06.
08. Whether or not someone acted unfairly	0.06.	0.73.
13. Whether or not someone was denied his or her rights	0.18.	0.71.
12. Whether or not someone was cruel	0.05.	0.69.
14. Whether or not someone showed a lack of loyalty	0.20.	0.61.
09. Whether or not someone did something to betray his or her group	0.15.	0.61.
07. Whether or not someone cared for someone weak or vulnerable	0.12.	0.57.
02. Whether or not some people were treated differently than others	0.11.	0.55.
11. Whether or not someone did something disgusting	0.21.	0.50.
01. Whether or not someone suffered emotionally	0.06.	0.42.
24. Justice is the most important requirement for a society	0.13.	0.42.
18. When the government makes laws, the number one principle should be ensuring that everyone is treated fairly	0.02.	0.41.
17. Compassion for those who are suffering is the most crucial virtue	0.14.	0.28.
23. One of the worst things a person could do is hurt a defenseless animal	0.02.	0.28.
29. I think it’s morally wrong that rich children inherit a lot of money while poor children inherit nothing	0.03.	0.13.
Eigenvalue	6.96.	2.90.
Variance explained	23,21%	9,68%
Cronbach's Alpha	0.84.	0.89.

Variable	Total (n = 371)	Men (n = 144)	Women (n = 227)
Age group
18 to 20	11 (3.0%)	5 (3.5%)	6 (2.6%)
21 to 28	135 (36.4%)	50 (37.4%)	85 (37.4%)
29 to 35	98 (26.4%)	49 (34.0%)	49 (21.6%)
36 to 42	44 (11.9%)	15 (10.4%)	29 (12.8%)
43 to 49	42 (11.9%)	13 (9.0%)	29 (12.8%)
50 to 56	29 (7.8%)	9 (6.3%)	20 (8.8%)
57 to 62	8 (2.2%)	3 (2.1%)	5 (2.2%)
63 to 70	4 (1.1%)	0 (0.0%)	4 (1.8%)
Children
Yes	72 (19.4%)	26 (18.1%)	46 (20.3%)
No	299 (80.6%)	118 (81.9%)	181 (79.7%)
Marital status
Single	180 (48.5%)	71 (49.3%)	109 (48.0%)
Married	163 (43.9%)	66 (45.8%)	97 (42.7%)
Divorced	26 (7.0%)	7 (4.9%)	19 (8.4%)
Widowed	2 (0.5%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (0.9%)
Religious belief
Yes	289 (77.9%)	106 (73.6%)	181 (80.6%)
No	82 (22.1%)	38 (26.4%)	44 (19.4%)
Religion
Catholic	134 (36.1%)	55 (38.2%)	79 (34.8%)
Evangelical	50 (13.5%)	17 (11.8%)	33 (14.5%)
Spiritist	70 (18.9%)	25 (17.4%)	45 (19.8%)
Other	8 (2.2%)	3 (2.1%)	5 (2.2%)
Not defined/not declared	11 (3.0%)	4 (2.8%)	7 (4.5%)
No religion	16 (4.3%)	2 (1.4%)	14 (6.2%)
Education level
Primary School (completed)	1 (0.3%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.4%)
High School (completed)	70 (18.9%)	34 (23.6%)	36 (15.4%)
College (completed)	145 (39.1%)	73 (50.7%)	72 (31.7%)
Graduation	155 (41.8%)	37 (25.7%)	118 (52.0%)
Currently working
Yes	263 (70.9%)	115 (79.9%)	148 (65.2%)
No	108 (29.1%)	29 (20.1%)	79 (34.8%)
Region of the country
North	5 (1.3%)	1 (0.7%)	4 (1.8%)
Northeast	31 (8.4%)	16 (11.1%)	15 (6.6%)
Central-West	26 (7.0%)	16 (11.1%)	10 (4.4%)
Southeast	263 (70.9%)	91 (63.2%)	172 (75.8%)
South	46 (12.4%)	20 (13.9%)	26 (11.4%)

Models	χ²	Gl	χ²/gl	GFI	AGFI	CFI	RMSEA (CI 95% Min-Max)
Model 1	1555.71**	395.	3.94.	0.75.	0.70.	0.68.	0.089 (0.084 - 0.094)
Model 2	762.94**	265.	2.88.	0.85.	0.82.	0.85.	0.071 (0.065 - 0.077)
Model 3	1069.33**	265.	4.03.	0.77.	0.72.	0.75.	0.091 (0.085 - 0.096)

Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 - Brasília - DF - Brazil, Tel./Fax: (061) 274-6455 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
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