Resumo em Inglês:

In this article we discuss cross-cultural similarities and variations in parents' engagement in the everyday activities in which their preschool-age children engage, focusing on mothers' and fathers' presence in the same setting as their children, the impact of their presence on the types of activities in which the children engaged, and the extent of mothers' and fathers' involvement with their children in those activities. The data were gathered from different societies - the United States, Korea, Russia, Estonia, and Kenya. They reveal that the children were involved primarily in play (more than in lessons, work, or conversation), and this was unaffected by the presence of either parent. However, parents were relatively less likely to be involved in their children's play than in the other activities. Mothers, not surprisingly, were more likely to be found in the same setting as their children and, even when taking account of their greater presence, were more likely to be involved with their children than were fathers.

Resumo em Inglês:

This contribution focuses on the family as the major context for children's development, it includes concepts of the family as an institution for the transmission of meaning on the one hand, and it formulates implications for new theoretical and methodological approaches in the field of family research on the other. The idea of transmission of a society's meaning system via the family is discussed under the perspective that the socialization of children in the family provides a continuous basis for the aggregation of common knowledge over generations. The systems approach is taken as a promising model for dealing with the complex continuity and change issues during development. Data will be presented from two longitudinal studies, in which parent-child communication behavior was analyzed over time during two critical developmental periods, during the first two years after the birth of a second child and during the transition from childhood to adolescence.

Resumo em Inglês:

This contribution focuses on the changes in parent-child relationships during the transition to adulthood, that implies a modification of the balance of connectedness and autonomy. The principal aim was twofold: 1) to verify how relational support and style of decision making - respectively markers of family connectedness and autonomy - change from adolescence to young adulthood; 2) to compare the perceptions of parents and children through a measure of agreement. The sample was composed of 259 Italian families with a child between 17 and 25 years of age. Participants filled out a self report questionnaire including the Parent-Adolescent Support Scale and the Style of Decision Making Scale. Results highlighted that children perceived a significant increase in relational support and in autonomy from late adolescence to young adulthood. Furthermore, agreement between parents and children increased by aging. Therefore, near the transition to adulthood, parents and young adults are closer to each other than during late adolescence.

Resumo em Português:

Este trabalho investigou os papéis sociais e as tarefas evolutivas desempenhados por adultos. O local escolhido para investigação foi um assentamento de famílias de baixa renda do Distrito Federal criado em 1989. Utilizou-se um questionário contendo 17 questões abertas e 15 questões fechadas, preenchido pela primeira autora durante uma visita domiciliar. Participaram 98 respondentes (73 F e 25 M), sendo 51 entre 50 e 59 anos e 47 a partir de 60 anos. Os resultados apontaram que este grupo é heterogêneo e que seus papéis sociais são influenciados pelas variáveis demográficas (idade, sexo, escolaridade, ocupação, naturalidade e estado civil) e também pelas variáveis relativas à moradia atual. Concluiu-se também que as expectativas sociais, o suporte social e a escolarização são fatores de suma importância para oferecer recursos para a otimização e compensação necessárias a um envelhecimento bem sucedido.

Resumo em Inglês:

This study investigated the social roles and developmental tasks of adults. The study took place in a settlement of low-income families, created in The Federal District in 1989. Data were collected through a questionnaire composed of 17 open and 15 closed questions, administered by the first author during a home visit. There were 98 respondents, 73 female and 25 male, being 51 between 50 to 59 years old and 47 elders above the age of 60. The result indicated that this group is heterogeneous and that its social roles are influenced by the demographic variables - age, sex, educational level, work, place of the birth and marital status, as well for the relative variables to current residence. The data allow the conclusion that social expectations, social support and the educational level are important resources for the optimization and necessary compensation to successful aging.

Resumo em Português:

Foi feita, em 1998, a réplica de uma pesquisa realizada entre 1929 e 1944 por Helena Antipoff e em 1993 por Regina Helena de Freitas Campos, com o objetivo de investigar o impacto, nos ideais das crianças de Belo Horizonte, da ênfase que a mídia vem dando ao consumismo na sociedade contemporânea. Um questionário aberto foi aplicado a 307 crianças (151 meninas e 156 meninos) da quarta série das escolas públicas e particulares de Belo Horizonte. Os dados referentes aos ideais destas crianças foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo, por gênero, e comparados com os dados das pesquisas anteriores. Foi comprovada a hipótese de que os valores transmitidos pela mídia vêm contribuindo para mudanças nos ideais infantis ao longo do século.

Resumo em Inglês:

In 1998 was replicated a research conducted by Helena Antipoff between 1929 and 1944, and by Regina Helena de Freitas Campos in 1993, with the purpose of investigating the impact of consumerism conveyed by media in contemporary society into children of Belo Horizonte's ideals. 307 fourth <FONT FACE=Symbol>-</FONT> graders students (151 girls and 156 boys) of private and state elementary school of Belo Horizonte answered the same scheduled interview. The data concerning children's ideals were analyzed by gender and compared with data's of previous surveys. It was proved the previous hypothesis that values transmitted by media are contributing for changes in childhood ideals alongside this century.

Resumo em Português:

Este artigo é um estudo teórico que discute a pertinência de incorporar no escopo de um projeto de automação/informatização dos postos de trabalho o conceito de variabilidade. Neste sentido, ressalta a contribuição da ergonomia ao processo de introdução de novas tecnologias que, além de modificar a natureza do trabalho, a produtividade afeta, muitas vezes a saúde do trabalhador. A variabilidade do trabalho, decorrente da diferença entre a prescrição e a realidade, pode ser compreendida considerando: (a) as características do trabalhador, ressaltando a noção de variabilidade inter e intra individual, e (b) a organização do trabalho, onde destaca-se a variabilidade dos equipamentos/materiais e dos procedimentos. Ao considerar as variabilidades na concepção de um projeto ou na situação de inovação tecnológica, propicia-se uma melhoria das condições de trabalho, flexibilizando e reduzindo a polarização imposta pelo trabalho prescrito, cuja referência é, geralmente, um operário médio, bem treinado, que trabalha em um posto estável.

Resumo em Inglês:

This theoretical paper discusses de appropriateness of including the concept of variability into projects of automating work stations. It underlines the contribution of ergonomics to the process of introducing new technologies, which not only modify the nature of the work but frequently the health of the worker as well. The variability of work, a consequence of the difference between prescribed norms and reality, may be understood based on (a) the characteristics of the worker, stressing the notion of inter- and intrapersonal variability, (b) the organization of the work process, stressing the variability of equipment, materials and procedures. By taking variability into account when elaborating a project or a situation of technological innovation, it renders favourable improvement in working conditions due to flexibility and reduction of impositions of prescribed work norms, which usually are based on a `mean' worker, well trained and working under stable conditions.

Resumo em Português:

As habilidades do raciocínio silogístico usadas para alcançar conclusões e detectar incoerência em textos foram avaliadas em 30 crianças de escolas onde contar histórias e discutí-las era freqüentemente usado (Grupo Experimental) e em 30 crianças de escolas onde esta forma de atividade era escassa (Grupo Controle). As crianças tinham de 5 a 6 anos de idade, de quatro classes de jardim-de-infância de duas escolas particulares de Recife. Foram testadas no início, no fim do ano escolar e no início do ano seguinte, quando estavam na primeira série. Na primeira fase, o Grupo Controle apresentou resultados um pouco melhores do que o Grupo Experimental. Na segunda e terceira fases, os resultados foram significativamente melhores para o Grupo Experimental e as diferenças foram marcantes quando os conteúdos dos silogismos contradiziam fatos empíricos. Argumenta-se que contar histórias e a discussão das mesmas pode ser um bom meio para desenvolver as habilidades do raciocínio das crianças e a compreensão de leitura.

Resumo em Inglês:

Syllogistic reasoning abilities utilized to reach conclusions and to detect incoherence in texts which were evaluated among 30 children from schools where story telling and its discussion was frequently used (Experimental Group), and in 30 children from schools where this kind of activity was inexistent (Control Group). The children were from 5 to 6 years-old, who were, enrolled in four kindergarden classes of two private schools in Recife. They were tested at the beginning, at the end of the school year, and at the beginning of the following year, when they were enrolled in the first grade of elementary school. In the first phase, the control group presented slightly better results than the experimental group. In the second and third phases, the results were significantly better for the experimental group, and the differences were specially observed when the content of the syllogisms contradicted empirical facts. It is argued that story telling and discussion activities may be a good way to develop children's reasoning abilities and the reading comprehension.

Resumo em Português:

Foi estudado o desempenho de 40 pré-escolares, com idade entre 5 e 7 anos, na realização de tarefas envolvendo a memória de instruções, em diferentes condições de uso de signos da cultura como mediadores auxiliares. Como método foram utilizadas tarefas propostas às crianças sob a forma de "jogo" que elas poderiam ganhar seguindo as instruções dadas. A aplicação foi individual, variando-se as tarefas, as instruções e a faixa etária. Foi feita uma análise de variância e a análise qualitativa baseou-se em anotações e vídeo-gravações. Os resultados mostraram que as crianças mais velhas usaram com maior eficiência os auxiliares externos como recurso mnemônico. O tipo de instrução gerou diferenças significativas nas respostas. O desempenho foi melhor, em todas as idades, na tarefa em que a criança podia contar com a ajuda do adulto, o que sugere a criação de uma zona de desenvolvimento proximal.

Resumo em Inglês:

This study investigated the development of 40 pre-school children, aged from 5 to 7, performing tasks involving a process of memorizing instructions in three different conditions of using cultural signs.The method was based on tasks given to children in the form of games that they could win by following the instructions. The application was done individually, varying the tasks, the instructions and the age groups. An analysis of variance was done and the qualitative analysis was based on notes and videos. The results showed that the older children used the signs as mnemonic resources with greater efficacy than the younger ones. Significant differences were found between two instructions types. In the tasks where the adult made suggestions, all the age groups improved their performance. This suggested to us that a zone of proximal development was created.

Resumo em Português:

O artigo toma o conceito de transdisciplinaridade para propor um confronto entre as noções de campo e plano da clínica. Após a discussão da utilização do conceito de campo no âmbito da Psicologia, focaliza-se o tema da clínica para pensar sua sintonia com o pensamento contemporâneo. Defende-se a idéia que toda clínica é transdisciplinar, apoiando-se em contribuições teóricas como as da filosofia de Gilles Deleuze e a biologia da autopoiese de Humberto Maturana e Francisco Varela.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper deals with the concept of transdisciplinarity in order to propose a comparison between the notions of "field" and "clinic grounds". After discussing the use of the concept of "field" within Psychology, we focus on the issue of clinic and its tuning with contemporary thinking. The idea that clinic is always transdisciplinary is supported by such theoretical contributions as that of Giles Deleuze's philosophy and Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela's biology of autopoiesis.