ABSTRACT:
The management of dairy herds during the transition period has been studied in several studies due to the severe adjustments to which cows are submitted in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and minerals at early lactation. This is a period when occurs most of the metabolic disorders in dairy cows, especially in their subclinical form. Hitherto a lack of information exists on the occurrence of subclinical metabolic disorders in Brazil. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of subclinical metabolic disorders, including ketosis, liver lipidosis, hypocalcemia, lactacidemia and hypomagnesemia, as well as phosphorous, copper and zinc deficiency in dairy cattle from the western region of Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil, during the first 30 days of lactation. Blood samples from 15 dairy herds managed in intensive production (free-stall) and semi-confined systems were collected. Milk yield, reproduction and health data of the herd were recorded in a questionnaire, based on the records of the farm and on the observations during samples collection. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and lactate using portable monitors at the farm and for obtaining serum to perform the following biochemical determinations: total calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, albumin, aspartate transaminase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) by UV-visible spectrophotometry, and copper and zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In this study, the cutoff points considered were as follows: serum BHB concentrations >1.2mmol/L for subclinical ketosis, AST >140U/L and CK <94U/L for subclinical liver lipidosis, serum lactate concentrations >2.2mmol/L for lactacidemia, serum total calcium concentrations <7.5mg/dL for subclinical hypocalcemia, serum magnesium concentration <1.7mg/dL for hypomagnesemia, serum phosphorus concentration <2.5mg/dL for phosphorus deficiency, serum copper concentrations <32.8μg/dL for copper deficiency, and serum zinc concentrations <60μg/dL for zinc deficiency. The results showed an occurrence of 9% for subclinical ketosis, 11% for subclinical liver lipidosis, 44.5% for lactacidemia, 11% for subclinical hypocalcemia, 7.4% for subclinical hypomagnesemia, 10.7% for copper deficiency and 8.7% for zinc deficiency. According to the survey results, the occurrence of subclinical ketosis, lipidosis and hypocalcemia in western Santa Catarina differ from data found in the literature
INDEX TERMS:
Metabolic disorders; dairy cows; Brazil; cattle; epidemiology; ketosis; mineral deficiencies; clinics