Editorial 32ªReunião Anual da SBQ Catalani, Luiz Henrique |
Artigo Toys contamined by toxic substances Zini, Josiane Ferreira, João C. Carvalho, Fátima M. S. de Bustillos, José O. W.V. Scapin, Marcos A. Salvador, Vera L. R Abrão, Alcídio Abstract in English: The main goal of the present study is the analysis of toxic elements in plastic toys commercialized in Brazil. Metals like cadmium, lead, chromium, zinc, and aluminum, along with organic substances, such as phthalates, were identified in different toys by quantitative analytical techniques. Traces of thorium were detected in one of the studied samples. Although the measured radioactive dose was rather low, the presence of such a radioactive contaminant is against to the International Agency of Atomic Energy regulations. Similar toys manufactured in Brazil were analyzed and found to observe the standards defined by the National Institute of Metrology (Inmetro). |
Artigo Evaluation of trace metals and major ions concentrations in rainwater in downtown São Paulo city Fontenele, Anna Paula Godoy Pedrotti, Jairo J. Fornaro, Adalgiza Abstract in English: Rainfall samples collected in the downtown area of São Paulo city, during 2003, exhibited average concentrations of cadmium, lead and copper of 1.33, 8.52 and 49.5 nmol L-1, respectively. Among the major ions, NH4+ was the predominant species followed by NO3-, SO4(2-) and Ca2+, with volume weighed mean (VWM) concentrations of 37.1, 20.1, 11.9 and 10.8 µmol L-1, respectively. All the determined species showed high inter-events variability, including free H+ ions whose VWM concentration was 4.03 µmol L-1, corresponding to a pH value of 5.39. |
Artigo Effect of copper removing substances on the amount of seccondary compounds of sugar cane spirit Lima, Annete de J. Boari Cardoso, Maria das Graças Guimarães, Luiz Gustavo de L. Lima, José Maria de Nelson, David Lee Abstract in English: High copper content is of great concern among producers of sugar-cane spirits who frequently use filters instead of cleaning the stills. This study compared the efficiency of activated carbon, ion-exchange-polymeric resin, and activated-carbon/iron-oxide magnetic composite for copper reduction without removing excessive organic compounds that are important for the beverage's quality. Resin was the most efficient copper adsorbent, removing fewer organic compounds. The composite also removed copper; however, it also removed large amounts of organic compounds. Activated carbon didn't remove sufficient copper to reduce its concentration to less than 5 g L-1, and it removed large amounts of higher alcohols and esters. |
Artigo Extraction methods and quality of the lipid fraction of vegetable and animal samples Brum, Aelson Aloir Santana Arruda, Lia Ferraz de Regitano-d´Arce, Marisa Aparecida Bismara Abstract in English: Methodologies of extraction of lipids from chicken breast and oats flakes were evaluated: Soxhlet, Folch et al., Bligh & Dyer and Hara & Radin. For chicken breast, the methods Soxhlet, Folch et al. and Bligh & Dyer presented the highest yields in total lipids. With oat flakes, the methods Soxhlet and Bligh & Dyer presented higher yields than the Hara & Radin and Folch et al. The Soxhlet method affected the quality of the lipid fraction in both samples. Extracted lipid components were separated by thin layer chromatography, the chloroform-methanol based was more efficient to extract the neutral and polar lipids. |
Validation of an analytical methodology for the quantitative analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine sediment samples Damas, Eloy Yordad Companioni Medina, Miriam Odette Cora Clemente, Ana Catalina Núñez Díaz, Miguel Ángel Díaz Bravo, Luis González Ramada, Rolando Marbot Porto, Rodny Montes de Oca Abstract in English: This work describes a validation of an analytical procedure for the analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine sediment samples. The proposed protocol is able to measure n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in samples at concentrations as low as 30 ng/g, with a precision better than 15% for most of analytes. The extraction efficiency of fortified sediments varied from 65.1 to 105.6% and 59.7 to 97.8%, for n-alkanes and PAH in the ranges: C16 - C32 and fluoranthene - benzo(a)pyrene, respectively. The analytical protocol was applied to determine petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments collected from a marine coastal zone. |
Artigo Seasonal variability and terpenoid biosynthesis of the essential oil of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown (Verbenaceae) Barros, Francisco Maikon Corrêa de Zambarda, Eduardo de Oliveira Heinzmann, Berta Maria Mallmann, Carlos Augusto Abstract in English: The essential oil of the leaves of Lippia alba chemotype linalool-1,8-cineol was extracted by hidrodistillation at different seasons and analyzed by GC/MS. Qualitative and quantitative variations in regard to the period of harvesting have been performed and the results were correlated with meteorological data. The essential oil yield varied from 0.33 to 0.67%. The chemical diversity of the constituents increased throughout the year, being 1,8-cineol and linalool the major components. Possible biosynthetic routes of mono and sesquiterpenoids present in the essential oil are discussed. |
Artigo Characterization of an aluminum industry by-product and its use on cadmium and lead retention in monoelementary systems Costa, Enio Tarso de Souza Guilherme, Luiz Roberto Guimarães Curi, Nilton Lopes, Guilherme Visioli, Elton Luiz Oliveira, Luiz Carlos Alves de Abstract in English: The present work aimed to characterize an aluminum industry by-product in natura (L.A. nat) and after phosphate and thermal pretreatments; evaluate the adsorption/desorption capacity of Cd and Pb by this L.A. nat form and after the aforementioned pretreatments, comparing them with an in natura iron mining by-product (L.F. nat). The L.A. nat presented a high pH as well as a high Na concentration and also an oxide-rich mineralogy. Pretreatment of the by-product had no significant effect upon Cd and Pd adsorption/desorption. The L.A. nat performed better than the L.F. nat as an Cd and Pb adsorbent. |
Artigo Development and validation of analytical methodology by HPLC-IR for evaluation of artemisinin on Artemisa annua L Celeghini, Renata Maria dos Santos Sousa, Ilza Maria de Oliveira Silva, Ana Paula da Rodrigues, Rodney Alexandre Ferreira Foglio, Mary Ann Abstract in English: The aim of this work was to develop and validate an analytical methodology for determination of artemisinin used as antimalaric. The method was based on high performace liquid chromatography, using a CN column with mobile phase composed of methanol : H2O 50:50 (V/V). The results showed that the method presented linearity from 50 to 1500 µg/mL. It was considered selective, accurate, precise according to the specific resolution from ANVISA, the Brazilian regulatory agency. |
Artigo Application of synthetic zeolites as builder in detergent formulation Sutili, Felipe K. Miotto, Naiara Rigoti, Eduardo Pergher, Sibele B. C. Penha, Fábio G. Abstract in English: The study consists is the application of zeolites NaX, NaY and A as builder in detergent formulations to eliminate the hardness of water. Therefore, the adsorption of ions Ca+2 and Mg+2 were evaluated, and the effect of the cleaning action of the surfactant sodium dodecil sulfate (SDS) through tests of detergency. The experiments were conducted in bath system (with shaking) and quantification of metals was performed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Zeolite A showed the best results for adsorption of Ca++ and Mg++ with retention rates of around 90 and 70% respectively and acted positively on the action of cleaning the surfactant SDS. |
Artigo Paint samples preparation methods for metals and methaloids determination by atomic spectrometry techniques Bentlin, Fabrina R. S. Pozebon, Dirce Depoi, Fernanda dos Santos Abstract in English: This work deals with paint decomposition methods for major, minor and trace elements determination. Three methods were investigated: (1) decomposition in closed quartz vessel and heating in microwave oven; (2) decomposition in open vessel using HNO3 and ashing, following the ASTM D 3335-85a method; and (3) decomposition in open vessel using HNO3 + HF and ashing. Paints of different types and colours were analyzed, in which several elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). It was observed that method (1) is appropriate for trace, minor and major elements determination, while method (3) is appropriate for Ti. |
Artigo Redox properties of organic material present in ultrafiltrated water samples taken from the Paraíba do Sul river, Brazil Baldotto, Marihus Altoé Canellas, Luciano Pasqualoto Velloso, Ary Carlos Xavier Rosa, Raul Castro Carriello Maciel, Marcelo dos Santos Rezende, Carlos Eduardo Canela, Maria Cristina Abstract in English: Previous studies indicated that free radicals control organic matter redox activities. In the present study, organic matter of an ultra-filtrated material collected from seven samples taken seasonally from the Paraiba do Sul River for two years were titrated with an oxidizer (I2) in an inert atmosphere. Standard formal potential values for the electrode MO Ox, MO Red ranged from 0.754 to 0.786 V at a 25 ºC temperature. Organic matter oxidation capacity (COx) per carbon mass varied according to pH values, and changes in COx were related to rainfall and river flow intensities. |
Artigo Chemical and biological studies of Microgramma vacciniifolia (Langsd. & Fisch.) Copel (Polypodiaceae) Peres, Marize T. L. P. Simionatto, Euclésio Hess, Sônia C. Bonani, Vanderléa F. L. Candido, Ana C. S. Castelli, Caroline Poppi, Nilva R. Honda, Neli K. Cardoso, Cláudia A. L. Faccenda, Odival Abstract in English: Chemical studies with aerial parts of Microgramma vacciniifolia (Langsd. & Fisch.) Copel. afforded ²-sitosterol, hopan-22-ol, 6-metoxiapinenin-7-O-²-D-allopyranoside and a mixture containing ethyl esters of carboxilic acids. The structures of the coumpounds were elucidated by spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis. The total phenolics contents of the crude extract and fractions were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The AcOEt fraction showed better activity in DPPH assay (9.9 ± 0.03 µg/mL), and presented also higher contents of the total phenolic (93.60 ± 1.11 µg/mg). Antimicrobial and allelopathic effects of the crude etanolic extract and fractions also were evaluated. In addition, the combination of biological activities was discussed. |
Enrichment, availability and contamination of trace metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in sediments of urban lagoons in Concepción, Chile González Sepúlveda, Elizabeth Retamal Cifuentes, María Medina Pedreros, Valentina Ahumada Bermúdez, Ramón Neira Hinojosa, José Abstract in English: Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) enrichment, availability and contamination in superficial sediments of three interconnected urban lagoons localized in Concepción-Chile, were evaluated. According to the results of geochemical fracctionation analysis, Cu and Pb are rather associated with oxi-hydroxides, Cd is associated with exchangeable and carbonates fraction, while Zn is mainly associated with organic, oxi-hydroxides and residual fraction. The estimation of the availability percentages indicate that Cu is the most mobile metal and the less mobile is the Cd. An evaluation of the geo-accumulation index and urban industrial pollution allowed to classify the studied zone as moderately to highly contaminated. |
Double-bilayer: a new phase formed by lysophospholipids and the corresponding fatty acid Funari, Sérgio S. Rapp, Gert Richter, Frank Abstract in English: The product of catalytic activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2, which resembles the core unit of animal toxins, on phospholipids is a 1:1 mixture of lysolipid and fatty acid. This mixture was studied by time-resolved simultaneous small- and wide angle x-ray diffraction over the temperature range from 23 to 53.5ºC. An unusually large lamellar structure was observed, with d = 11 nm, contradicting the complex functional dimer model between lysolipid and fatty acid. It can be explained by formation of a "double-bilayer", a new phase consisting of two different bilayers, one formed by lysophospholipid and other by fatty acid, bound together by head group interactions. Its strucutre was confirmed by simulations of the X-ray scattering pattern. |
Artigo Physicochemical and mechanical performance of portland cement concrete with recycled styrene-butadiene tyre-rubber waste Freitas, Camila Galvão, José Carlos Alves Portella, Kleber Franke Joukoski, Alex Gomes Filho, Carlos Vicente Ferreira, Elizeu Santos Abstract in English: Physicochemical and mechanical techniques were carried out to characterize three concrete tyre-rubber waste dosages such as 5, 10 and 15%, w/w. The elastomeric material was identified as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). It was observed that the growing SBR content in the mixture decreased the concrete performance. The best results were presented by 5% w/w tyre-rubber waste concrete sample. This composition was tested at Mourão hydroelectric powerplant spillway as repairing material. |
Artigo Use of an enzymatic method for obtaining protein extracts from wheat flour Carreira, Raquel Linhares Ramos, Camila Salles Silva, Mauro Ramalho Lopes Junior, Carlos de Oliveira Silvestre, Marialice Pinto Coelho Pirozi, Mônica Ribeiro Abstract in English: An enzymatic method was used for obtaining protein extracts from wheat flour using an alkaline protease. Some parameters were evaluated aiming the optimization of this method: temperature (40-50 ºC); time (2-5 h); physical treatment of the sample (no treatment, ultra-turrax/16,000 rpm/5 min and ultrasound/120 W/10 min); enzyme:substrate ratio (E:S) of 5:100 - 10:100 and concentration of wheat flour (1:3, 1:5 and 1:10 w/v). The results showed that the best condition for protein extraction was that using the sample concentration of 1:3 (w/v), ultra-turrax, E:S of 10:100, at 40 ºC, 2 h, having reached an extraction yield of 88.53%. |
Artigo Determination of bioavailable phosphorus in fish feeds by ultrasound extraction and visible spectrophotometry Moraes, Paula M. de Loureiro, Vanessa R. Padilha, Pedro M. Neves, Renato de Cássio F. Saleh, Mayra A. D. Santos, Felipe A. dos Silva, Fábio A. Abstract in English: The aim of the present work was to develop and optimize a method for determination of bioavailable phosphorus in samples of feces and fish feed using ultrasound extraction and subsequent quantification by visible spectrophotometry. Using as extractor solution HNO3 0.50 mol L-1, the great conditions of extraction established were: sample mass - 100 mg, samples granulometry - < 60 µm, sonification time - five cycles of 40 s and ultrasound potency - 136 W. The proposed method was applied in studies of digestibility of this nutrient in different feeds used in diets of juvenile of Nile tilapia. |
Aerosol particle size distributions at a traffic exposed site and an urban background location in Oporto, Portugal Oliveira, César Alves, Célia Pio, Casimiro A. Abstract in English: Aerosol size distributions from 6 to 700 nm were measured simultaneously at an urban background site and a roadside station in Oporto. The particle number concentration was higher at the traffic exposed site, where up to 90% of the size spectrum was dominated by the nucleation mode. Larger aerosol mode diameters were observed in the urban background site possibly due to the coagulation processes or uptake of gases during transport. Factor analysis has shown that road traffic and the neighbour stationary sources localised upwind affect the urban area thought intra-regional pollutant transport. |
Kinetic study of the catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on activated carbon Paternina, Elihu M. Arias, Juan Barragán, Daniel Abstract in English: The kinetic study of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by activated carbon was carried out. The effect of concentrations of reactants and temperature were experimentally studied. Kinetic data were evaluated using differential method of initial rates of reaction. When a typical kinetic law for reactions in homogeneous phase is used, first order of reaction is obtained for hydrogen peroxide and activated carbon, and activation energy of 27 kJ mol-1 for the reaction was estimated. Experimentally was observed that surface of activated carbon is chemically modified during decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, based on this result a scheme of reaction was proposed and evaluated. Experimental data fits very well to a Langmuir- Hinshelwood kinetic model and activation energy of 40 kJ mol-1 was estimated for reaction in heterogeneous phase. |
Artigo Chemical interesterification of soybean oil and fully hydrogenated soybean oil: Influence of the reaction time Ribeiro, Ana Paula Badan Masuchi, Monise Helen Grimaldi, Renato Gonçalves, Lireny Aparecida Guaraldo Abstract in English: Chemical interesterification is an important alternative to produce zero trans fats. In practice, however, excessive reaction times are used to ensure complete randomization. This work evaluated the influence of the reaction time on the interesterification of soybean oil/fully hydrogenated soybean oil blend, carried out in the following conditions: 100 ºC, 500 rpm stirring speed, 0.4% (w/w) sodium methoxide catalyst. The triacylglycerol composition, solid fat content and melting point analysis showed that the reaction was very fast, reaching the equilibrium within 5 min. This result suggests the interesterification can be performed in substantially lower times, with reduction in process costs. |
Artigo Antioxidant activity of lemon seed extract (Citrus limon) added to soybean oil in accelerated incubator-storage test Luzia, Débora Maria Moreno Jorge, Neuza Abstract in English: The aim of this work was to evaluate antioxidant activity of lemon seeds added to soybean oil, submitted to accelerated incubator-storage test and to determine its synergistic effect with the synthetic antioxidant TBHQ. The treatments Control, TBHQ (50 mg/kg), LSE (2,400 mg/kg Lemon Seed Extract), Mixture 1 (LSE + 50 mg/kg TBHQ) and Mixture 2 (LSE + 25 mg/kg TBHQ) were prepared and subjected to the accelerated incubator-storage test at 60 ºC for 12 days; samples were taken every 3 days and analyzed regarding peroxide value and conjugated dienes. The results showed that antioxidant activity of the tested treatments were: TBHQ = Mixture 1 = Mixture 2 > LSE > Control. |
Artigo Biodegradation of phenol by a newly Aspergillus sp. strain isolated from a contaminated soil in southern Brazil Passos, Cátia Tavares dos Burkert, Janaína Fernandes de Medeiros Kalil, Susana Juliano Burkert, Carlos André Veiga Abstract in English: The main goal of this work was to study the biodegradation of phenol in batch mode by a filamentous fungus isolated from a contaminated site in Southern Brazil. A better performance was obtained by previous adaptation of the microorganism to the toxic chemical. A 2³ experimental design was proposed and it could be observed total phenol degradation in 72 h using 500 mg L-1 glucose, inoculum of 20% and agitation of 200 rpm, resulting a biodegradation rate of 3.76 mg L-1 h-1. In relation to phenol tolerance, Aspergillus sp. LEBM2 was able to consume up to 989 ± 15 mg L-1. |
Artigo Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using zeolite synthesized from different coal fly ashes samples Fungaro, Denise Alves Bruno, Mariza Abstract in English: Batch sorption experiments were carried out to remove methylene blue from its aqueous solutions using zeolites synthesized from fly ashes as an adsorbent. The adsorbents were characterized by XFR, XRD and SEM. Nearly 90 min of contact time are found to be sufficient for the adsorption of dye to reach equilibrium. Equilibrium data have been analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the results were found to be well represented by the Freundlich isotherm equation. Adsorption data were fitted to both Lagergren first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the data were found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics. |
Artigo Evaluation of contamination on Sabino streamlet (Basin Rio Tibiri) by heavy metals originated from waste and effluents of the Ribeira landfill, in São Luis island, state of Maranhão, Brazil Campos, Antonio Eduardo Lopes Nunes, Gilvanda Silva Oliveira, José Crediciomar Silva de Toscano, Ilda Antonieta Salata Abstract in English: This work aimed to carry out an environmental monitoring in sabino narrow river (affluent of Tibiri Basin, in São Luís - MA, Brazil), in order to verify the main environmental impacts caused by effluent residues from Ribeira landfill. Chemical analysis and bibliographic and cartographic researches on this ecosystem were also carried out. In addition, heavy metals, such as Hg, Pb and Zn, were investigated in water samples by ICP-MS technique. It was observed that the contents of such heavy metals were above the tolerance limits established by the Brazilian legislation, showing a strong impact level on the evaluated ecosystem. |
Artigo Determination of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Ecstasy tablets by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) Costa, José Luiz da Pintao, Estela Regina Corrigliano, Célia Maria Castro Negrini Neto, Osvaldo Abstract in English: This paper describes the development and validation of simple and selective analytical method for determination of 3.4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Ecstasy tablets, using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Analysis was performed in a reversed phase column (LiChrospher 100 C18, 150 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm), isocratic elution with phosphate buffer 25 mmol/L pH 3.0 and acetonitrile (95:5, v/v). The method presents adequate linearity, selectivity, precision and accuracy. MDMA concentration in analyzed tablets showed a remarkable variability (from 8.5 to 59.5 mg/tablet) although the tablet weights were uniform, indicating poor manufacturing control thus imposing additional health risks to the users. |
Artigo Determination of total as and inorganic arsenic species for the environmental quality monitoring of groundwaters Borba, Ricardo Perobelli Coscione, Aline Renée Figueiredo, Bernardino Ribeiro Zambello, Fábio Abstract in English: This work reports an alternative, fast and robust method, for the determination of total As, As(III) and As(V) by HG-AAS without the use of prereductants. The method is based on the different rates of arsine formation of the inorganic As species and the effect of As(III) in the signal obtained for total As. Groundwater and mineral spiked waters were used to sample preservation evaluation. The method was validated by the determination of As in SRM 1640 and used in the determination of total As and its inorganic species in groundwater samples collected from mines in the Iron Quadrangle - MG. |
Artigo The influence of aquatic humic substances characteristics on the coagulation efficiency using ferric chloride Sloboda, Eliane Vieira, Eny Maria Dantas, Angela Di Bernardo Di Bernardo, Luiz Abstract in English: The aim of this study was to verify the influence of the apparent molecular size of aquatic humic substances on the effectiveness of coagulation with ferric chloride. Coagulation-filtration tests using jar test and bench-scale sand filters were carried out on samples of water with true color of approximately 100 Hazen units, prepared with aquatic humic substances of different molecular sizes (F1: < 0.45 µm, F2: 100 kDa - 0.45 µm, F3: 30 - 100 kDa and F4': < 30 kDa). For the water samples with lower apparent molecular size fractions, greater dosages of coagulant was needed to remove the color around 5.0 Hanzen units, mainly because these water samples contain higher concentrations of fulvic acids, which exhibited a larger number of negatively-charged groups. |
Artigo Salicylates isolated from leaves and stems of Salix martiana Leyb. (Salicaceae) Fernandes, Carromberth Carioca Cursino, Lorena Mayara de Carvalho Novaes, Jussival de Abreu Pinheiro Demetrio, Camilla Avelino Pereira Júnior, Orlando Libório Nunez, Cecília Verônica Amaral, Iêda Leão do Abstract in English: Salix martiana Leyb. is an endemic species from the Amazon river floodplain areas (varzeas), of the State of Amazonas. Stems and leaves were extracted with dichloromethane, methanol and hydro-alcohol and these extracts were fractionated by using conventional chromatographic techniques. The major substances isolated, salicin and trichocarposide (6-0-p-coumaroyl salicin), were determined through analyses of NMR 1D (¹H and 13C) and NMR 2D (gHSQC and gHMBC). These compounds were isolated for the first time in Salix martiana Leyb. (Salicaceae). The percentage of these compounds in S. martiana is very high. The extracts were analyzed for their DPPH antioxidant capacity and the methanolic from the leaves and the hydro-alcoholic from the stems were the more active. |
Revisão Matrix effect in pesticide quantification by gas chromatography Pinho, Gevany P. Neves, Antônio A. Queiroz, Maria Eliana L. R. Silvério, Flaviano O. Abstract in English: The lack of accuracy of a chromatographic method can be associated with the matrix effect. This effect is observed in pesticide quantification by gas chromatography when the chromatographic signals of standards prepared in solvents are compared with those of the analyte in extracts of complex matrices. In the competition between the matrix components and the pesticides for the active sites of the liner, a larger amount of pesticides is transferred to the column, giving apparent extractions above 100%. In this work, we discuss factors that contribute to the matrix effect and present some attempts to overcome the problem. |
Revisão Residues of pesticides in food: a global environmental preoccupation - Focussing on apples Jardim, Isabel Cristina Sales Fontes Andrade, Juliano de Almeida Queiroz, Sonia Claudia do Nascimento de Abstract in English: This paper describes the use of pesticides in agriculture. Research has shown that significant quantities of pesticide residues have been found in many types of foods. Thus, an overview is given of pesticide residue determinations in fruits and vegetables, with special attention to apples. The toxicity and the adverse effects possibly caused by the exposure of these compounds are alerting the scientific community to develop studies about the validation of analytical methods for multiresidue pesticide determination in these samples. This review shows that pesticide-residue determination in apples is becoming a very important and challenging issue. |
Revisão Aspects of bioactivity and toxicity of nitrocompounds Paulai, Fávero Reisdorfer Serrano, Silvia Helena Pires Tavares, Leoberto Costa Abstract in English: Nitrocompounds are bioactive molecules used as antibacterial, antiparasitic and antitumoral agents. In the past of years, these molecules have been broadly studied in several fields, such as medicinal chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemical, toxicology and electrochemistry. The nitrocompounds mode of action involves the biotransformation of the nitro group, releasing intermediates in the redox process. Some of those intermediates attack enzymes, membranes and DNA, providing the basis for their biological activity and adverse effects. In this report, some aspects regarding the biological activity, mechanism of action and toxicity of nitrocompounds are explored, purposing the research of new bioactive derivatives having low toxicity. |
Revisão Chromatographic methods validation for analysis of small molecules in biological matrices Cassiano, Neila Maria Barreiro, Juliana Cristina Martins, Lúcia Regina Rocha Oliveira, Regina Vincenzi Cass, Quezia Bezerra Abstract in English: Chromatographic methods are commonly used for analysis of small molecules in different biological matrices. An important step to be considered upon a bioanalytical method's development is the capacity to yield reliable and reproducible results. This review discusses validation procedures adopted by different governmental agencies, such as Food and Drug Administration (USA), European Union (EU) and Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (BR) for quantification of small molecules by bioanalytical chromatographic methods. The main parameters addressed in this review are: selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, quantification and detection limits, recovery, dilution integrity, stability and robustness. Also, the acceptance criterions are clearly specified. |
Nota técnica Term-stability of extractive processes from Nasturtium officinale R. Br., brassicaceae for soxhlet modified system Carvalho, João Luiz de Souza Cunico, Miriam Machado Dias, Josiane de Fátima Gaspari Miguel, Marilis Dallarmi Miguel, Obdulio Gomes Abstract in English: This work had as objective verified the term-stability of the Soxhlet modified system with analytical and pharmacothecnical application in extractive processes of Nasturtium officinale. It has proven that the process is thermo-stable. The analysis with analytical have determined 3.606 mg g-1 in chlorogenic acid and 11.813 mg g-1 in rutin (extract 1:20 w/v) and with pharmacotecnical 3.427 mg g-1 in chlorogenic acid and 11.278 mg g-1 in rutin (extract 1:6 w/v). The income of the pharmacothecnical process was inferior to the analytical, suggesting that the pharmacothecnical process would need of at least the double of time in each extraction system. |
Nota técnica Development of liquid-crystalline systems using silicon glycol copolymer and polyether functional siloxane Chorilli, Marlus Prestes, Paula Souza Rigon, Roberta Balansin Leonardi, Gislaine Ricci Chiavacci, Leila Aparecida Scarpa, Maria Virgínia Abstract in English: For the construction of the phase diagrams, the method of the aqueous titration was used. There were prepared 5 ternary diagrams, varying the surfactant and the oil phase. The liquid-crystalline phases were identified by polarized light microscopy. The formulations prepared with silicon glycol copolymer, polyether functional siloxane (PFS) and water (S1) and with diisopropyl adipate, PFS and water (S4) presented liquid-crystalline phases with lamellar arrangement. Moreover, after 15 days in hot oven (37 ºC), the formulations presented hexagonal arrangement, evidencing the influence of the temperature in the organization of the system. |
Nota técnica Preconcentration strategies in capillary electrophoresis (CE): part 1. Manipulation of the analyte electrophoretic velocity Moraes, Maria de Lourdes Leite de Moraes, Solange Leite de Pereira, Elisabete Alves Tavares, Marina Franco Maggi Abstract in English: Capillary electrophoresis has become a well-established and routine-based separation technique. It is based on the differences between charged analyte mobility in aqueous or organic electrolytes. Its major limitation is the sensitivity due to small sample injection volumes and the narrow diameter of the capillaries, especially when UV detection is used. There are a number of ways to increase the concentration sensitivity. This report shows some on-line preconcentration strategies to perform it in free solution capillary electrophoresis that are based on manipulation of the analyte electrophoretic velocity during the sample introduction (stacking, field amplification and transient isotachophoresis). |
Nota técnica Biofouling and chemical biodeterioration in hydroeletric power plant portland cement mortar Portella, Kleber Franke Joukoski, Alex Silva, Ariel Scheffer da Brassac, Nicole Machuca Belz, Carlos Eduardo Abstract in English: Last decade Brazilian rivers experimented progressive biofouling of Limnoperna fortunei communities and Cordylophora caspia hydroids. The microhabitat is so favorable that in around 1.5 years L. fortunei increased from 0.39 to nearby 149,000 units/m². Ten Portland cement mortar samples were produced with 1: 3.5: 0.4 dosages and installed for 1 year at Salto Caxias Brazilian Power Plant reservoir in 0.5 m and 1.0 m deep to investigate the biofouling influence on hydraulic civil structures. SEM, EDS, visual investigation and XRF results indicate none direct chemical interrelationships between L. fortunei and the mortar samples. However C. caspia diminished the mortar surface resistance and caused cement paste leaching. |
Validation of a simple and rapid UV spectrophotometric method for dexamethasone assay in tablets Friedrich, Rossana Barcellos Ravanello, Aline Cichota, Luiz Carlos Rolim, Clarice Madalena Bueno Beck, Ruy Carlos Ruver Abstract in English: This work reports the validation of an analytical UV spectrophotometric method to assay dexamethasone in tablets (assay and dissolution studies). The method was linear in the range between 1 and 30 µg mL-1 presenting a good correlation coefficient (r = 0.9998, n = 7). Precision and accuracy analysis showed low relative standard deviation (< 2.00%) and good percentual recoveries (95-105%). The procedure was linear, accurate, precise, and robust. The method is simple, and it has low cost. It does not use polluting reagents and can be applied in dissolution studies, being an adequate alternative to assay dexamethasone in tablets. |
Educação Homemade construction of a lead(II) ion selective electrode: an alternative to experimental subjects Silva, Jonatas Gomes da Lehmkuhl, Arilson Alcanfor, Silvia Keli de Barros Abstract in English: This works proposes a homemade construction of a lead(II) ISE of solid membrane (Ag2S/PbS) to determine Pb2+ ions in potentiometric titrations, using damaged combined glass electrodes. This electrode can be constructed in teaching laboratories, using it as a learning tool related to the theoretical principle of ISE. The analytical curve obtained (y = 27.056x + 337.58; R = 0.996) was linear on the range of 1 x 10-5 to 1 mol L-1 and has presented a very close behavior of the Nernstian. The homemade ISE has presented a similar selectivity to the commercial electrodes, showing to be a good alternative to the experimental activities on teaching laboratories. |
Educação Buffering-systems: a theoretical and practical didatic approach Rossi-Rodrigues, Bianca Caroline Oliveira, Elaine Aparecida de Galembeck, Eduardo Abstract in English: Courses with practical and theoretical classes are potentially didactic structures for the development of motor and complex cognitive skills when operated in an integrated manner. When worked aligned, theory and practice enable a clearer view of the issue, opening scope for introducing concepts from other disciplines and for the development of lab skills. This paper presents a methodology for biochemistry labwork that promotes the teaching of the buffering systems contents together with to the development of scientific research practice concepts in an interdisciplinary perspective that integrates theory and practice. |
Educação The hydrogen electrode: what is there in the textbooks beyond E¸ = 0? Oliveira, Wanda de Tiedemann, Peter Wilhelm Cecchini, Renato Giovanni Osorio, Viktoria Klara Lakatos Abstract in English: The results of an exercise on electrochemistry for General Chemistry students are presented. The difficulty encountered by students in predicting the shift in the potential of the hydrogen electrode under non-standard conditions prompted a search in textbooks on how the subject is developed. Besides several instances of inconsistencies in defining the standard state, such as including the temperature in the definition, a number of incorrect depictions of the hydrogen electrode were discovered. Of the 28 General Chemistry books, 16 Physical Chemistry books and 24 Internet pages, 30, 20 and 46%, respectively, showed devices that would not work in practice. |
Educação Preparation of (+)-±-Terpineol from (+)-limonene: monoterpenes with pleasant odor in a project for undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory Baptistella, Lúcia Helena Brito Imamura, Paulo Mitsuo Melo, Leandro Vilela de Castello, Cláudio Abstract in English: A synthesis of (+)-±-terpineol from (+)-limonene was proposed as a project for undergraduate organic laboratory course. Terpineol is a useful flavor and fragrance compound, and several aspects of this preparation are suited for experimental organic classes, including basic techniques for extraction and analyses of essential oils, different reaction types and the possibility of a high degree of student interest. |
Assuntos gerais Controversies on atomism in the nineteenth century Oki, Maria da Conceição Marinho Abstract in English: The present article reviews aspects of the controversy in nineteenth-century physical sciences between atomists and anti-atomists, and the scientific, philosophical and methodological aspects about the atomic debates. The meanings of the atom concept used by physicists and chemists in that century are also discussed. |
Assuntos gerais Analytical performance of contractor laboratories in the determination of metals in water Jardim, Wilson F. Sodré, Fernando F. Abstract in English: Analytical laboratories are expected to produce reliable results. Decision makers are guided in their actions (financial, legal and environmental) using analytical data provided by numerous laboratories. This work aimed to evaluate the analytical performance of Brazilian laboratories on producing trustworthy results. Nineteen laboratories, accredited and non-accredited ones, were contracted to analyze a USGS (United States Geological Survey) certified water sample for 17 chemical elements (mostly metals) without knowing the origin of the sample. Considering all the results produced, only 35% of them were valid. Three laboratories present satisfactory performances, whereas the majority showed a very poor overall performance. The outcomes of this work show the need for a more effective analytical quality program to Brazilian laboratories. |