Objectification:
Fredrickson & Roberts (1997)Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173-206. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997....
Nussbaum (1999)Nussbaum, M. C. (1999). Sex and social justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Loughnan, Pina, Vasquez, & Puvia (2013)Loughnan, S., Pina, A., Vasquez, E. A., & Puvia, E. (2013). Sexual objectification increases rape victim blame and decreases perceived suffering. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37(4), 455-461. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313485718
https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313485718...
Gray, Knobe, Sheskin, Bloom, & Barrett (2011)Gray, K., Knobe, J., Sheskin, M., Bloom, P., & Barrett, L. F. (2011). More than a body: Mind perception and the nature of objectification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(6), 1207-1220. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0025883
http://doi.org/10.1037/a0025883...
Haslanger (2012)Haslanger, S. (2012). On being objective and being objectified (pp. 35-39). In Resisting reality: Social construction and social critique. Oxford University Press.
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Self-objectification
Denial of subjectivity |
Self-objectification in professional and personal terms |
I always loved the field of the humanities too, but I felt discouraged from doing Economics, for example, because it's a man's profession. |
| Banalization of the questions of the objectification and commodification of women |
My veteran colleagues and even people of my generation have a thicker shell, they're prepared to have a boss who tells them to get fucked because he's in a bad mood. They have this shell and I think it's due to these songs. As soon as I arrived at the faculty, that shocked me. I said: "My God in Heaven, what's going on here?"; and then I had to learn to deal with this. |
Commodification:
Kopytoff (1986)Kopytoff, I. (1986). The cultural biography of things: commoditization as process. In The social life of things: Commodities in cultural perspective, edit by Arjun Appadurai (pp. 64-92). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University.
Belk et al. (1989)Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139-168. https://doi.org/10.1086/209154
https://doi.org/10.1086/209154...
Hirschman & Stern (1994)Hirschman, E. C., & Stern, B. B. (1994). Women as commodities: prostitution as depicted in the blue angel, pretty baby, and pretty woman (Vol. 21, pp. 576-581). Lancaster: ACR North American Advances.
Hirschman &Hill (1999Hirschman, E. C., & Hill, R. P. (1999). On human commoditization: A model based upon African-American slavery. In Advances in Consumer Research (Vol. 26 pp. 394-398). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research., 2000)Hirschman, E. C., & Hill, R. P. (2000). On human commoditization and resistance: A model based upon Buchenwald concentration camp. Psychology& Marketing, 17(6), 469-491. http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(200006)17:6%3C469::AID-MAR3%3E3.0.CO;2-3
http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(2...
Hartsock (2004)Hartsock, N. C. M. (2004). Women and/as Commodities: a brief meditation. Canadian Woman Studies/Les Cashiers De La Femme, 23(3-4), 14-17. Retrieved from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1009.3518&rep=rep1&type=pdf
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/dow...
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Ways of control |
Commodification of the body |
At the parties there are cases which involve aggression, and they always involve the girlfriend. The girl is there with her boyfriend and he gets angry about something … Once I saw a boy hit his girlfriend, he gave her a punch. |
| Commodification of the sexuality |
Once I went to a party dressed in a skirt with a (girl) friend and a guy stuck his finger inside me under my skirt. And he did the same with her. We don't even know if it was the same guy. It was horrible. I was going to get a drink and the space was very crowded. I never went in a skirt again, I was very angry, that day was difficult. The guy stuck his finger inside me? It's absurd! He didn't even look into my face, I didn't see his face. I was in shock, you can't even believe what was happening! |
| Commodification of the morality |
In the band, everyone has a nickname and a friend has the nickname "lunch-box" because she was dating a guy who had the nickname "backpack," so she was "the lunch-box of the backpack." When she told me that, not even she herself perceived how problematic it was, other people didn't perceive it, her nickname is "lunch-box," and I doubt that would happen if the situation was the reverse. |
| Commodification of the feelings |
A girl had an affair with a guy, a real fool and a great misogynist, who used too to date a girl from the faculty many years ago. This girl used to send him nudes and one day she won the Miss Lay-down contest of the faculty and he, to show off the fact that he'd had sex with her, sent the photos of the nudes to his friends, and they were very shocking photos, which even showed her face. One of those guys sent the photos to the faculty's mailing list, the whole faculty saw the photos, from the coordinator, the director, to the cleaning staff. |
Source: based on Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage; Leech, N. L., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2007). An array of qualitative data analysis tools: A call for data analysis triangulation. School Psychology Quarterly, 22(4), 557-584. 