REQUIREMENTS OF COLLABORATIVE AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP IN DIGITAL ECOSYSTEMS: TECHNO-ORCHESTRATING LEADERS IN A VUCA WORLD

Begeç, Suat; Akyuz, Goknur Arzu

doi:10.1590/S0034-759020230505

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Brasil

Revista de Administração de Empresas

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ARTICLES • Rev. adm. empres. 63 (5) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020230505 copy

REQUIREMENTS OF COLLABORATIVE AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP IN DIGITAL ECOSYSTEMS: TECHNO-ORCHESTRATING LEADERS IN A VUCA WORLD

Requisitos del liderazgo colaborativo y transformador en ecosistemas digitales: Líderes orquestadores tecnológicos en un entorno VUCA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

In today’s increasingly web-enabled digital world, business environment is being transformed into ecosystems of partners in which digital connectivity, real-time data, information sharing, and visibility are enabled. Partners are becoming increasingly dependent, network collaboration is turning into a key success factor, and managerial, organizational and leadership paradigms are radically changing. This study investigates the requirements of leadership under these collaborative, transformational and technology-intensive conditions. Through a comprehensive and systematic literature review, the study offers main leadership requirements, desired leadership practices, and leader profiles to become successful in this context. Therefore, a conceptual framework is developed. The findings reveal that leadership requirements for digital ecosystems (DES’s) are entirely different from traditional leadership understanding, and orchestration stands out as a key concept. This study is valuable for providing a comprehensive literature review and developing a conceptual framework.

Keywords:
collaboration; digitalization; leadership; requirements; VUCA

Journal articles	Book/Book Chapter	Report/ Whitepaper	Conference/ Congress Paper	Dissertation/ Thesis	TOTAL
98	12	11	1	1	123

Requirements	Leadership Characteristics	Supporting references
Essential	• Strategic perspective • Visioneering/Foresight • Systemic thinking/holistic perspective • Global/universal perspective • Being analytical and methodical (analysis, synthesis, interpretation and evaluation) • Problem-solving skills • Ambidextrous behavior • Results orientation and path-goal facilitation towards implementation • Interdisciplinary and multi-disciplinary orientation • Focus on hybrid skills in strategy, business management and IT alignment • Openness to discussion, negotiation and consensus • Environmental alertness and monitoring on environment • Charisma and power of influencing	(Antonakis & House, 2014Antonakis, J., & House, J. R. (2014). Instrumental leadership: Measurement and extension of transformational–transactional leadership theory. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(4), 746-771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.04.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.04... ; Cortellazzo et al., 2019Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E., & Zampieri, R. (2019). The role of leadership in a digitalized world: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938... ; Gomes, 2014Gomes, A. R. (2014). Transformational leadership: Theory, research, and application to sports. In Mohiyeddini, C. (Ed.), Contemporary topics and trends in the psychology of sports (pp. 53-114). Nova Science Publishers. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310794991_Transformational_leadership_Theory_research_and_application_to_sports https://www.researchgate.net/publication... ; Horney et al., 2010Horney, N., Pasmore, B., & O’Shea, T. (2010). Leadership agility: A business imperative for a VUCA world. https://luxorgroup.fr/coaching/wp-content/uploads/Leadership-agility-model.pdf https://luxorgroup.fr/coaching/wp-conten... ; KPMG, 2017KPMG. (2017). The route to digital business leadership [Survey]. KPMG International Cooperative. https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2017/09/the-route-to-digital-business-leadership.pdf https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/... ; Lad, 2017Lad, L.J. (2017). Re-thinking collaboration: Crossing boundaries to create a better future. Knowledge Management in the 21st Century: Resilience, creativity and co-creation,761–770. In IFKAD 2017, 12 th International Forum on Knowledge Assets Dynamics. Knowledge Management in the 21 th century: resilience, creativity and co-creation. Proceeding Book (Eds: Spender, JC., Schiuma, G. and Gavrilova, T. 7), June 2017, St. Petersburg Russia, https://publications.hse.ru/en/books/206787669 https://publications.hse.ru/en/books/206... ; Luo et al., 2018Luo, B., Zheng, S., Ji, H., & Liang, L. (2018). Ambidextrous leadership and TMT-member ambidextrous behavior: The role of TMT behavioral integration and TMT risk propensity. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(2), 338-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1194871 https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.11... ; Oberer & Erkollar, 2018Oberer, B., & Erkollar, A. (2018). Leadership 4.0: Digital leaders in the age of industry 4.0. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 7(4), 404-412. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2018.60332 https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2018.60332... ; UCISL, 2017University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership. (2017). Global definitions of leadership and theories of leadership development: Literature Review. University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership. https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/resources/sustainability-leadership/global-definitions-of-leadership https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/resources/sus... ; Vought, 2017Vought, W. X. (2017). E-leadership in practice: The components of transformational leadership in virtual business environments (Dissertation, St. John Fisher College). https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1326&context=education_etd https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/cgi/viewconte... ; Yücebalkan, 2018Yücebalkan, B. (2018). Digital leadership in the context of digitalization and digital transformations. In Current academic studies in social science 2018, Eds. Eryılmaz, B., Özlü, K., Keskin, Y.B., Yücetürk, C. (8th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 489-505). Gece Kitaplığı. https://www.academia.edu/38309825/Digital_leadership_in_the_context_of_digitalization_and_digital_transformations https://www.academia.edu/38309825/Digita... )
Technology-centered (Technology knowledge and awareness, digital skills, digital literacy, digital competencies)	• Awareness and knowledge of current technologies and related opportunities and constraints [cloud, big data analytics, predictive web-based consumer analytics, cybersecurity, IoT, I-4.0, smartness, mobile application development, computation and coding, enterprise application integration, 3D printing, robotics, automation, autonomous vehicles, blockchain, web collaboration tools, AI, augmented reality] • Web and mobile literacy • Social media competence • Fintech competence • Big data analytics, especially for CRM • Effectiveness in selecting and investing in disruptive technologies and infrastructures • Awareness for security, sharing of sensitive data and cybersecurity • Lifelong-learning of technical skills	(Akyuz & Gursoy, 2018Akyuz, G. A., & Gursoy, G. (2018). Opportunities and Challenges in supply chain collaboration with blockchain. In IRDITECH 2018 Uluslararası Ar-Ge, İnovasyon ve Teknoloji Yönetimi Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı (Eds. Gursoy, G., Ensari, M.Ş.). 121–128. https://okan.edu.tr/uploads/pages/bildirikitapcigi/bildiri-kitapcigi-19102018-1.pdf https://okan.edu.tr/uploads/pages/bildir... , 2020Akyuz, G. A., & Gursoy, G. (2020). Transformation of supply chain activities in blockchain environment. In U. Hacioglu (Ed.), Digital business strategies in blockchain ecosystems (pp. 153-175). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29739-8_8 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29739-... ; Cortellazzo et al., 2019Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E., & Zampieri, R. (2019). The role of leadership in a digitalized world: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938... ; EY, 2014EY. (2014). Sustaining digital leadership! (Research & Analysis N.2; Digital Leadership Study Series). EY’s Global Technology Center and Global Media & Entertainment Center.; Kotarba, 2018Kotarba, M. (2018). Digital transformation of business models. Foundations of Management, 10(1), 123-142. https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2018-0011 https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2018-0011... ; KPMG, 2017KPMG. (2017). The route to digital business leadership [Survey]. KPMG International Cooperative. https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2017/09/the-route-to-digital-business-leadership.pdf https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/... ; Rosin et al., 2020Rosin, F., Forget, P., Lamouri, S., & Pellerin, R. (2020). Impacts of industry 4.0 technologies on lean principles. International Journal of Production Research, 58(6), 1644-1661. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1672902 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.16... ; Roubini ThoughtLab, 2017Roubini ThoughtLab. (2017). The path to digital leadership (Wealth and Asset Management 2022) [Econsult Solutions]. Roubini ThoughtLab. https://www.broadridge.com/_assets/pdf/wealth-and-asset-management-2022-the-path-to-digital-leadership.pdf https://www.broadridge.com/_assets/pdf/w... ; Satalkina & Steiner, 2020Satalkina, L., & Steiner, G. (2020). Digital entrepreneurship and its role in innovation systems: A systematic literature review as a basis for future research avenues for sustainable transitions. Sustainability, 12(7), 2764. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072764 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072764... ; UCISL, 2017University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership. (2017). Global definitions of leadership and theories of leadership development: Literature Review. University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership. https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/resources/sustainability-leadership/global-definitions-of-leadership https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/resources/sus... ; Wilson, 2004Wilson, E. J. (2004). Leadership in the Digital Age. In G. Goethals, G. Sorenson, & J. Burns (Eds.), Encyclopedia of leadership. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412952392.n199 https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412952392.n1... ; Winkelhaus & Grosse, 2020Winkelhaus, S., & Grosse, E. H. (2020). Logistics 4.0: A systematic review towards a new logistics system. International Journal of Production Research, 58(1), 18-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1612964 https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.16... ; Yücebalkan, 2018Yücebalkan, B. (2018). Digital leadership in the context of digitalization and digital transformations. In Current academic studies in social science 2018, Eds. Eryılmaz, B., Özlü, K., Keskin, Y.B., Yücetürk, C. (8th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 489-505). Gece Kitaplığı. https://www.academia.edu/38309825/Digital_leadership_in_the_context_of_digitalization_and_digital_transformations https://www.academia.edu/38309825/Digita... )
Collaborative	• Beyond-enterprise, networked perspective (awareness of extended organizational and leadership boundaries) • Long-term partnership orientation • Creating a transparent communication and information network based on trust • Involving multiple partners/stakeholders in decision-making • Facilitating collaborative ecosystems based on projects, networks, and transient organizations • Forming an ecosystem of capabilities and deploying resources according to competence • Decision-making for business ecosystems rather than for individual companies • Strategic use of digitalization • Fostering a collaborative culture within the ecosystem • Awareness for network leadership with networking-skills • Facilitating leadership for virtual and global teams collaborating across barriers of diversity and heterogeneity • Recognizing and seizing opportunities • Actively engaging in joint problem resolution and conflict handling by consensus in a cross-cultural, multi-partner environment • Managing risks, uncertainty, and dilemmas collaboratively • Building partnerships based on valuing mutual trust, respect, and obligations • Orchestrating the ecosystem	(Akyuz & Erkan, 2010Akyuz, G. 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Transformational	• Willingness/openness and ability to learn and change • Being people-oriented and technically-minded • Using technology for organizational growth and competitiveness • Rethinking business strategy and models, structure, products, IT, enterprise platforms, mindsets, skill sets, and workplaces • Reengineering in people, process, technology, and structure dimensions • Transforming existing structures via creative processes, multidisciplinary, flexible, and cross-partner teams • Creating an enterprise-wide transformative digital vision, strategy, and transformation plan • Evaluating the readiness of the company to change • Managing DT by providing leadership to guide and implement digital processes • Managing disruptive change • Acting as role models • Coaching and mentoring • Undertaking a digital change agent role • Inspiring, motivating, and stimulating people considering individuals • Managing the cultural change to create and foster a digital culture • Performing simulations and creating what-if scenarios under VUCA conditions • Managing multi-dimensional challenges of implementation toward re-engineered systems • Monitoring and evaluating performance	(Afsar et al., 2017Afsar, B., Badir, Y., Saeed, B., & Hafeez, S. 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EY’s Global Technology Center and Global Media & Entertainment Center.; Hansbrough & Schyns, 2018Hansbrough, T. K., & Schyns, B. (2018). The appeal of transformational leadership. Journal of Leadership Studies, 12(3), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21571 https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21571... ; Jones, 2019Jones, T. L. (2019). A new transformational leadership: A Meadian framework for a new way forward. Leadership, 15(5), 555-575. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715018777341 https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715018777341... ; Kane et al., 2015Kane, G. C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A. N., Kiron, D., & Buckley, N. (2015). Strategy, not technology, drives digital transformation (MIT Sloan Management Review) [Research]. Deloitte University Press. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/fr/Documents/strategy/dup_strategy-not-technology-drives-digital-transformation.pdf https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/De... ; Khan et al., 2018Khan, H. U. R., Ali, M., Olya, H. G. T., Zulqarnain, M., & Khan, Z. R. (2018). Transformational leadership, corporate social responsibility, organizational innovation, and organizational performance: Symmetrical and asymmetrical analytical approaches. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(6), 1270-1283. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1637 https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1637... ; Khan, 2016Khan, S. (2016). Leadership in the digital age: A study on the effects of digitalisation on top management leadership (Master Thesis 30 HP, Stockholm University). https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:971518/FULLTEXT02.pdf https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/div... ; Klaic et al., 2020Klaic, A., Burtscher, M. J., & Jonas, K. (2020). Fostering team innovation and learning by means of team‐centric transformational leadership: The role of teamwork quality. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 93(4), 942-966. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12316 https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12316... ; KPMG, 2017KPMG. (2017). The route to digital business leadership [Survey]. KPMG International Cooperative. https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2017/09/the-route-to-digital-business-leadership.pdf https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/... ; Lawrence, 2013Lawrence, K. (2013). Developing leaders in a VUCA environment [Executive Development]. Ke-nan-Flagler Business School. https://www.emergingrnleader.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/developing-leaders-in-a-vuca-environment.pdf https://www.emergingrnleader.com/wp-cont... ; Le, 2020Le, P. B. (2020). How transformational leadership facilitates radical and incremental innovation: The mediating role of individual psychological capital. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 12(3/4), 205-222. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-04-2020-0129 https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-04-2020-01... ; Lei et al., 2020Lei, H., Leaungkhamma, L., & Le, P. B. (2020). How transformational leadership facilitates innovation capability: The mediating role of employees’ psychological capital. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(4), 481-499. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-06-2019-0245 https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-06-2019-024... ; Li et al., 2015Li, C.-R., Lin, C.-J., & Tien, Y.-H. (2015). CEO transformational leadership and top manager ambidexterity: An empirical study in Taiwan SMEs. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36(8), 927-954. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-03-2014-0054 https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-03-2014-005... ; Majeed et al., 2017Majeed, N., Ramayah, T., Mustamil, N., Nazri, M., & Jamshed, S. (2017). Transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: Modeling emotional intelligence as mediator. Management & Marketing, 12(4), 571-590. https://doi.org/10.1515/mmcks-2017-0034 https://doi.org/10.1515/mmcks-2017-0034... ; Mangundjaya & Adiansyah, 2018Mangundjaya, W. L., & Adiansyah, A. (2018). The impact of trust on transformational leadership and commitment to change. Advanced Science Letters, 24(1), 493-496. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12048 https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12048... ; Matt et al., 2015Matt, C., Hess, T., & Benlian, A. (2015). Digital transformation strategies. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 57(5), 339-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-015-0401-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-015-0401-... ; Oberer & Erkollar, 2018Oberer, B., & Erkollar, A. (2018). Leadership 4.0: Digital leaders in the age of industry 4.0. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 7(4), 404-412. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2018.60332 https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2018.60332... ; Ojha et al., 2018Ojha, D., Acharya, C., & Cooper, D. (2018). Transformational leadership and supply chain ambidexterity: Mediating role of supply chain organizational learning and moderating role of uncertainty. International Journal of Production Economics, 197, 215-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.01.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.01.0... ; Pillai & Williams, 2004Pillai, R., & Williams, E. A. (2004). Transformational leadership, self-efficacy, group cohesiveness, commitment, and performance. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(2),144-159. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810410530584 https://doi.org/10.1108/0953481041053058... ; Ravesteijn & Ongena, 2019Ravesteijn, P., & Ongena, G. (2019). The role of E-leadership in relation to IT capabilities and digital transformation. International Association for the Development of the Information Society.; Robbins & Coulter, 2012Robbins, S. P., & Coulter, M. (2012). Management (11. ed., global ed.). Pearson.; Roubini ThoughtLab, 2017Roubini ThoughtLab. (2017). The path to digital leadership (Wealth and Asset Management 2022) [Econsult Solutions]. Roubini ThoughtLab. https://www.broadridge.com/_assets/pdf/wealth-and-asset-management-2022-the-path-to-digital-leadership.pdf https://www.broadridge.com/_assets/pdf/w... ; Sainger, 2018Sainger, G. (2018). Leadership in Digital Age: A study on the role of leader in this Era of Digital Transformation. International Journal on Leadership, 6(1), 1-6. http://www.publishingindia.com/ijl/60/leadership-in-digital-age-a-study-on-the-role-of-leader-in-this-era-of-digital-transformation/684/4784/ http://www.publishingindia.com/ijl/60/le... ; Seijts & Gandz, 2018Seijts, G. H., & Gandz, J. (2018). Transformational change and leader character. Business Horizons, 61(2), 239-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.11.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.11... ; Subiyanto & Djastut, 2018Subiyanto, D., & Djastut, I. (2018). Transformational leadership, organizational support, and dynamic ambidexterity capabilities in troubleshooting: Strategic efforts to improve lecturer performance. Quality Management, 19(162), 96-102. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=15822559&AN=127607692&h=cZhrmTwQLoQH6aERx3hjo1qlXEyZFzFq3Bn6SajJmUFCuzDr0W9yt3QoKpBMnAK%2FKyAHaiysH3sshYe0MAWxQA%3D%3D&crl=c https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?... ; Tyssen et al., 2014Tyssen, A. K., Wald, A., & Heidenreich, S. (2014). Leadership in the context of temporary organizations: A study on the effects of transactional and transformational leadership on followers’ commitment in projects. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21(4), 376-393. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813502086 https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813502086... ; UCISL, 2017University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership. (2017). Global definitions of leadership and theories of leadership development: Literature Review. University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership. https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/resources/sustainability-leadership/global-definitions-of-leadership https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/resources/sus... ; Vought, 2017Vought, W. X. (2017). E-leadership in practice: The components of transformational leadership in virtual business environments (Dissertation, St. John Fisher College). https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1326&context=education_etd https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/cgi/viewconte... ; Yücebalkan, 2018Yücebalkan, B. (2018). Digital leadership in the context of digitalization and digital transformations. In Current academic studies in social science 2018, Eds. Eryılmaz, B., Özlü, K., Keskin, Y.B., Yücetürk, C. (8th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 489-505). 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Participative	• Being human-oriented • Valuing teamwork • Valuing shared leadership • Valuing within-enterprise and cross-border, empowerment and participation • Managing multi-partner and multi-cultural teams • Designing competence networks and cross-partner intelligence • Managing team competence and task allocation according to skills and capabilities • Ensuring relational transparency and trust • Valuing expertise, culture, and talent development • Providing autonomy to employees, supporting individual work • Counting on employees and teams with self-responsibility for proactive behavior and innovation • Providing freedom to experiment and to learn from faults • Life-long learning	(Cortellazzo et al., 2019Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E., & Zampieri, R. (2019). The role of leadership in a digitalized world: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938... ; Horney et al., 2010Horney, N., Pasmore, B., & O’Shea, T. (2010). Leadership agility: A business imperative for a VUCA world. https://luxorgroup.fr/coaching/wp-content/uploads/Leadership-agility-model.pdf https://luxorgroup.fr/coaching/wp-conten... ; Kane et al., 2015Kane, G. C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A. N., Kiron, D., & Buckley, N. (2015). Strategy, not technology, drives digital transformation (MIT Sloan Management Review) [Research]. Deloitte University Press. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/fr/Documents/strategy/dup_strategy-not-technology-drives-digital-transformation.pdf https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/De... ; Khan, 2016Khan, S. (2016). Leadership in the digital age: A study on the effects of digitalisation on top management leadership (Master Thesis 30 HP, Stockholm University). https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:971518/FULLTEXT02.pdf https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/div... ; Lilian, 2014Lilian, S. C. (2014). Virtual teams: Opportunities and challenges for e-leaders. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 110, 1251-1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.972 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12... ; Mitchell, 2012Mitchell, A. (2012). Interventions for effectively leading in a virtual setting. Business Horizons, 55(5), 431-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2012.03.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2012.03... ; Morrison-Smith & Ruiz, 2020Morrison-Smith, S., & Ruiz, J. (2020). Challenges and barriers in virtual teams: A literature review. SN Applied Sciences, 2(6), 1096. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2801-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2801-... ; Oberer & Erkollar, 2018Oberer, B., & Erkollar, A. (2018). Leadership 4.0: Digital leaders in the age of industry 4.0. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 7(4), 404-412. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2018.60332 https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2018.60332... ; Rao, 2016Rao, M. S. (2016). Collaborate to build effective teams to achieve organizational excellence and effectiveness. Industrial and Commercial Training, 48(1), 24-28. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-01-2015-0010 https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-01-2015-0010... ; Liebert & Trzeciak, 2019Liebert, F., & Trzeciak, M., & (2019). Virtual temporary collaboration networks: A case study of the IT industry. Problemy Zarządzania – Management Issues, 5(85), 56-73. https://doi.org/10.7172/16449584.85.4 https://doi.org/10.7172/16449584.85.4... ; UCISL, 2017University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership. (2017). Global definitions of leadership and theories of leadership development: Literature Review. University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership. https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/resources/sustainability-leadership/global-definitions-of-leadership https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/resources/sus... ; Vought, 2017Vought, W. X. (2017). E-leadership in practice: The components of transformational leadership in virtual business environments (Dissertation, St. John Fisher College). https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1326&context=education_etd https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/cgi/viewconte... ; Webber & Webber, 2015Webber, S. S., & Webber, D. S. (2015). Launching and leading intense teams. Business Horizons, 58(4), 449-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2015.03.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2015.03... ; Yücebalkan, 2018Yücebalkan, B. (2018). Digital leadership in the context of digitalization and digital transformations. In Current academic studies in social science 2018, Eds. Eryılmaz, B., Özlü, K., Keskin, Y.B., Yücetürk, C. (8th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 489-505). Gece Kitaplığı. https://www.academia.edu/38309825/Digital_leadership_in_the_context_of_digitalization_and_digital_transformations https://www.academia.edu/38309825/Digita... )
Agility-focused	• Speed, fitness, flexibility, and responsiveness in VUCA-world • Managing uncertainty and risk collaboratively • Anticipating change and initiating action in VUCA world • Being customer-centric, valuing customer relations and customer engagement for a seamless, omnichannel customer experience • Being service driven • Modularity, speed, scalability and reliability with tight integration of IT architectures	(EY, 2014EY. (2014). Sustaining digital leadership! (Research & Analysis N.2; Digital Leadership Study Series). EY’s Global Technology Center and Global Media & Entertainment Center.; Horney et al., 2010Horney, N., Pasmore, B., & O’Shea, T. (2010). Leadership agility: A business imperative for a VUCA world. https://luxorgroup.fr/coaching/wp-content/uploads/Leadership-agility-model.pdf https://luxorgroup.fr/coaching/wp-conten... ; KPMG, 2017KPMG. (2017). The route to digital business leadership [Survey]. KPMG International Cooperative. https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2017/09/the-route-to-digital-business-leadership.pdf https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/... ; Lawrence, 2013Lawrence, K. (2013). Developing leaders in a VUCA environment [Executive Development]. Ke-nan-Flagler Business School. https://www.emergingrnleader.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/developing-leaders-in-a-vuca-environment.pdf https://www.emergingrnleader.com/wp-cont... ; Roubini ThoughtLab, 2017Roubini ThoughtLab. (2017). The path to digital leadership (Wealth and Asset Management 2022) [Econsult Solutions]. Roubini ThoughtLab. https://www.broadridge.com/_assets/pdf/wealth-and-asset-management-2022-the-path-to-digital-leadership.pdf https://www.broadridge.com/_assets/pdf/w... ; Slagmulder & Devoldere, 2018Slagmulder, R., & Devoldere, B. (2018). Transforming under deep uncertainty: A strategic perspective on risk management. Business Horizons, 61(5), 733-743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.05.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.05... ; Tanniru, 2018Tanniru, M. R. (2018). Digital leadership. In M. Pomffyova (Ed.), Management of information systems. Chapter 6, pp. pp. 93-109. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76045 https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76045... ; Yücebalkan, 2018Yücebalkan, B. (2018). Digital leadership in the context of digitalization and digital transformations. In Current academic studies in social science 2018, Eds. Eryılmaz, B., Özlü, K., Keskin, Y.B., Yücetürk, C. (8th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 489-505). Gece Kitaplığı. https://www.academia.edu/38309825/Digital_leadership_in_the_context_of_digitalization_and_digital_transformations https://www.academia.edu/38309825/Digita... )
Innovation-focused	• Being innovation-centered • Balancing growth and risk related to innovation • Fostering a sustained culture of innovation by inspiring creativity • Having a mindset allowing and rewarding in-house entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship • Divergent thinking by applying new methods and instruments • Valuing the development of digital talent • Innovation for the ecosystem, open co-innovation	(Agger et al., 2015Agger, A., Damgaard, B., Krogh, A., & Sørensen, E. (Eds.). (2015). Collaborative governance and public innovation in Northern Europe. Bentham Science Publisher. https://doi.org/10.2174/97816810801301150101 https://doi.org/10.2174/9781681080130115... ; Arun et al., 2021Arun, K., Begeç, S., & Okun, O. (2021). Intrapreneurial behaviors of organizational members – A conceptual view: How contextual expectations can explain the entrepreneurship roles in organizations? Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 23(1), 24-40. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRME-09-2019-0074 https://doi.org/10.1108/JRME-09-2019-007... ; Begeç & Arun, 2020Begeç, S., & Arun, K. (2020). The bottleneck of intrapreneurship: Are social positions and held expectations constraints in organizations’ entrepreneur process? A conceptual view. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 13(1), 131-151. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-08-2019-0120 https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-08-2019-012... ; Cook, 2016Cook, P. J. (2016). Leading innovation, creativity and enterprise. Industrial and Commercial Training, 48(6), 294-299. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-01-2016-0006 https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-01-2016-0006... ; Cortellazzo et al., 2019Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E., & Zampieri, R. (2019). The role of leadership in a digitalized world: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938... ; Deprez et al., 2018Deprez, J., Leroy, H., & Euwema, M. (2018). Three chronological steps toward encouraging intrapreneurship: Lessons from the Wehkamp case. Business Horizons, 61(1), 135-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.09.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.09... ; EY, 2014EY. (2014). Sustaining digital leadership! (Research & Analysis N.2; Digital Leadership Study Series). EY’s Global Technology Center and Global Media & Entertainment Center.; Fenton et al., 2020Fenton, K., Saksena, A., Pawlowski, B. K., & Narsalay, R. (2020). Supply chain ecosystems: Moving from spoke to hub [Research Report]. Accenture. https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/PDF-121/Accenture-Supply-Chain-Ecosystems-Moving-From-Spoke-to-Hub.pdf https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/PDF-... ; Guinan et al., 2019Guinan, P. J., Parise, S., & Langowitz, N. (2019). Creating an innovative digital project team: Levers to enable digital transformation. Business Horizons, 62(6), 717-727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.07.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.07... ; Horney et al., 2010Horney, N., Pasmore, B., & O’Shea, T. (2010). Leadership agility: A business imperative for a VUCA world. https://luxorgroup.fr/coaching/wp-content/uploads/Leadership-agility-model.pdf https://luxorgroup.fr/coaching/wp-conten... ; KPMG, 2017KPMG. (2017). The route to digital business leadership [Survey]. KPMG International Cooperative. https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2017/09/the-route-to-digital-business-leadership.pdf https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/xx/... ; Le et al., 2020Le, P. B., Lei, H., Le, T. T., Gong, J., & Ha, A. T. (2020). Developing a collaborative culture for radical and incremental innovation: The mediating roles of tacit and explicit knowledge sharing. Chinese Management Studies, 14(4), 957-975. https://doi.org/10.1108/CMS-04-2019-0151 https://doi.org/10.1108/CMS-04-2019-0151... ; Mainemelis et al., 2015Mainemelis, C., Kark, R., & Epitropaki, O. (2015). Creative leadership: A multi-context conceptualization. Academy of Management Annals, 9(1), 393-482. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2015.1024502 https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2015.10... ; Oberer & Erkollar, 2018Oberer, B., & Erkollar, A. (2018). Leadership 4.0: Digital leaders in the age of industry 4.0. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 7(4), 404-412. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2018.60332 https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2018.60332... ; Okun et al., 2020Okun, O., Arun, K., & Begec, S. (2020). Intrapreneurship and expectations restrictions. Dimensión Empresarial, 18(2), 140-151. https://doi.org/10.15665/dem.v18i2.2181 https://doi.org/10.15665/dem.v18i2.2181... ; Raza, 2016Raza, B. (2016). Leadership 4.0 [Module: Management Competencies 1(MC1)]. University of Applied Sciences. https://www.academia.edu/25513158/LEADERSHIP_4_0_Module_Management_Competencies_1_MC1_MBA_Aviation_Enrolment_number_1042342 https://www.academia.edu/25513158/LEADER... ; Roubini ThoughtLab, 2017Roubini ThoughtLab. (2017). The path to digital leadership (Wealth and Asset Management 2022) [Econsult Solutions]. Roubini ThoughtLab. https://www.broadridge.com/_assets/pdf/wealth-and-asset-management-2022-the-path-to-digital-leadership.pdf https://www.broadridge.com/_assets/pdf/w... ; Super, 2020Super, J. F. (2020). Building innovative teams: Leadership strategies across the various stages of team development. Business Horizons, 63(4), 553-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.04.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.04... ; Tanniru, 2018Tanniru, M. R. (2018). Digital leadership. In M. Pomffyova (Ed.), Management of information systems. Chapter 6, pp. pp. 93-109. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76045 https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76045... ; UCISL, 2017University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership. (2017). Global definitions of leadership and theories of leadership development: Literature Review. University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership. https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/resources/sustainability-leadership/global-definitions-of-leadership https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/resources/sus... ; Utoyo et al., 2020Utoyo, I., Fontana, A., & Satrya, A. (2020). The role of entrepreneurial leadership and configuring core innovation capabilities to enhance innovation performance in a disruptive environment. International Journal of Innovation Management, 24(6), 2050060. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919620500607 https://doi.org/10.1142/S136391962050060... ; Yücebalkan, 2018Yücebalkan, B. (2018). Digital leadership in the context of digitalization and digital transformations. In Current academic studies in social science 2018, Eds. Eryılmaz, B., Özlü, K., Keskin, Y.B., Yücetürk, C. (8th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 489-505). Gece Kitaplığı. https://www.academia.edu/38309825/Digital_leadership_in_the_context_of_digitalization_and_digital_transformations https://www.academia.edu/38309825/Digita... )

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