Systematic review of the synergist muscle ablation model for compensatory hypertrophy

Terena, Stella Maris Lins; Fernandes, Kristianne Porta Santos; Bussadori, Sandra Kalill; Deana, Alessandro Melo; Mesquita-Ferrari, Raquel Agnelli

doi:10.1590/1806-9282.63.02.164

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REVIEW ARTICLES • Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. 63 (2) • Feb 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.63.02.164 copy

Systematic review of the synergist muscle ablation model for compensatory hypertrophy

Revisão sistemática do modelo de ablação dos músculos sinérgicos na hipertrofia compensatória

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Summary

Objective:

The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of the experimental synergists muscle ablation model to promote muscle hypertrophy, determine the period of greatest hypertrophy and its influence on muscle fiber types and determine differences in bilateral and unilateral removal to reduce the number of animals used in this model.

Method:

Following the application of the eligibility criteria for the mechanical overload of the plantar muscle in rats, nineteen papers were included in the review.

Results:

The results reveal a greatest hypertrophy occurring between days 12 and 15, and based on the findings, synergist muscle ablation is an efficient model for achieving rapid hypertrophy and the contralateral limb can be used as there was no difference between unilateral and bilateral surgery, which reduces the number of animals used in this model.

Conclusion:

This model differs from other overload models (exercise and training) regarding the characteristics involved in the hypertrophy process (acute) and result in a chronic muscle adaptation with selective regulation and modification of fast-twitch fibers in skeletal muscle. This is an efficient and rapid model for compensatory hypertrophy.

Keywords:
ablation of synergists; compensatory hypertrophy; experimental models; muscle mass; skeletal muscle cross-sectional area

Article	Ablation of synergists	Study design	Data collection	Outcomes (compared to control)
Adams et al.⁴4 Adams GR, Haddad F, Baldwin KM. Time course of changes in markers of myogenesis in overloaded rat skeletal muscles. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1999; 87(5):1705-12.	Unilateral	Plantar mass Rat body mass	6, 12, 24 and 48 h 3, 7 and 12 days	12 d Body mass (g) (226 ± 5 to 257 ± 6) Muscle mass (mg/g) (1.07 ± 0.02 to 1.73 ± 0.18)
Dunn et al.⁶⁴64 Dunn SE, Burn JL, Michel RN. Calcineurin is required for skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274:21908-12.	Bilateral	Cross-sectional area of muscle	7, 14 and 28 days	28 d Cross-sectional area increased 75% compared to control
Bodine et al⁵5 Bodine SC, Stitt TN, Gonzalez M, Kline WO, Stover GL, Bauerlein R, et al. Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo. Nat Cell Biol. 2001; 3(11):1014-9.	Bilateral	Muscle mass	7, 14 and 30 days	7 d Muscle mass increased by 25% 14 d Muscle mass increased by 38%
Adams et al.⁶⁵65 Adams GR, Caiozzo VJ, Haddad F, Baldwin KM. Cellular and molecular responses to increased skeletal muscle loading after irradiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002; 283(4):C1182-95.	Bilateral	Cross-sectional area	6 and 24 h 3, 7, 15 and 90 days	90 d 46% increase in cross-sectional area of muscle fibers
Lee et al.⁶²62 Lee WJ, Thompson RW, McClung JM, Carson JA. Regulation of androgen receptor expression at the onset of functional overload in rat plantaris muscle. Am J Physiol Reg Integr Comp Physiol. 2003; 285(5):R1076-85.	Bilateral	Muscle mass	1, 3, 7 and 21 days	1 d Increased by 10% 3 d Increased by 31% 21 d Increased by 21%
Yamaguchi et al.¹²12 Yamaguchi A, Ikeda Y, Hirai T, Fujikawa T, Morita I. Local changes of IGF-1 mRNA, GH receptor MRNA, and fiber size in rat plantaris muscle following compensatory overload. Jpn J Physiol. 2003; 53:53-60.	Unilateral	Cross-sectional area	3 and 14 days	14 d Increased by 43.3 ± 3.8%
Sakuma et al.⁶³63 Sakuma K, Watanabe K, Sano M, Uramoto I, Totsuka T. Differential adaptation of growth and differentiation factor 8/myostatin, fibroblast growth factor 6 and leukemia inhibitory factor in overloaded, regenerating and denervated rat muscles. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000; 1497(1):77-88.	Unilateral	Muscle mass	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14 and 28 days	1 d Increased by 56% 3 d Increased by 40,9% 6 d Increased by 31.3 % 10 d Increased by 44.8 % 14 d Increased by 46.8% 28 d Increased by 76.2%
Pehme et al.¹⁴14 Pehme A, Alev K, Julkunen A, Seene T. The effect of mechanical loading on the MyHC synthesis rate and composition in rat plantaris muscle. Int J Sports Med. 2004; 25(5):332-8.	Bilateral	Muscle mass	14 days	14 d Increased by 40%
DiPasquale et al.¹1 DiPasquale DM, Cheng M, Billich W, Huang SA, Rooijen N, Hornberger TA, et al. Urokinase - type plasminogen activator and macrophages are required for skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007; 293(4):1278-85.	Bilateral	Cross-sectional area	1, 3, 5 and 14 days	3 d Increase in peak edema No statistical difference in cross-sectional area of muscle in 3 days
Marino et al.⁶6 Marino JS, Taush BJ, Dearth CL, Manacci MV, McLoughlin TJ, Rakyta SJ, et al. Beta2-integrins contribute to skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008; 295(4):1026-36.	Bilateral	Cross-sectional area Peak edema	3, 7 and 14 days	3 d Statistical difference in cross-sectional area of muscle Retention of 90% water 7 d 5% Increase in cross-sectional area of muscle Retention of 70% water 14 d 21% increase in cross-sectional area of muscle Retention of 45% water
Novack et al.¹⁸18 Novack ML, Billich W, Smith S, Sukhija KB, McLoughlin TJ, Hornberger TA, et al. COX-2 inhibitor reduces skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009; 296(4):R1132-9.	Bilateral	Plantar mass Peak edema	1, 3, 5 and 14 days	14 d 80% increase in muscle mass Peak edema in 5 days
Huey et al.¹⁹19 Huey KA, Burdette S, Zhong H, Roy RR. Early response of heat shock proteins to functional overload of the soleus and plantaris in rats and mice. Exp Physiol. 2010; 95(12):1145-55.	Bilateral	Relative and absolute plantaris muscle	12 h, 1, 2, 3 and 7 days	7 d Relative mass increased by 15% Absolute mass increased by 21%
Pavaresh et al.²2 Pavaresh KC, Huber AM, Brochin RL, Bacon PL, McCall G.E, Huey KA, et al. Acute vascular endothelial growth factor expression during hypertrophy is muscle phenotype specific and localizes as a striated pattern within fibers. Exp Physiol. 2010; 95(11):1098-106.	Bilateral	Absolute and relative mass	3 and 7 days	3 d Absolute mass increased by 10% Relative mass increased by 18% 7 d Absolute mass increased by 21% Relative mass increased by 20%
Goodman et al.⁷7 Goodman CA, Mayhew DL, Hornberger TA. Recent progress toward understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle mass. Cell Signal. 2011; 23(12):1896-906.	Bilateral	Cross-sectional area	7 and 14 days	14 d Increased by 30%
Schuenke et al.⁹9 Schuenke MD, Brooks NE, Hikida RS. Interactions of aging, overload and creatine supplementation in rat plantaris muscle. J Aging Res. 2011; 2011:393416.	Bilateral	Cross-sectional area	28 days	28 d Increased by 35% in young rats Increased by 21% in older rats
Goodman et al.⁸8 Goodman CA, Kotecki JA, Jacobs BL, Hornberger TA. Muscle fiber type-dependent differences in the regulation of protein synthesis. PLoS One. 2012; 7(5):e37890.	Bilateral	Cross-sectional area	10 days	10 d 1,000 ± 60 vs. 2,000 ± 200 (µm2)
Gordon et al.²⁰20 Gordon BS, Delgado Dias DC, White JP, Carson JA, Kostec MC. Six1 and Six1 cofactor expression is altered during early skeletal muscle overload in mice. J Physiol Sci. 2012; 62(5):393-401.	Bilateral	Muscle mass	1 and 3 days	1 d Increased by 48 ± 9% (m±SD) 3 d Increased by 73 ± 17% (m±SD)
Bentzinger et al.⁶¹61 Bentzinger CF, Lin S, Romanino K, Castets P, Guridi M, Summermatter S, et al. Differential response of skeletal muscles to mTORC1 signaling during atrophy and hypertrophy. Skelet Muscle. 2013; 3(1):6.	Unilateral	Muscle mass	7 and 28 days	7 d Increased by 90% 28 d Increased by 120%

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[1] *Correspondence: Departamento de Pós-Graduação, Uninove. Address: Rua Vergueiro, 249, Liberdade São Paulo, SP - Brazil. Postal code: 01504-001. raquel.mesquita@gmail.com