Breastfeeding success in the first 6 months of online breastfeeding counseling after cesarean delivery and its effect on anthropometric measurements of the baby: a randomized controlled study

SUMMARY

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of online breastfeeding counseling after cesarean section on breastfeeding success and anthropometric measurements of the baby in the first 6 months.

METHODS:

The study was conducted with single-blind randomized controlled experimental research design and performed with 151 primiparous women as intervention (n=76) and control (n=75) groups. The mothers were given training in the first 24 h postpartum by applying the “Data Collection Form,” “Breastfeeding and Infant Follow-up Form,” and “Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale – Short Form,” who followed up at the first and sixth months, and further again for 6 months.

RESULTS:

Although there was no difference and homogeneity at the beginning of study among the participants in the intervention group compared with the control group, it was observed that the breastfeeding rates at the first and sixth months were higher and significant. When the anthropometric measurements of the participants in both the groups were compared, it was found that there was a significant difference between the measurements of height and weight at discharge, first, and sixth months. Breastfeeding self-efficacy scores in the intervention group were significantly higher at discharge, 4 weeks postpartum, and 6 months postpartum than those in the control group (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Breastfeeding training and online counseling given to mothers who give birth by cesarean section during the early postpartum period increased breastfeeding rates and self-sufficiency, and the anthropometric measurements of babies were found to be higher at healthy limits.

KEYWORDS:
Breastfeeding; Self-sufficiency; Cesarean section; Counseling

INTRODUCTION

Breast milk is the most important food source that protects the health of the children and helps them to survive¹,². Given its short- and long-term benefits, it should be considered that breastfeeding is not only a feeding option but also a priority for public health³,⁴. But mothers can face with premature cessation of breastfeeding for various reasons⁵,⁶. In particular, the idea that milk is not enough itself, improper placement in the breast, and nipple problems are among the most important reasons that negatively affect breastfeeding success⁷,⁸. Also, the pain experienced by women who delivered by cesarean section negatively affects their breastfeeding abilities and the adverse effects of breastfeeding in turn results in a failed perception of self-sufficiency related to breastfeeding⁹–¹¹. Breastfeeding is a behavior that needs knowledge, skills, support, and self-confidence of the mother. In a study, it was reported that the presence of social support in breastfeeding mothers increased breastfeeding self-efficacy¹². Breastfeeding training and counseling provided by health professionals plays an important role in the effective initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding¹³,¹⁴. Studies report that those who had breastfeeding training and counseling during the postpartum period have less breastfeeding difficulties and higher and longer breastfeeding rates¹¹,¹³.

In the consultation held by health professionals, it is important to observe and evaluate breastfeeding and to place the baby in the breast with the right technique. Furthermore, although breastfeeding self-sufficiency is lower in the studies of mothers who delivered by cesarean¹², there is limited research in the literature evaluating the effect of counseling on mothers delivered by cesarean section on breastfeeding success, self-sufficiency, and neonatal anthropometric outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of online breastfeeding counseling after cesarean section on breastfeeding success and anthropometric measurements of the baby in the first 6 months.

METHODS

This study is a single-blind randomized controlled trial conducted on mothers who delivered by cesarean section research design. Before starting data collection, necessary permissions were obtained from the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (ethics number: 199).

Population

The sample size of this study was determined using the G*Power (version 3.1.7) program. Franco-Antonio et al.¹³ in a randomized controlled study that evaluated the effect of motivational intervention in the postpartum period on breastfeeding time and self-worth in the first 6 months, and examined a difference of 0.08% between the groups (80% strength and α=0.50%), found that a minimum of 79 mothers in each group should be included in sampling.

Inclusion criteria

1. The mother’s cognitive level is sufficient to understand and answer the questions

2. 18–35 years old

3. Being primipar

4. Having a single pregnancy

5. Gestational age at birth between 37 and 42 weeks

6. Birth by cesarean section

7. Birth to a live newborn

Exclusion criteria

1. Mother pumping or having problems with the breast

Extraction criteria

1. Inaccessible in follow-ups

Randomization and blinding

During the study process, 467 mothers were interviewed and then 158 eligible and volunteered mothers who participated in the study were included in the randomization. The mothers included in the study were randomized into two groups (group A and group B) using the https://randomizer.org/ site. As a result, the research was completed with a total of 151 mothers, including 76 in the intervention group and 75 in the control group. The registration, assignment, follow-up, and analysis steps of the study were shown using CONSORT 2018 (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Consort flowchart was created to show compliance.

In the study, mothers were blind to each other in terms of practice, and blind to the groups involved in the study in terms of statistical analysis and reporting. Training and consultancy intervention and follow-up were carried out by researchers (FSB) who could not be blind to applications. Randomization and data collection were carried out by another researcher (AYK). Data collection forms were applied face-to-face. To prevent bias, the researcher (FSB) did not participate in any steps of the pre-evaluation, final test, and statistical evaluation process.

Data collection tools

The data were obtained using “Data Collection Form,” “Breastfeeding and Infant Monitoring Form,” and “Breastfeeding Self-Proficiency Scale – Short Form.”

Data collection form

It was created by scanning literature of the researchers¹⁴–¹⁹. The design for the form consisted of 14 questions.

Breastfeeding and baby monitoring form

It was created by scanning literature of the researchers¹³,¹⁴,¹⁷. The form consists of 11 questions, including for breastfeeding problems and for aiming the anthropometric measurements of the baby.

Breastfeeding self-proficiency scale – short form

It was developed by Bandura²⁰ and Tokat et al.²¹ and consists of a total of 14 questions evaluating breastfeeding self-sufficiency in Turkish validity and reliability breastfeeding. The scale is a 5-point Likert scale and the minimum score from the scale is 14 and the maximum score is 70. Higher scores indicate higher levels of self-sufficiency in breastfeeding. The Cronbach’s alpha value of the scale was found to be 0.86 and was determined to be a reliable scale. In this study, Cronbach’s alpha value was found to be 0.92.

Data collection method

Stage I: All primiparous mothers who delivered by cesarean section were randomized into intervention and control groups in the first 24 h after birth. The randomized researcher assigned the distribution of mothers into the control and intervention groups and did not share them with the other researcher. Data Collection Form and Breastfeeding Self-Proficiency Scale – Short Form was applied to mothers who met the sample selection criteria.

Stage II: In addition to the routine care of the clinic, breastfeeding techniques were applied to the mothers in the intervention group using demonstration method to develop breastfeeding skills after the importance of breastfeeding and breast milk was explained verbally with a face-to-face interview technique. Mothers were given a breastfeeding training manual developed by researchers at the end of the training. The women in the control group received routine care at the clinic.

Stage III: Breastfeeding counseling was provided to the mothers in the intervention group by asking about breastfeeding problems via an online interview method for 6 months. Mothers were given three follow-ups and repeated data measurements were collected at discharge and postpartum at 1 and 6 months.

Data analysis

The SPSS software (version 24) was used for data analysis. Sociodemographic characteristics, breastfeeding attitudes, and behaviors of both groups were compared using independent t-test and ANOVA, paired t-test, and variance analysis test in repeated measurements. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

The mean age of the participants was 26.56±6.36 years in the control group and 25.56±7.36 years in the intervention group; the number of high school graduates was 48 (63.3%) in the control group and 47 (62.6%) in the intervention group, and the number of planned pregnancy was 52 (68.4%) in the control group and 55 (73.3%) in the intervention group. It was observed that the first breastfeeding time was 46 min (60.5%) in the control group and 39 min (52.0%) in the intervention group, for the first 30–60 min, and there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of sociodemographic and postpartum characteristics (p>0.05).

Compared with the breastfeeding status of the mothers, it was found that there was no significant difference in the rates of breastfeeding after childbirth, the time of the first breastfeeding, and the breastfeeding in the discharge. Breastfeeding rates in the first and sixth months in the control group were higher and more significant than mothers in the intervention group. Compared with anthropometric measurements of infants in both the groups, the difference between discharge, height, and weight measurements in the first and sixth months was significant (p<0.000), while the difference between head measurements was not significant (p>0.05) (Table 1).

Table 1
Comparison of the characteristics and babies’ anthropometric measurements of control and intervention group mothers regarding breastfeeding at 6 months (n=151).

Parameters			Control group (n=75)	Intervention group (n=76)	F/p-value
			n (%)	n (%)
Breastfeeding only status
	At discharge
		Yes No	69 (92.19) 6 (7.81)	76 (100) –	-1.351 0.181
	In the first month
		Yes No	54 (71.87) 21 (28.12)	73 (96.87) 3 (3.12)	-3.142 0.002
	In the sixth month
		Yes No	19 (25.28) 56 (74.72)	40 (52.25) 36 (47.75)	-1.528 0.000
		t***** p	0.518 0.097	-3.327 0.001
Stop breastfeeding
	At discharge
		Yes No	0 75 (100)	0 76 (100)	0.413 0.098
	In the first month
		Yes No	4 (5.19) 71 (94.81)	0 76 (100)	75.00 0.000
	In the sixth month
		Yes No	24 (31.81) 51 (67.19)	0 76 (100) 100	68.00 0.000
		t***** p	0.345 0.067	-2.127 0.000
Pacifier/Bottle use
	At discharge
		Yes No	19 (25.28) 56 (74.72)	4 (4.68) 72 (95.32)	-6.278 0.000
	In the first month
		Yes No	39 (52.25) 36 (47.75)	19 (25.28) 57 (74.72)	-3.465 0.000
	In the sixth month
		Yes No	50 (67.19) 25 (31.81)	21 (28.25) 55 (71.75)	-1.758 0.000
		t***** p	0.218 0.045	-1.276 0.001
			$\overline{\mathbf{x}}\pm \text{SD}$ (n=75)	$\overline{\mathbf{x}}\pm \text{SD}$ (n=76)
Weight
	At discharge		3276.84±392.134	3255.17±422.40	.318 0.001
	In the first month		4023.26±469.96	3878.81±457.18	2.240 0.000
	In the sixth month		8545.24±239.324	9245.37±332.221	1.187 0.000
	t p		-2.082 0.037	-0.840 0.001
Height
	At discharge		49.62±2.01	49.62±2.01	4.324 0.000
	In the first month		52.51±2.11	56.82±1.23	-3.842 0.000
	In the sixth month		65.89±2.32	69.89±2.32	-2.765 0.000
	t p		-1.034 0.004	-0.402 0.001
Head
	At discharge		35.22±1.02	35.22±1.02	-0.371 0.078
	In the first month		36.24±1.15	36.82±1.23	0.184 0.084
	In the sixth month		39.45±1.22	39.65±1.33	0.174 0.074
	t p		-3.026 0.065	-1.645 0.075

• SD: standard deviation. Bold italics: p<0.05.

Breastfeeding self-sufficiency scores in the intervention group were significantly higher in discharge, 4 weeks after birth, and 6 months after birth than in the control group (p<0.05). The breastfeeding self-sufficiency scores of the women in the intervention group after discharge first increased, then somewhat decreased, and tended to rise as a whole. In the control group, the breastfeeding self-sufficiency score increased first, then decreased, and tended to decline as a whole (Table 2).

Table 2
Comparison of breastfeeding self-efficiency scores of control and intervention group babies (n=151).

Group	n	BSES – discharge $\overline{\mathbf{x}}\pm \text{SD}$	BSES – first month $\overline{\mathbf{x}}\pm \text{SD}$	BSES – sixth month $\overline{\mathbf{x}}\pm \text{SD}$	t/F p-value
Intervention	76	59.49±8.46	57.74±7.32	67.56±6.49	-3.142 0.002
Control	75	54.29±6.36	56.38±6.49	52.53±5.56	-1.351 0.181
F p	151	-2.082 0.037	-0.840 0.401	5.237 0.001

• SD: standard deviation; BSES: breastfeeding self-efficiency scores. Bold italics: p<0.05.

DISCUSSION

This research was carried out as a single-blind, randomized controlled study to examine the effect of breastfeeding training and counseling on breastfeeding time, attitude and self-sufficiency, and anthropometric measurements of the baby in the first 6 months. As a result of the study, breastfeeding training and online counseling increased breastfeeding self-proficiency scores, longer breastfeeding times, and higher anthropometric measurements. According to the results of the study, it is possible to say that breastfeeding education given to primiparous mothers in the early postpartum period positively affects breastfeeding.

After discharge, the mother’s professional support for breastfeeding will increase its success¹². In this study, breastfeeding rates were higher in the first and sixth months compared with the control group of the mothers in the mid-first and sixth months, and there was a significant difference between them. According to a systematic review and methane study, it has been reported that three or more training and counseling interventions in the prenatal and postpartum period, both through face-to-face training and telephonic follow-up, can only be effective in increasing breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding for 6 months¹⁸. It is observed that the results of the research are parallel with the literature. This suggests that mothers need breastfeeding training and post-discharge counseling. It can be said that it will be possible to increase breastfeeding rates by providing the necessary training and counseling. In a study by Chan et al.¹⁹ in Hong Kong, it was reported that postpartum did not affect breastfeeding rates of mothers who received telephonic counseling once after 2 weeks. The fact that this finding differs from the research finding, cultural differences, and the small number of consultations can be associated.

Breastfeeding and human milk are known to protect the child’s health and ensure the best nutrition of the baby, maintain immunity, and regulate growth, development, and metabolism¹,¹³. In this study, it was found that the discharge of infants in the midge’s group was higher in height-weight measurements in the first and sixth months compared with those in the control group, and there was a significant difference between them. It has been reported that the intervention of mobile phone assisted breastfeeding counseling in Nigeria is associated with the weight of babies in only the sixth month of anthropometric characteristics¹⁹. In another study, it was reported that the height and weight after breastfeeding education intervention were higher in the intervention group in the second postpartum month, while in the 12th month, when the difference decreased in 6 months, there was almost no difference²⁰. The results of the literature differ in themselves and with the findings of the research. This suggests that nutrition alone cannot be a parameter in infant and child development. The difference seen in infants receiving breast milk, especially in the first months, may be associated with breastfeeding reducing morbidity.

Breastfeeding self-sufficiency is related to how satisfied the mother feels about breastfeeding. The higher the self-sufficiency, the healthier the initiation and maintaining the breastfeeding²¹. In this study, breastfeeding self-proficiency scores of mothers in the intervention group were higher in discharge, in the first month and sixth month after birth, and there was a significant difference between them. Shi et al.²¹ reported in a systematic review of 15 intervention studies conducted in developing countries that effective health education interventions can improve breastfeeding knowledge level and help improve better breastfeeding behaviors. In a study with mothers with gestational diabetes, You et al.⁷ reported that the breastfeeding self-sufficiency scores of mothers in the intervention group were significantly higher than those of mothers in the control group at discharge, sixth week, fourth month, and sixth month after childbirth¹¹. It is seen that the studies are consistent with the research findings. This may be thought to be related to knowledge and encouragement in the education and counseling process of breastfeeding self-sufficiency in mothers.

Limitations

While the fact that the research is carried out in a single center reflects a certain sociocultural segment applying to the institution, the inclusion of cesarean mothers prevents them from generalizing to vaginal-born pregnant women.

CONCLUSIONS

It was found that early breastfeeding education and online breastfeeding counseling given to mothers who gave birth by cesarean section extended the breastfeeding period, increased the breastfeeding self-efficacy score, and increased the anthropometric measurements of the babies at healthy levels.

• Funding: none.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to mothers who contributed to the research data collection and our daughters Umay and Gökçe Doğa.

REFERENCES

• ¹
  World Health Organization. Breastfeeding. Geneva: Who; 2021 [cited on Feb 24, 2021]. Available from: https://www.who.int/topics/breastfeeding/en/
  » https://www.who.int/topics/breastfeeding/en/
• ²
  Horta BL, Bahl R, Martinés JC, Victora CG, World Health Organization. Evidence on the long-term effects of breastfeeding: systematic review and meta-analyses. Geneva: Who; 2021[cited on Mar 12, 2021]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43623
  » https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43623
• ³
  Bilgen H, Kültürsay N, Türkyılmaz C. Turkish society of neonatology. Healthy term baby nutrition guide. Turk Pediatric Ars. 2018;53(Suppl 1):128-37. https://doi.org/10.5152/TurkPediatriArs.2018.01813
  » https://doi.org/10.5152/TurkPediatriArs.2018.01813
• ⁴
  Franco-Antonio C, Calderón-García JF, Santano-Mogena E, Rico-Martín S, Cordovilla-Guardia S. Effectiveness of a brief motivational intervention to increase the breastfeeding duration in the first 6 months postpartum: Randomized controlled trial. J Adv Nurs. 2020;76(3):888-902. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14274
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14274
• ⁵
  Boran P. Evidence-based approach to breastfeeding problems. OJM. 2020:35-40. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.681551
  » https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.681551
• ⁶
  Dolgun G, İnal S, Erdim L, Korkut S. Evaluation of Breastfeeding. HSP. 2019;6(2):419-26. https://doi.org/10.17681/hsp.455092
  » https://doi.org/10.17681/hsp.455092
• ⁷
  You H, Lei A, Xiang J, Wang Y, Luo B, Hu J. Effects of breastfeeding education based on the self-efficacy theory on women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a CONSORT-compliant randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(16):e19643. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000019643
  » https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000019643
• ⁸
  Ergezen Y, Emine EFE, Özdöl FÇ, Dikmen Ş. Doğum sonu dönemde annelerin emzirme öz-yeterlilik algıları ile emzirme başarıları arasındaki ilişki. DEUHFED. 2021;14(3):217-23. https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.675733
  » https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.675733
• ⁹
  Huang Y, Ouyang YQ, Redding SR. Previous breastfeeding experience and its influence on breastfeeding outcomes in subsequent births: a systematic review. Women Birth. 2019;32(4):303-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2018.09.003
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2018.09.003
• ¹⁰
  Souza EFDC, Pina-Oliveira AA, Shimo AKK. Effect of a breastfeeding educational intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2020;28:e3335. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.3081.3335
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.3081.3335
• ¹¹
  Nilsson IMS, Strandberg-Larsen K, Knight CH, Hansen AV, Kronborg H. Focused breastfeeding counselling improves short- and long-term success in an early-discharge setting: a cluster-randomized study. Matern Child Nutr. 2017;13(4):e12432. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12432
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12432
• ¹²
  Maleki-Saghooni N, Amel Barez M, Karimi FZ. Investigation of the relationship between social support and breastfeeding self-efficacy in primiparous breastfeeding mothers. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(18):3097-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2019.1568986
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2019.1568986
• ¹³
  Franco-Antonio C, Santano-Mogena E, Chimento-Díaz S, Sánchez-García P, Cordovilla-Guardia S. A randomised controlled trial evaluating the effect of a brief motivational intervention to promote breastfeeding in postpartum depression. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):373. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04338-w
  » https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04338-w
• ¹⁴
  Wong MS, Mou H, Chien WT. Effectiveness of educational and supportive intervention for primiparous women on breastfeeding related outcomes and breastfeeding self-efficacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2021;117:103874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103874
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103874
• ¹⁵
  Chan MY, Ip WY, Choi KC. The effect of a self-efficacy-based educational programme on maternal breast feeding self-efficacy, breast feeding duration and exclusive breast feeding rates: a longitudinal study. Midwifery. 2016;36:92-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.03.003
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.03.003
• ¹⁶
  Aluş Tokat M, Okumuş H, Dennis CL. Translation and psychometric assessment of the Breast-feeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form among pregnant and postnatal women in Turkey. Midwifery. 2010;26(1):101-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2008.04.002
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2008.04.002
• ¹⁷
  Doğancı P, Özsoy S. Breastfeeding and tandem breastfeeding during pregnancy. Turkey Clinics J Nurs Sci. 2019;11(2):190-9.
• ¹⁸
  Kılcı H, Çoban A. The correlation between breastfeeding success in the early postpartum period and the perception of self-efficacy in breastfeeding and breast problems in the late postpartum. Breastfeed Med. 2016;11:188-95. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2015.0046
  » https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2015.0046
• ¹⁹
  Işık G, Cetişli NE, Başkaya VA. Doğum şekline göre annelerin postpartum ağrı, yorgunluk düzeyleri ve emzirme öz-yeterlilikleri. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi. 2018;11(3):224-32.
• ²⁰
  Ogaji DS, Arthur AO, George I. Effectiveness of mobile phone-based support on exclusive breastfeeding and infant growth in nigeria: a randomized controlled trial. J Trop Pediatr. 2021;67(1):fmaa076. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmaa076
  » https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmaa076
• ²¹
  Shi H, Yang Y, Yin X, Li J, Fang J, Wang X. Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months in China: a cross-sectional study. Int Breastfeed J. 2021;16(1):40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-021-00388-y
  » https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-021-00388-y

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  21 Nov 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  06 July 2022
• Accepted
  21 July 2022