Efficiency in higher education. Empirical study in public universities of Colombia and Spain

Ramírez-Gutiérrez, Zoraida; Barrachina-Palanca, Mercedes; Ripoll-Feliu, Vicente

doi:10.1590/0034-761220190232x

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ARTICLE • Rev. Adm. Pública 54 (3) • May-Jun 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220190232x copy

Efficiency in higher education. Empirical study in public universities of Colombia and Spain

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

In recent decades, Iberoamerican universities have introduced new quality assessment and accountability schemes, inspired by the New Public Management (NGP) model. In this context, efficiency in the distribution of public funds and obtaining the maximum possible return are a priority. Thus, measuring efficiency in the public sector, and specifically in higher education, has become a challenge for accounting science. The objective of this work is a proposal to calculate efficiency indices with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models, introducing a previous step through the Analysis of Canonical Correlation (ACC). Using this technique, the aim is to improve discrimination capacity and overcome monodimensionality and lack of reliability in the representativeness of the chosen input and output variables. The study is applied in the public universities of Colombia and Spain during the years 2015 and 2016. The results obtained demonstrate the convenience of applying this preliminary step in the multivariate analysis. This reinforces the need to explore more rigorous methodologies in stages before and after the calculation of the efficiency indices. This practice increases confidence when using the indices to formulate policies and manage resources for the sector.

Keywords:
higher education; canonical correlation analysis; data envelopment analysis DEA; efficiency; university rankings

COLOMBIA				SPAIN
INPUT VARIABLES (Independent) (Prdedictive) (Explicative)		OUTPUT VARIABLES (Dependent) (Criterion) (Explained)		INPUT VARIABLES (Independent) (Predictive) (Explicative)		OUTPUT VARIABLES (Dependent) (Criterion) (Explained)
PROF_TCE:	Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Faculty	GRAD_PREG	Degree graduates	PROF_TCE	Full-Time Equivalent research and teaching staff	GRAD_PREG	Degree graduates
ICAL_PDI	Quality index of teaching and research staff	GRAD_POST	Postgraduate graduates	ICAL_PDI	Percentage of pdi doctor	GRAD_POST	Masters graduates
NUM_ADM	Full-Time Equivalent Administrative Staff	GRUP_INV	Research Groups	NUM_ADM	Administrative and service staff PAS	PUB_WOS	Publications in Scopus and Web of Science
M2_USO_MISIONAL	Missionary space in m2	REV_INDEX	Indexed Journals	TRANSF_EST	Total public transfers
TRANSFER_NACION	Resources transferred by the State in COP	TOTAL_PUB_SCOPUS	Cumulative total number of Publications in Scopus
TOTAL: 10 Variables (5 inputs - 5 outputs)				TOTAL: 7 Variables (4 inputs - 3 outputs)

INPUT VARIABLES				OUTPUT VARIABLES
Variable name	Description			Variable name	Description
Full-Time Equivalent Faculty PROF_TCE	The conversion of time dedicated by professors to the universities is carried out. Per hour of teaching equivalent to 0.25 FTE, part-time equivalent to 0.5 FTE, and full-time to 1 FTE.			Degree graduates GRAD_PREG	Total students graduated from university undergraduate programs during each academic year.
Quality index of the teaching and research staff ICAL_PDI	This indicator is made taking into account the level of professor training. A rate is calculated = (graduates5 + specialists6 + masters8 + doctors10)/TotalFTE. This percentage or rate is already established in the Spanish university information system, but only for professors with doctoral training.			Postgraduate graduates GRAD_POST	Total students graduated from postgraduate programs (specializations, Masters, and Doctorates) during each academic year.
FTE administrative staff NUM_ADM	The information is contained in the information systems, and is reported by the Planning Offices. It is the number of people dedicated to the administrative functions of the universities.			Research Groups GRUP_INV	Total Research Groups categorized by Colciencias in Colombia, by university. A direct relationship is found between productivity in research terms and the number of categorized research groups. This variable is not used for the Spanish universities, since it does not operate in the same sense as previously described.
Missionary space in m2 M2_USO_ MISIONAL	It is considered an important resource, and a proxy of capital (installed capacity) for the universities. It must be reported from the Planning offices to the Ministry of National Education. Many studies in Colombia use it as an input (Garcia & Gonzalez, 2011; Maza Avila, Vergara Schmalbach, & Roman Romero, 2017; Melo, Ramos, & Hernandez, 2014; Ramos, Morero, Almanza, Picon, & Rodriguez, 2015; Rodriguez Murillo, 2014). This variable can only be obtained in the SNIES database of the Colombian Ministry of Education. For the Spanish universities, this variable is not available.			Indexed Journals REV_INDEX	Total Indexed Journals by university in Colombia. A direct relationships is found between productivity in research terms and the number of indexed journals, since in Colombia the journals are attached to university institutions. For the Spanish universities this variable is not used, since most of the journals are attached to entities of a different nature.
Resources transferred by the State in COP TRANSFER_ NACION	It is the monetary value of the public transfers to each of the public universities. Also known as current transfers or transfers of the autonomous communities.			Total number of publications accumulated in Scopus NUM_PUB_ SCOPUS	Total number of publications in the Scopus database. It only works for Colombian universities, since it is the database that consolidates production for most of them in terms of research articles.

COLOMBIA - SUE			SPAIN - SUE
No.	University Name (DMU)	Acronym	No.	University Name (DMU)	Acronym
1	University of Antioquia	udea	1	A Coruña	UDC
2	University of Caldas	unicaldas	2	Alcalá	UAH
3	University of Cartagena	unicart	3	Alicante	UA
4	University of Córdoba	unicord	4	Almería	UAL
5	University of Cundinamarca	udecun	5	Autonomous U. of Barcelona	UAB
6	University of the Amazon	uniamaz	6	Autonomous U. of Madrid	UAM
7	University of the Guajira	uniguajira	7	Barcelona	UB
8	University of the Llanos	unillanos	8	Burgos	UBU
9	University of Nariño	unariño	9	Cádiz	UCA
10	University of Pamplona	unipamp	10	Cantabria	UNICAN
11	University of Sucre	unisucre	11	Carlos III de Madrid	UC3M
12	University of the Atlantic	uniatlantico	12	Castilla-La Mancha	UCLM
13	University of Cauca	unicauca	13	Complutense U. of Madrid	UCM
14	University of Magdalena	unimag	14	Córdoba	UCO
15	University of the Pacific	unipac	15	Extremadura	UNEX
16	University of Quindio	uniquindio	16	Girona	UDG
17	University of Tolima	udetol	17	Granada	UGR
18	University of Valle	univalle	18	Huelva	UHU
19	Francisco José de Caldas University	udist	19	Illes Balears (Les)	UIB
20	Francisco de Paula Santander University - Cúcuta	ufpsc	20	Jaén	UJAEN
21	Francisco de Paula Santander University - Ocaña	ufpso	21	Jaume I de Castellón	UJI
22	Industrial University of Santander	uis	22	La Laguna	ULL
23	Military University - Nueva Granada	militar	23	La Rioja	UNIRIOJA
24	National Open and Distance University UNAD	unad	24	Las Palmas de Gran Canaria	ULPGC
25	National university of Colombia	unal	25	León	UNILEON
26	National Pedagogical University of Colombia	upnal	26	Lleida	UDL
27	Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia - UPTC	uptc	27	Málaga	UMA
28	Popular University of Cesar	upoc	28	Miguel Hernández de Elche	UMH
29	Surcolombiana University	unisur	29	Murcia	UM
30	Technological University of Pereira	utp	30	National University of Distance Education	UNED
31	Technological University of Chocó	utch	31	Oviedo	UNIOVI
32	University - College of Cundinamarca	ucolm	32	Pablo de Olavide	UPO
			33	Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea	EHU
			34	Polytechnic U. of Cartagena	UPCT
			35	Polytechnic U. of Catalonia	UPC
			36	Polytechnic U. of Madrid	UPM
			37	Polytechnic U. of Valencia	UPV
			38	Pompeu Fabra	UPF
			39	Public U. of Navarra	UPNA
			40	Rey Juan Carlos University	URJC
			41	Rovira i Virgili	URV
			42	Salamanca	USAL
			43	Santiago de Compostela	USC
			44	Sevilla	US
			45	València (Estudi General)	UV
			46	Valladolid	UVA
			47	Vigo	UVIGO
			48	Zaragoza	UNIZAR

Colombia					Spain
Canonical Function	Canonical Correl.	Canonical R2	F-Statistic	Prob.	Canonical Function	Canonical Correl.	Canonical R2	F-Statistic	Prob.
1	0,908	0,824	37,032	0.000*	1	0,878	0,771	55,299	0.000*
2	0,522	0,273	10,910	0	2	0,236	0,056	3,905	0,001
3	0,398	0,159	7,659	0	3	0,124	0,015	2,472	0,086
4	0,217	0,047	3,747	0,05
5	0,038	0,001	0,425	0,515
Multivalent contrast of significance					Multivalent contrast of significance
Statistical	Value	Approx F-Statistic	Probability		Statistical	Value	Approx F-Statistic	Prob.
Wilks’ Lambda	0,102	37,032	0		Wilks’ Lambda	0,213	55,299	0
Pillai’s Trace	1,304	21,023	0		Pillai’s Trace	0,842	30,999	0
Hotelling’s Trace	5,299	61,972	0		Hotelling’s Trace	3,436	90,105	0
Roy’s Largest Root	4,685	279,204	0		Roy’s Largest Root	3,362	267,267	0

Colombia - SUE		Spain - SUE
Variable	Canonical Function 1	Variable	Canonical Function 1
GRAD_PREG	0,84	GRAD_PREG	0,738
GRAD_POST	0,712	GRAD_POST	0,833
GRUP_INV	0,79	PUB_WOS	0,977
REV_INDEX	0,637
TOTAL_PUB_SCOPUS	0,915

Colombia						Spain
Standardized variance of dependent variables explained by:						Standardized variance of dependent variables explained by:
Own Theoretical Value (Shared Variance)			Opposite Theoretical Value (Redundancy)			Own Theoretical Value (Shared Variance)			Opposite Theoretical Value (Redundancy)
Canonical Function	%	% Accum.	Canonical R2	%	% Accum.	Canonical Function	%	% Accum.	Canonical R2	%	% Accum.
1	61,62	61,62	82,41	50,78	50,78	1	74,04	74,04	77,07	57,06	57,06
2	11,40	73,02	27,26	3,11	53,89	2	9,78	83,82	5,56	0,54	57,61
3	8,06	81,08	15,85	1,28	55,16	3	7,26	91,08	1,53	0,11	57,72
4	13,09	94,17	4,73	0,62	55,78
5	5,83	100,00	0,14	0,01	55,79

Standardized variance of independent variables explained by:						Standardized variance of independent variables explained by:
Own Theoretical Value (Shared Variance)			Opposite Theoretical Value (Redundancy)			Own Theoretical Value (Shared Variance)			Opposite Theoretical Value (Redundancy)
Canonical Function	%	% Accum.	Canonical R2	%	% Accum.	Canonical Function	%	% Accum.	Canonical R2	%	% Accum.
1	73,20	73,20	82,41	60,32	60,32	1	74,12	74,04	77,07	57,12	57,12
2	6,87	80,07	27,26	1,88	62,19	2	9,49	83,53	5,56	0,53	57,65
3	7,25	87,32	15,85	1,15	63,34	3	16,47	100,00	1,53	0,25	57,90
4	8,18	95,50	4,73	0,38	63,72
5	3,95	99,45	0,14	0,00	63,73

Colombia				Spain
Variables	Standar. Canon. Coeff. Function1	Canonical Loadings Function 1	Canonical cross Loadings Function 1	Variables	Standar. Canon. Coeff. Function 1	Canonical Loadings Function 1	Canonical cross Loadings Function 1
Dependent				Dependent
GRAD_PREG	0,391	0,840	0,763	GRAD_PREG	0,220	0,738	0,647
GRAD_POST	0,099	0,712	0,646	GRAD_POST	0,167	0,833	0,731
GRUP_INV	0,105	0,791	0,718	PUB_WOS	0,715	0,977	0,858
REV_INDEX	0,031	0,637	0,578
TOTAL_PUB_SCOPUS	0,545	0,915	0,830
Independent				Independent
PROF_TCE	0,507	0,926	0,841	PROF_TCE	0,149	0,975	0,856
ICAL_PDI	0,269	0,758	0,688	ICAL_PDI	0,093	0,363	0,319
NUM_ADM	-0,056	0,790	0,717	NUM_ADM	0,210	0,949	0,833
M2_USO_MISIONAL	0,307	0,897	0,814	TRANSF_EST	0,629	0,990	0,869
TRANSFER_NACION	0,113	0,851	0,773

Colombia
Input Variables	Average		Min		Max
	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016
PROF_TCE	591	648	59	91	2.426	2.501
M2_USO_MISIONAL	117.732	117.732	20.278	20.278	491.956	491.956
TRANSFER_NACION*	78.800	84.400	16.000	17.000	610.000	650.000
Output Variables
GRAD_PREG	2.199	1.593	218	124	6.793	5.705
TOTAL_PUB_SCOPUS	1.115	1.445	-	-	13.704	17.419

Spain
Input Variables	Average		Min		Max
	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016
PROF_TCE	1.462	1.460	329	332	4.124	4.099
TRANSF_EST**	141.000	147.417	36.100	36.000	363.000	400.000
Ouput Variables
GRAD_POST	1.054	1.260	122	131	3.306	4.622
PUB_WOS	1.108	1.308	142	218	4.722	5.273

Colombia		Spain
Input Variable (U_input)	Output Variable (V_output)	Input Variable (U_input)	Output Variable (V_output)
U_input = 0.6941prof_tce + 0.4802ical_pdi- 0.0735num_adm + 0.3520m2_uso_misional + 0.1169transfer_nacion	V_output = 0.5050grad_preg + 0.0435grad_post + 0.0824grup_inv + 0.0206rev_index + 0.2840total_pub_scopus	U_input = 0.2541prof_tce + 0.0097ical_pdi + 0.3524num_adm + 1.06transfer_nacion	V_output = 0.2539grad_preg + 0.2286grad_post + 0.9576pub_wos

COLOMBIA - SUE UNIVERSITIES				SPAIN - SUE UNIVERSITIES
Year 2015		Year 2016		Year 2015			Year 2016
Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
Militar	Udetol	Upoc	Udist	UB	UAB	UB	UAL
Udecun	Uniquindío	Udecun	Unillanos	UCM	UIB	UCM	UMH
Ufpso	Ufpso	Ufpso		Unirioja	Unirioja	Unirioja
Utch		Unillanos		UV	UPF
Unillanos

DMU	MODEL 1				MODEL 2
	Efficiency Score CCRO		Efficiency Score BCCO		Efficiency Score CCRO		Efficiency Score BCCO
	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016
udea	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	0,979	0,964	0,979	0,968
unicaldas	0,562	0,773	0,653	0,793	0,926	0,901	0,928	0,917
unicart	0,536	0,628	0,564	0,636	0,921	0,896	0,923	0,912
unicord	0,396	0,380	0,409	0,410	0,866	0,798	0,868	0,815
udecun	0,546	0,862	1,000	1,000	0,756	0,775	0,791	0,806
uniamaz	0,198	0,561	0,273	0,632	0,774	0,813	0,841	0,895
uniguajira	0,293	0,356	0,437	0,379	0,784	0,754	0,822	0,771
unillanos	0,381	0,776	1,000	1,000	0,829	0,850	0,980	1,000
unariño	0,326	0,561	0,348	0,573	0,848	0,853	0,850	0,869
unipamp	0,502	0,423	0,539	0,457	0,881	0,826	0,883	0,839
unisucre	0,305	0,774	0,679	0,952	0,760	0,838	0,881	0,961
uniatlantico	0,345	0,476	0,384	0,770	0,842	0,832	0,844	0,844
unicauca	0,386	0,439	0,400	0,458	0,880	0,871	0,881	0,884
unimag	1,000	0,710	1,000	0,710	0,968	0,876	0,979	0,895
unipac	0,125	0,157	1,000	1,000	0,631	0,585	0,933	0,909
uniquindio	0,797	0,383	0,871	0,450	0,939	0,781	1,000	0,797
udetol	1,000	0,731	1,000	0,777	0,998	0,872	1,000	0,891
univalle	0,877	0,948	0,885	0,949	0,967	0,954	0,968	0,962
udist	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	0,966	0,978	0,969	1,000
ufpsc	0,702	1,000	0,735	1,000	0,900	0,883	0,944	0,948
ufpso	0,552	0,765	1,000	1,000	0,618	0,612	1,000	1,000
uis	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	0,974	0,945	0,977	0,957
militar	0,955	0,867	1,000	0,908	0,897	0,897	0,899	0,913
unad	0,700	1,000	0,762	1,000	0,810	0,818	0,812	0,832
unal	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000
upnal	0,217	0,584	0,228	0,624	0,827	0,825	0,833	0,841
uptc	0,245	0,401	0,323	0,496	0,894	0,890	0,895	0,903
upoc	0,411	0,903	0,519	1,000	0,858	0,856	0,907	0,913
unisur	0,351	0,588	0,380	0,593	0,850	0,837	0,874	0,860
utp	0,561	0,796	0,623	0,853	0,930	0,911	0,932	0,927
utch	0,542	1,000	1,000	1,000	0,848	0,838	0,955	0,942
ucolm	0,340	0,708	0,729	0,897	0,821	0,799	0,909	0,881

DMU	MODEL 1				MODEL 2
	Efficiency Score CCRO		Efficiency Score BCCO		Efficiency Score CCRO		Efficiency Score BCCO
	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016
EHU	0,386	0,335	0,553	0,528	0,927	0,921	0,937	0,995
UA	0,477	0,397	0,552	0,417	0,871	0,865	0,907	0,999
UAB	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	0,992	0,904	1,000	0,911
UAH	0,634	0,502	0,638	0,506	0,873	0,850	0,932	0,919
UAL	0,517	0,483	0,593	0,560	0,814	0,869	0,904	1,000
UAM	0,842	0,791	0,853	0,799	0,966	0,908	0,983	0,914
UB	0,976	0,882	1,000	1,000	1,000	0,910	1,000	0,986
UBU	0,367	0,341	0,664	0,720	0,764	0,903	0,964	0,968
UC3M	0,540	0,525	0,615	0,574	0,868	0,896	0,922	0,922
UCA	0,347	0,304	0,378	0,306	0,826	0,932	0,878	0,947
UCLM	0,382	0,329	0,392	0,334	0,867	0,894	0,898	0,917
UCM	0,593	0,542	1,000	1,000	0,950	0,917	0,977	0,930
UCO	0,551	0,420	0,595	0,426	0,878	0,919	0,937	0,930
UDC	0,460	0,369	0,490	0,384	0,852	0,861	0,910	0,934
UDG	0,579	0,561	0,811	0,751	0,874	0,860	0,992	0,978
UDL	0,510	0,463	0,782	0,704	0,834	0,921	0,996	0,927
UGR	0,568	0,445	0,852	0,733	0,941	0,961	0,953	0,979
UHU	0,385	0,363	0,476	0,450	0,790	0,959	0,901	0,980
UIB	0,670	0,600	0,883	0,786	0,880	0,783	1,000	1,000
UJAEN	0,473	0,452	0,533	0,471	0,838	0,784	0,920	0,974
UJI	0,520	0,375	0,561	0,436	0,849	0,927	0,931	0,929
ULL	0,399	0,357	0,442	0,382	0,863	0,942	0,905	0,949
ULPGC	0,297	0,247	0,308	0,250	0,813	0,922	0,864	0,925
UM	0,587	0,464	0,666	0,506	0,898	0,843	0,928	0,950
UMA	0,358	0,372	0,436	0,509	0,872	0,951	0,885	0,990
UMH	0,884	0,668	0,915	0,675	0,878	0,960	0,985	1,000
UNED	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	0,864	0,841	0,918	0,942
UNEX	0,454	0,396	0,463	0,409	0,849	0,855	0,902	0,973
UNICAN	0,510	0,453	0,640	0,567	0,860	0,928	0,943	0,942
UNILEON	0,426	0,371	0,546	0,488	0,830	0,931	0,933	0,931
UNIOVI	0,459	0,408	0,471	0,411	0,885	0,905	0,908	0,941
UNIRIOJA	0,348	0,349	1,000	1,000	0,759	0,917	1,000	0,918
UNIZAR	0,416	0,415	0,421	0,435	0,907	0,940	0,913	0,943
UPC	0,409	0,411	0,414	0,469	0,894	0,928	0,898	0,944
UPCT	0,296	0,288	0,583	0,505	0,755	0,924	0,948	0,991
UPF	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	0,917	0,925	1,000	0,931
UPM	0,332	0,333	0,351	0,395	0,884	0,922	0,886	0,936
UPNA	0,443	0,372	0,641	0,526	0,813	0,948	0,947	0,967
UPO	0,753	0,632	0,968	0,794	0,825	0,910	0,970	0,946
UPV	0,401	0,361	0,504	0,469	0,897	0,930	0,901	0,936
URJC	0,877	0,784	0,898	0,842	0,873	0,946	0,949	0,968
URV	0,597	0,547	0,734	0,650	0,888	1,000	0,995	1,000
US	0,409	0,350	0,592	0,524	0,914	0,879	0,926	0,893
USAL	0,536	0,427	0,552	0,428	0,895	0,983	0,927	0,998
USC	0,491	0,417	0,566	0,438	0,897	0,889	0,907	0,904
UV	0,698	0,529	1,000	0,807	0,964	0,911	0,968	0,932
UVA	0,350	0,276	0,350	0,280	0,857	0,911	0,887	0,933
UVIGO	0,594	0,479	0,701	0,515	0,878	0,940	0,922	0,943

COLOMBIA - SUE					SPAIN - SUE
QUARTILE	EFFICIENCY SCORES				QUARTILE	EFFICIENCY SCORES
% ACCUM	BCC-O 2015		BCC-O 2016		% ACCUM	BCC-O 2015		BCC-O 2016
DMU	MODEL 1	MODEL 2	MODEL 1	MODEL 2	DMU	MODEL 1	MODEL 2	MODEL 1	MODEL 2
25%	0,409	0,868	0,593	0,844	25%	0,476	0,905	0,428	0,930
50%	0,729	0,909	0,853	0,903	50%	0,593	0,928	0,509	0,943
62,50%	0,885	0,944	0,952	0,925	75%	0,852	0,968	0,733	0,978

COLOMBIA - SUE
	BCC-O 2015		BCC-O 2016
	MODEL 1	MODEL 2	MODEL 1	MODEL 2
AVERAGE EFFICIENCY INDEX	0,711	0,914	0,791	0,902
FULLY EFFICIENT (EF= 1)	udetol	udetol	udea	unal
	udecun	ufpso	udecun	unillanos
	unal	unal	udist	udist
	unillanos	uniquindio	ufpso
	udist		uis
	ufpso		unal
	unimag		unillanos
	udea		utch
	uis		unad
	utch		ufpsc
	militar		upoc
HIGH EFFICIENCY (EF > AVERAGE)	unipac	unillanos	unipac	ufpso
	univalle	udea	unisucre	udea
	uniquindio	unimag	univalle	univalle
	unad	uis	militar	unisucre
	ufpsc	udist	ucolm	uis
	ucolm	univalle	utp	ufpsc
		utch	unicaldas	utch
		ufpsc		utp
		unipac		unicaldas
		utp		militar
		unicaldas		upoc
		unicart		unicart
				unipac
				uptc
NOT EFFICIENT (EF < AVERAGE)	unisucre	ucolm	udetol	udetol
	unicaldas	upoc	uniquindio	ucolm
	utp	militar	unimag	uniquindio
	unicart	uptc	unicart	unimag
	unipamp	unipamp	uptc	unipamp
	upoc	unisucre	unipamp	unicauca
	uniguajira	unicauca	unicauca	unisur
	unicord	unisur	unisur	unicord
	unicauca	unicord	unicord	unariño
	uniatlantico	unariño	unariño	uniatlantico
	unisur	uniatlantico	uniatlantico	uniamaz
	unariño	uniamaz	uniamaz	upnal
	uptc	upnal	upnal	uniguajira
	uniamaz	uniguajira	uniguajira	unad
	upnal	unad		udecun
		udecun
SPAIN - SUE
	BCC-O 2015		BCC-O 2016
	MODEL 1	MODEL 2	MODEL 1	MODEL 2
AVERAGE EFFICIENCY INDEX	0,654	0,937	0,587	0,951
FULLY EFFICIENT (EF= 1)	UAB	UAB	UAB	UMH
	UB	UB	UB	URV
	UNED	UNIRIOJA	UNIRIOJA	UAL
	UNIRIOJA	UPF	UPF
	UPF	UIB	UNED
	UCM		UCM
	UV
HIGH EFFICIENCY (EF > AVERAGE)	UPO	UDL	URJC	UIB
	UMH	URV	UV	UA
	URJC	UDG	UAM	USAL
	UIB	UMH	UPO	EHU
	UAM	UAM	UIB	UPCT
	UGR	UCM	UDG	UMA
	UDG	UPO	UGR	UB
	UDL	UV	UBU	UHU
	URV	UBU	UDL	UGR
	UVIGO	UGR	UMH	UDG
	UM	URJC	URV	UJAEN
	UBU	UPCT		UNEX
		UPNA		URJC
		UNICAN		UBU
		UCO		UPNA
		EHU
NOT EFFICIENT (EF < AVERAGE)	UPNA	UNILEON	UC3M	UM
	UNICAN	UAH	UNICAN	ULL
	UAH	UJI	UAL	UCA
	UC3M	UM	EHU	UPO
	UCO	USAL	UPNA	UPC
	UAL	US	US	UVIGO
	US	UC3M	UVIGO	UNIZAR
	UPCT	UVIGO	UMA	UNED
	USC	UJAEN	UAH	UNICAN
	UJI	UNED	UM	UNIOVI
	EHU	UNIZAR	UPCT	UPV
	UA	UDC	UNILEON	UPM
	USAL	UNIOVI	UJAEN	UDC
	UNILEON	USC	UPV	UVA
	UJAEN	UA	UPC	UV
	UPV	ULL	UHU	UNILEON
	UDC	UAL	USC	UPF
	UHU	UNEX	UJI	UCO
	UNIOVI	UHU	UNIZAR	UCM
	UNEX	UPV	USAL	UJI
	ULL	UCLM	UCO	UDL
	UMA	UPC	UA	ULPGC
	UNIZAR	UVA	UNIOVI	UC3M
	UPC	UPM	UNEX	UAH
	UCLM	UMA	UPM	UNIRIOJA
	UCA	UCA	UDC	UCLM
	UPM	ULPGC	ULL	UAM
	UVA		UCLM	UAB
	ULPGC		UCA	USC
			UVA	US
			ULPGC

	CCR-O METHOD (Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes. Constant returns - output-oriented)
	MODEL 1				MODEL 2
	SPAIN		COLOMBIA		SPAIN		COLOMBIA
	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016
Average Efficiency	0,544	0,483	0,567	0,705	0,873	0,909	0,867	0,848
Standard Deviation	0,196	0,189	0,284	0,240	0,054	0,044	0,094	0,089
Minimum	0,296	0,247	0,125	0,157	0,755	0,783	0,618	0,585
Maximum	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000
	BCC-O METHOD (Banker, Charnes, and Cooper. Variable returns - output-oriented)
	MODEL 1				MODEL 2
	SPAIN		COLOMBIA		SPAIN		COLOMBIA
	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016	2015	2016
Average Efficiency	0,654	0,587	0,711	0,791	0,937	0,951	0,914	0,902
Standard Deviation	0,214	0,214	0,275	0,221	0,039	0,030	0,062	0,063
Minimum	0,308	0,250	0,228	0,379	0,864	0,893	0,791	0,771
Maximum	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000	1,000

Fundação Getulio Vargas Fundaçãoo Getulio Vargas, Rua Jornalista Orlando Dantas, 30, CEP: 22231-010 / Rio de Janeiro-RJ Brasil, Tel.: +55 (21) 3083-2731 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: rap@fgv.br

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[1] Zoraida Ramírez-Gutiérrez - Master in Economic and Financial Management; Full professor in the Department of Accounting, School of Accounting, Economics, and Management, Universidad del Cauca. E-mail: zramirez@unicauca.edu.co