Proyecto conjunto de investigación y desarrollo: el caso del primer chip microcontrolador brasileño

Faccin, Kadigia; Balestrin, Alsones; Bortolaso, Ingridi

doi:10.5700/rausp1225

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TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT • Rev. Adm. (São Paulo) 51 (1) • Jan-Mar 2016 • https://doi.org/10.5700/rausp1225 copiar

Proyecto conjunto de investigación y desarrollo: el caso del primer chip microcontrolador brasileño

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

La cooperación interorganizacional en I&D, permite que empresas de sectores de alta tecnología puedan complementar recurso. Los proyectos colaborativos han sido apuntados como una importante estrategia para producir productos y servicios complejos en ambientes de incertidumbre y competitividad. Se pretende, con la presente investigación, profundizar el entendimiento de cómo ocurre la dinámica de desarrollo de un proyecto colaborativo de I&D en una industria de alta tecnología. Se definió como objeto de análisis el proyecto de I&D del primer microcontrolador de la industria brasileña de semiconductores. Dada la motivación para conocer quién fueron los actores y cuáles las principales formas de coordinación utilizadas en este proyecto interorganizacional, se realizaron entrevistas, así como se utilizó un cuestionario y demás documentos relacionados al proyecto. Los resultados evidencian una red de nueve actores y sus funciones en el proceso de colaboración interorganizacional, además de las formas de imbricamiento social y temporal utilizados en la coordinación de los esfuerzos colectivos. Enfocando en los mecanismos de inserción temporal y social destacados a lo largo del estudio, se propone la inclusión de los proyectos de I&D, en la tipología para proyectos interorganizacionales propuesta porJones y Lichtenstein (2008)Jones, C. & Lichtenstein, B. B. (2008). Temporary inter-organizational projects: how temporal and social emdeddedness enhance coordination and manage uncertainty. In: Cropper, S. et al. (Orgs). The Oxford Handbook of Interorganizational Relations. New York: Oxford University..

Palabras clave:
P&D; proyecto de colaboración; entretejido; tipo de proyecto; los semiconductores

Project Name	Single Project	Network Alliance	Multiple Parts	Constellations
Duration	Relatively short	Relatively short	Highest duration	Highest duration
Relationship	Have rarely interacted before and have no probability of new interaction	Organizations that interact in a repeated manner	Involves organizations and representatives that rarely work together	Involves a single client, generally a public agency, responsible for a social challenge
Example	Film projects	Architecture and construction	Emergency and crisis responses	Large-scale infrastructure projects such as energy, aerospace and telecommunications Ex.: Apollo/NASA
Who coordinates it?	Specifically hired actor – director	Leader company – product/service supplier	Various organizations Ex.: Red Cross	Leader company or government entity
How is the coordination done? Temporal Embeddedness	Deadlines determined in the contract Based on sequential events (pre-production, production and post-production)	Deadlines and activities determined in contracts contain penalties Based on pace events	Not based on pre-established deadlines but in emerging and spontaneous situations Incentives based on sync, emergency coordination sense	Based on events or project phases Time stimulus: goals
How is the coordination done? Social Embeddedness	Relational Embeddedness: low Structural Embeddedness: dense relations order - everyone has a shared and clear understanding of their specific tasks accumulated by their socialization in industry and film school	Relational Embeddedness: Recurring relations among some project partners – institutionalized practices - Structural Embeddedness: intermediate density due to repeated relationships among stakeholder groups	Relational Embeddedness: low Structural Embeddedness: can share understandings arising from technical standards	Relational Embeddedness: tends to be high between the customer and the company Structural Embeddedness: the use of hierarchy can facilitate coordination

Conceptual Elements	Analytical Dimensions
Types of Relationships	- Origin of the ZR16 - Actors participating in the project - Activities performed by each of the actors - Value chain activities of product development - Types of relationships - Contributions of collaborative relationships for the outcome of the project
Relational Embeddedness	- Confidentiality and information sharing - Complementarity of resources and expertise - Common objectives existence - Repeated interactions - Forms of governance
Structural Embeddedness	- Project management - Distribution of activities - Technical cognitive distance between the partners - Existence of shared rules or institutionalized understandings
Temporal Embeddedness	- Project duration - Tools for the coordination of activities at a distance - Form of coordination of activities over time

Actor name	Actor category in the value chain	Phase of the chip's value chain	Form of collaboration	Contributions to the product
CHIPUS Brazil	Design House for profit - competitor	Design	R&D collaboration	Responsible for the digital part of the chip, complementary capacities
SMDH Brazil	Design House non-profit - competitor	Design	R&D collaboration	Responsible for the analogue part of the chip, complementary capacities
EXATRON Brazil	Client	Idea and conception specification	R&D collaboration, quality testing	Created a competitive product
C&P	Design House	Idea and design	R&D collaboration	Created the ZR16 processor
Federal Government of Brazil	Government funding partner	Funding of idea conception anddesign	R&D funding	Provided scholarships for the payment of qualified professionals for the development of the product and the technology needed to build the project
XFab Germany	Supplier	Manufacture (front-end)	Technology acquisition and licensing of IP of memory / manufacturing	Wafer acquisition (silicon wafer) for the 350 nanometer technology and compatible memories
APTASIC USA	Supplier	Encapsulation and testing(back-end)	Test co-creation / suggestion of necessary improvements	Chip test, the testing process is in the form of a joint creation, with a considerable exchange of information on possible improvements in chip design and suggestions to facilitate large-scale testing
QC Informatics Brazil	Supplier	Client service	Co-creation – software acquisition, software project	Created the simulator and the compiler to program the chip
Chip INSIDE Brazil	Supplier	Client service	Co-creation – hardware project to computer connection	Development kit (Board and connector to develop the application)

Project Name	Single Project	Network Alliance	Multiple Parts	Constellations	R&D Projects
Duration	Relatively short	Relatively short	Highest duration	Highest duration	Highest duration
Relationship	Have rarely interacted before and have no probability of new interaction	Organizations that interact in a repeated manner	Involves organizations and representatives that rarely work together	Involves a single client, generally a public agency, responsible for a social challenge	Involves organizations that may or may not have worked together that have complementary knowledge and are embedded in the entire value chain of the industry
Example	Film Projects	Architecture and constructions	Emergency and Crisis Responses	Large-scale infrastructure projects such as energy, aerospace and telecommunications Ex.: NASA/Apollo.	Projects developed by the high-tech industry Ex.: ZR16
Who coordinates it?	Specifically hired actor – director	Leader company – product/service supplier	Various organizations Ex.: Red Cross	Leader company or government organism	Organizations that own patents, with chance of being competitors.
How is the coordination done? Temporal Embeddedness	Deadlines determined in the contract Based on sequential events (pre-production, production and post-production)	Deadlines and activities determined in contracts contain penalties Based on pace events	Not based on pre-established deadlines but in emerging and spontaneous situations Incentives based on sync, emergency coordination sense	Based on events or project phases. Time stimulus: goals	Event-based or project phases Use the PMBOK – MS Project Information technologies for mutual adjustment of complex tasks With / without contract schedule or defined events
How is the coordination done? Social	Relational	Relational Embeddedness: Recurring relations among some project partners – institutionalized practices Structural Embeddedness: intermediate density due to repeated relationships among stakeholder groups	Relational Embeddedness: low Structural Embeddedness: can share understandings arising from technical standards	Relational Embeddedness: tends to be high between the customer and the company Structural Embeddedness: the use of hierarchy can facilitate coordination	Relational Embeddedness: tends to be high among all actors and with high levels of trust and information sharing; the use of IT Structural Embeddedness: shared understandings: technical norms and formation

Departamento de Administração da Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo Avenida Professor Luciano Gualberto, 908, sala F184, 05508-900 São Paulo / SP Brasil, Tel./Fax 55 11 3818-4002 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rausp@usp.br

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[1] Kadigia Faccin, Doutora em Administração pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS) e em Ciência da Informação e da Comunicação pela Universidade de Poitiers (França). E-mail: kadigia@gmail.com. Endereço: Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS, Avenida Unisinos, 950, 93022-000 - São Leopoldo - RS