ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feed containing cinnamon and turmeric extract with peroxide oils on the growth performance, antibody titers, cecal microbial population, and jejunum morphology of broiler chickens. For the research, a completely randomized design was used using 300 one-day-old male broiler chickens of the Ross 308 strain for 42 days. Five treatments of six replicates each were utilized, which comprised 30 pens, each containing 10 chicks. The treatments included: 1) control group (a ration containing oil with natural peroxide value (less than 5mEq/kg), 2) positive control treatment (a ration containing oil with a high peroxide value (20mEq/kg), 3) treatment containing cinnamon extract (150mg/kg) along with a ration with a high peroxide oil (20mEq/kg), 4) treatment containing turmeric extract (150mg/kg) along with a ration with a high peroxide oil (20mEq/kg), and 5) treatment containing cinnamon extract (150mg/kg) and turmeric extract (150mg/kg) along with a ration containing oil with a high peroxide value (20mEq/kg). GLM procedure and Duncan’s test (α=0.05) by SAS software were used for data analysis and to compare treatment’ means, respectively. The effect of the experimental treatments on the body weight of broiler chickens in all rearing phases except the starter, antibody titers against infectious bronchitis and Gumboro disease, villus length, crypt depth, and Ratio of villus length to crypt width was significant (p<0.05). Findings indicated that the use of cinnamon and turmeric extract in rations containing oil with a high peroxide value improves production performance and flock health.
Keywords: Antibody titer; body weight; crypt depth; jejunum morphology; villus length
INTRODUCTION
The broiler-rearing industry is one of the most inexpensive industries providing animal protein sources to meet human needs. The sector is significant in many countries across the world. Healthy feeding of broilers is essential for healthy protein production, and feed additives are a crucial component in broiler chicken nutrition. Large-scale and intensive industrial poultry farming has increased the risk of diseases. To reduce the incidence of these diseases, increase growth, and improve productive traits, a correct decision must be made considering all aspects (Gharahveysi, 2019). On the other hand, using antibiotics as a feed additive has been banned in many countries due to consumer concerns over the emergence of antibiotic resistance in humans, forcing poultry farmers to change their breeding methods (Yakhkeshi et al., 2011). Therefore, researchers are looking for suitable alternatives to antibiotics. One of the best alternatives are medicinal plants that are easily cultivated and available in most parts of the world. Medicinal plants effectively promote food safety and enhance human health (Gharahveysi, 2019). Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) is a medicinal plant that belongs to the Lauraceae family, with potent antioxidant properties. The active ingredients of this plant prevent the oxidation of organic substances in the body and reduce free radicals. The antioxidant properties of cinnamon are due to its eugenol, caryophyllene, cineole, and cinnamaldehyde compounds (Amini et al., 2015). A study has shown that using cinnamon extract in feeding broilers can improve their performance and health (Yang et al., 2019). Turmeric is the powdered rhizome of the Curcuma longa plant, which has anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, and hepatoprotective properties (Khodadadi et al., 2021). The active chemical ingredient of turmeric, i.e., curcumin, has antioxidant properties. Growth performance improvements in broilers consuming turmeric extract have been reported in the literature (Khodadadi et al., 2021). Studies have reported improvements in jejunum morphology (Pathak et al., 2017), reduction of the population of harmful bacteria in the digestive tract (Khodadadi et al., 2021), and increased antibody titers against infectious bronchitis and Gumboro disease (Saied et al., 2022). Adding fats and oils to broiler rations is a practical way to increase the energy density of the feed (Blanch et al., 1996). Vegetable fats such as soybean oil are usually used for this purpose. Meanwhile, vegetable fats are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are very sensitive to oxidation. For this reason, adding antioxidants to the feed can restore the balance of oxidation and improve poultry performance (Pathak et al., 2017). It has been suggested that adding vegetable oils with a high peroxide decreases broilers’ growth performance (Ben Ayed et al., 2015). Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, cinnamyl alcohol, eugenol, and carvacrol are the essential oils of cinnamon that have beneficial effects on health. Furthermore, cinnamon and turmeric extract’s antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties have been previously reported (Goñi et al., 2009). Cinnamon and turmeric extract is expected to exert beneficial impacts on the performance and health of broiler chickens.
The study aimed to investigate the effect of the ration containing cinnamon and turmeric extract with peroxide oils on growth performance, antibody titers, cecal microbial population, and jejunum morphology of broiler chickens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research conditions (time, location, and ethic)
The research was conducted from October to December 2023. The broiler-rearing research farm of the animal science department at Qaemshahr Islamic Azad University was used for the study. The procedures of the current study such as sample collection, management, and the ethical, scientific, and administrative standards for animal research followed the regulations of the National Committee for Ethics in Biomedical Research of Iran (2018).
Farm preparation operation
Before rearing, the farm was thoroughly disinfected using a flamethrower and formalin gas. Each pen measured 1.5×1.5 m² and the farm utilized thermometers and ventilation regulators to control the temperature. Thermometers were installed in the rearing area to monitor the temperature, which began at 32°C and was gradually decreased to 23°C. Each pen had its own feed and water trough, and lighting was provided for 23 hours during the rearing phase.
Experimental design, treatments, and rations
A total of 300 one-day-old male broilers of the Ross 308 strain were used. The study consisted of a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 6 repetitions. Each pen included 10 broiler chickens. The vaccination program was designed according to Ross 308 chicken rearing guidelines and local farm conditions, including existing microbes, chicken health, and feed quality.
The experimental treatments included 1) Control group (feed containing oil with natural peroxide value, less than 5 mEq/kg), 2) positive control treatment (feed containing oil with a high peroxide value, 20 mEq/kg), 3) treatment containing cinnamon extract (150 mg/kg) along with feed with a high peroxide oil (20 mEq/kg), 4) treatment containing turmeric extract (150 mg/kg) along with feed with a high peroxide oil (20 mEq/kg) and 5) treatment containing cinnamon extract (150 mg per kg) as well as turmeric extract (150 mg per kg) along with feed containing oil with a high peroxide value (20 mEq per kg). A method was used to increase the oil’s peroxide value (Duduzile Buthelezi et al., 2019). Ration soybean oil samples were placed at 95 °C, and the peroxide value was repeatedly measured according to the method recommended by the AOCS (2003). The experimental rations were formulated based on the recommendations for commercial Ross 308 strain (2020) using UFFDA software in three different phases: starter phase (1 to 10 days old), grower phase (11 to 24 days old), and finisher phase (25 to 42 days old). All experimental rations were formulated with equal metabolic energy and crude protein (Table 1).
Studied traits
In each stage, the feed given at the beginning and the remaining feed at the end of the phase were weighed. The feed consumption of the phase was calculated as the difference in the weight of the given feed and the remaining feed divided by the poultry’s age (number of days). In addition, at the end of each phase, the broilers of each replicate were weighed as a group after two hours of fasting using a digital scale with an accuracy of ±10 g. The daily weight gain in each stage was calculated as the difference in the weight of broilers in each pen at the end and beginning of that phase divided by the poultry’s age (number of days). To determine the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in each stage, the feed consumption of that stage was divided by the weight gain in the same stage.
To study the immune response to infectious bronchitis and Gumboro disease, the vaccine was administered orally at 7 days of age, and blood sampling was performed at 13 and 19 days of age. Finally, to investigate the immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), it was injected into the chest muscle on the 18th (initial) and 30th (secondary) days. Then, blood sampling was performed on the 24th, 30th (initial), 36th, and 42nd (secondary) days, respectively. A direct hemagglutination assay was used to measure the antibody response to SRBC. Accordingly, blood sampling was performed from sheep in tubes impregnated with ethylene-di-amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). The collected blood was centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant was discarded, and to wash the cells, this step was repeated three times using sodium chloride solution. The remaining blood cells were diluted with 5% sodium chloride solution. In the first and second rounds of SRB injection, 0.25 ml and 0.4 ml of the 5% suspension were injected into the breast muscles of the broilers, respectively. Six and 12 days after the injection of each vaccine, one chick was randomly selected from each pen. Then blood samples were taken from the wing veins of chickens. After 5-6 hours, the serum was separated, collected, and frozen at -20 °C until it was time to perform the tests for measuring the antibody response to the vaccines (Haghighi et al., 2005).
At the end of the experiment, one bird from each pen that was close to the mean of the experimental subject was selected and killed. Then, their cecal microbial population and jejunum morphology were examined. The cecal microbial population included the total population of aerobic bacteria, coliform, and Lactobacillus. For microbial population evaluation, 1 g of cecal contents was separated, and 9 series of dilutions were prepared in 0.9% sodium chloride solution. An eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar culture medium was used to count the total number of coliform bacteria, an MRS agar culture medium to count the Lactobacillus bacteria, and a plate count agar (PCA) culture medium to count the total population of bacteria. Colony counts were reported based on Log10 (Nam et al., 2001). To examine the intestinal morphology, a sample of the jejunum (a bird from each pen) was isolated and fixed after immersion in 10% formalin. After dehydration, molding with paraffin, cutting, and staining, the jejunum morphology (villus length, villus width, crypt depth, and the ratio of villus length to crypt depth) was measured via an optical microscope with a 10X lens using Motic Images Plus (ML 2.0) (McCracken & Quintin, 2010). The villus length to width ratio, the villus length to crypt depth ratio, and the villus area were calculated from the data (Sakamoto et al., 2000).
Statistical analysis
The research was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 6 repetitions. The data were analyzed using the GLM procedure from SAS (2001). The treatments’ means were compared using Duncan’s new multiple range test at the probability level of 0.05. The statistical model used was as follows:
where: yij, the value of each observation; µ, the mean effect; Ti, the effect of each treatment; and eij, the residual effect.
RESULTS
Growth performance
The effect of the experimental treatments on the growth performance traits of broiler chickens is presented in Tables 2, 3, and 4. Table 2 shows that the effect of treatments on feed consumption in different rearing phases was not significant (p>0.05). Table 3 shows that the effect of the experimental treatments on the body weight of broiler chickens was significant in all rearing phases, except for the starter (p>0.05). In the grower phase (11-24 days), the highest and lowest body weight were observed in the treatment containing turmeric extract along with a feed with a high peroxide oil (919.50 g) and the positive control treatment (ration containing oil with a high peroxide value) (638.15 g), respectively. In the finisher phase (25-42 days), the highest and lowest body weight were observed in the treatment group (1673.42 g) and the positive control treatment (ration containing oil with a high peroxide value) (1424.58 g), respectively. In the whole phase (1-42 days), the highest and lowest body weight were observed in the treatment group (2503.65 g) and the positive control treatment (ration containing oil with a high peroxide value) (2062.57 g), respectively. Table 4 indicates that experimental treatments had no significant effect on the FCR of broiler chickens across all rearing phases (p>0.05).
Antibody titer against infectious bronchitis and Gumboro disease
Based on the results of Table 5, it can be seen that the effect of experimental treatments on antibody titers against infectious bronchitis and Gumboro disease in broiler chickens was significant (p<0.05). The highest and lowest antibody titers against infectious bronchitis were observed in the treatments containing cinnamon and turmeric extracts (treatments 3, 4, and 5), and the treatments without cinnamon and turmeric extracts (treatments 1, and 2), respectively. Cinnamon and turmeric extracts caused a significant increase in antibody titers against infectious bronchitis (p<0.05). The highest and lowest antibody titers against infectious Gumboro disease were observed in the treatment containing cinnamon and turmeric extracts along with a feed containing oil with a high peroxide value (7484.08 g) and the positive control treatment (ration containing oil with a high peroxide value) (6368.63 g), respectively.
The cecal microbial population
As can be seen in Table 6, the effect of experimental treatments on the cecal microbial population of broiler chickens was not significant (p>0.05). In the present study, cinnamon and turmeric extracts did not affect the cecal microbial population of broiler chickens.
The jejunum morphology
Table 7 indicates that the effect of the experimental treatments on villus length, crypt depth, and ratio of villus length to crypt width was significant (p<0.05), but not on villus width (p>0.05). The highest and lowest crypt depths were observed in the positive control treatment (ration containing oil with a high peroxide value) (257.16 µm) and the treatment containing turmeric extract along with a feed with a high peroxide oil (166.91 µm), respectively. The highest and lowest villus lengths were observed in the treatment containing cinnamon and turmeric extracts along with a feed containing oil with a high peroxide value (1359.30 µm) and the positive control treatment (feed containing oil with a high peroxide value) (880.62 µm), respectively. Also, the highest and lowest villus length/crypt depth was observed in the treatment containing cinnamon and turmeric extracts along with a feed containing oil with a high peroxide value (5.85) and the positive control treatment (feed containing oil with a high peroxide value) (3.42), respectively.
DISCUSSION
Growth performance
Consistent with the current study results, studies have reported that the addition of turmeric (Ogbuewu et al., 2022, Naderi et al., 2014) and cinnamon (Nemati et al., 2016) did not have a significant effect on feed consumption in broilers (p>0.05). Also, some studies have shown that the addition of cinnamon and turmeric extracts (Baghban Kanani et al., 2016) and cinnamon and turmeric powder (Khan & Ahmad, 2022) to the feed improves body weight in broilers, which is consistent with the current findings. In another study by Doneria et al., (2022), feeding with cinnamon extract and peroxide oil increased broilers’ body weight. It has been reported that when using oil with a high peroxide number in broilers’ feeds, using natural or synthetic antioxidants can help prevent oxidative challenges (Abbasi et al., 2020). Recent studies have shown improvements in growth performance, especially body weight, in broilers receiving cinnamon extract (Yang et al., 2019) and turmeric extract (Khodadadi et al., 2021). The reasons for the improvement observed in the body weight of birds receiving cinnamon and turmeric extracts can be the role of antioxidant compounds of these medicinal plants such as eugenol, caryophyllene, cineole, cinnamaldehyde (Saied et al., 2022), and curcumin (Naderi et al., 2014). In another study, the effect of medicinal plants including cinnamon, turmeric, and thyme (separately and combined) was not significant on the FCR of broilers (Amini et al., 2015). Contrary to the present findings, some studies have shown that cinnamon extract and peroxide oil (Amiri et al., 2020), the combination of cinnamon and turmeric extract (Baghban Kanani et al., 2016), and turmeric and cinnamon powder (Khan & Ahmad, 2022) reduce the FCR.
Antibody titer against infectious bronchitis and Gumboro disease
In confirmation of the findings of the current research, several studies have confirmed the effect of medicinal plants on antibody titers against infectious bronchitis and Gumboro disease. Turmeric powder increases antibody titer against infectious bronchitis (Abd El-Samie, 2019); turmeric extract increases antibody titer against Newcastle disease (Khodadadi et al., 2021); and cinnamon extract increases antibody titer against infectious bronchitis (Nahed et al., 2020). Zamil et al. (2020) stated that the antibody titer against infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease in broilers receiving cinnamon powder increased significantly compared to the control group. Studies show that cinnamon is rich in polyphenols and proanthocyanidins, and the antibacterial and antiviral properties of its extract help strengthen the immune system (Khaligh et al., 2011). The extract of turmeric as a medicinal plant directly or indirectly affects the immune system due to its curcumin content and phenolic group. Its direct effect on the immune system may be related to the stimulation of the lymphatic tissues, and its indirect effect may be exerted by altering the microbial population of the gastrointestinal tract (Sureshbabu et al., 2023). The consumption of cinnamon extract and peroxide oil in broilers’ feed increased the antibody titer against infectious bronchitis and Gumboro disease (Saied et al., 2022). According to the results of the present research, the most favorable treatment that produced the highest antibody titer against infectious bronchitis and Gumboro disease was the treatment containing cinnamon and turmeric extracts along with a ration containing oil with a high peroxide value. The results of the current research are consistent with the findings of the mentioned researchers.
The cecal microbial population
Agreeing with the findings of this research, the study by Mousa et al. (2019) revealed that treatments containing different levels of turmeric powder caused no significant difference in the total population of cecal aerobic bacteria in laying hens. Moreover, in another study, turmeric and black pepper powders had no significant effect on the Lactobacillus bacteria population in the ileum of Japanese quails (Ashayerizadeh et al., 2023). Contrary to the results of the present research, it has been reported that turmeric powder increased the population of lactic acid bacteria, and total aerobic bacteria in the jejunum of broilers (Ürüsan & Bölükbasi, 2017); and decreased the population of Escherichia coli and coliform in the cecum of Japanese quails (Reda et al., 2020). Moreover, an increase was observed in the total population of aerobic bacteria and a decrease in cecal coliform in broilers consuming cinnamon extract (Krauze et al., 2021). A reduction was observed in the population of harmful bacteria in the digestive tract of poultry due to the antimicrobial properties of curcumin in turmeric (Samarasinghe et al., 2003) and eugenol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon (Rieger & Schiffman, 2014).
The jejunum morphology
The cinnamon extract increased crypt depth and villus length. Turmeric extract decreased the mentioned traits. The simultaneous use of cinnamon and turmeric extract increased crypt depth and villus length more, and consequently the ratio of villus length to crypt depth, compared to their separate use. Consistent with these results, Bondar et al. (2023) stated that the treatment containing turmeric extract had the highest villus length and ratio of villus length to crypt depth in the duodenum of broilers. In one study, cinnamon extract increased the villus length and crypt depth of the jejunum in broilers (Krauze et al., 2021). Reis et al. (2018) stated that cinnamon extract components improved enterocyte viability and reduced oxidative damage to the intestinal epithelium, leading to better nutrient absorption. Ashayerizadeh et al. (2023) reported that a mixture of turmeric and black pepper powder increased villus height in the jejunum and ileum compared to the control group for Japanese quails. The integrity and structure of the intestinal epithelium play an important role in digestion, absorption, and overall intestinal health. Intestinal villi are the primary site for nutrient absorption. Longer villi may represent more surface area, which in turn increases nutrient absorption capacity (Soumeh et al., 2019). The improved intestinal mucosal structure in response to the plant extracts used in the present research may be related to the increase in the population of beneficial bacteria that can produce antibacterial compounds and compete with harmful pathogens such as coliforms (Jazi et al., 2018). The height of broilers’ duodenum villi increased significantly with the consumption of cinnamon powder compared to the control group (Qaid et al., 2021). In the study by Fathi et al. (2023), the active ingredient curcumin improved the morphological characteristics of the jejunum in broilers.
CONCLUSION
The research findings indicate that cinnamon and turmeric extracts in rations containing oil with a high peroxide value improved the characteristics of broiler chickens’ jejunum tissue. This led to improved nutrient absorption and increased body weight. Additionally, better intestinal absorption enhanced resistance to infectious bronchitis and Gumboro disease. Therefore, the use of cinnamon and turmeric extracts in rations containing oil with a high peroxide value for feeding broiler chickens is recommended to improve production performance and flock health.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank all involved parties, particularly the Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr branch, for their support in conducting this research.
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FUNDING
The research was done at personal expense, with funds provided by Mohammad Reza Rostami Khanghahi.
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DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Data will be available upon request.
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DISCLAIMER/PUBLISHER’S NOTE
The published papers’ statements, opinions, and data are those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s). The editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions, or products referred to in the content.
Data availability
Data will be available upon request.
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
16 Dec 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
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Received
13 Aug 2024 -
Accepted
20 Oct 2024