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Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Full-Fat Canola Seeds on Productive Performance, Blood Metabolites and Antioxidant Status of Laying Japanese Quails

ABSTRACT

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of different levels of full-fat canola seeds (FFCS) on productive performance, blood metabolites and antioxidant status of laying Japanese quails. A total of 360, 8-week-old quails were divided into a completely randomize design with 4 dietary experimental groups and three pens each, each pen containing 30hens. The experimental groups were fed iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets supplemented with FFCS at levels 0, 50, 100 and 150 g/kg diet. The experiment lasted 16 weeks. All supplemented groups showed significant effects in the final body weight (g), hen feed consumption (g/hen/day), egg mass (g egg/hen/day) and hen-day egg production (%). However, egg weight (g) at 8-12 weeks of age reduced significantly. Moreover, feed conversion ratio (g feed/g egg), did not alter among groups. Egg quality criteria were not affected by FFCS supplementationexcept for the egg shape index which decreased significantly at 10 and 15% FFCS groups. Serum total protein, albumen, uric acid, creatinine, hepatic enzyme activities, triiodothyronine, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterolconcentrations were not altered. However, serum triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol showed significant reduction in all treated groups. Furthermore, serum glutathione peroxidase level was greatly influencedin supplemented groups, while malondialdehyde level reduced significantly. In conclusion, FFCS inclusion in Laying Japanese quail diets up to 15% enhanced the laying performance, blood lipids profile and anti-oxidative status. Thus, it can be regarded as alternative sources of energy and protein in poultry rations.

Keywords:
Full-fat canola seed; performance; blood metabolities; antioxidant; laying quail

INTRODUCTION

Nutrition is one of the major factors impacting the expansion of animal and poultry production, basically due to the constant elevation in prices of conventional dietary ingredients (yellow corn and soybean), which leads poultry nutritionists to search for appropriate, cheap and high-quality alternative feedstuffs (Farahat et al., 2013Farahat M, Hassanein E, Abdel-Razik W, Noll S. Effect of dietary corn dried distillers grains with soluble, canola meal, and chloride on electrolyte balance, growth performance, and litter moisture of growing turkeys. Poultry Science 2013;92(5):1254-1265.; Abd El-Moneim & Sabic, 2019Abd El-Moneim AE, Sabic EM, Abu-Taleb AM. Influence of dietary supplementation of irradiated or non-irradiated olive pulp on biochemical profile, antioxidant status and immune response of Japanese quails. Biological Rhythm Research. In Press 2019.; Abd El-Moneim et al., 2019). Canola seeds (CS), considered one of the locally and available crops in Egypt, have been tested as a good alternative to partly substitute yellow corn and soybean in poultry diets (Najib & Al-Khateeb, 2004Najib H, Al-Khateeb SA. The effect of incorporating different levels of locally produced canola seeds (Brassica napus, L.) in the diet of laying hen. International Journal Poultry Science 2004;3(7):490-496.) without causing loss in productive performance. However, its usage is still restricted due to the low available energy and the presence of detrimental components, just as (glucosinolates, erucic acid , phenols, sinapine, phytic acid, tannins and fiber), which influence its nutritional value and reduced the digestibility of proteins and bioavailability of minerals in the intestine (Mailer et al., 2008Mailer RJ, McFadden A, Ayton J, Redden B. Anti-nutritional components, fibre, sinapine and glucosinolate content, in Australian canola (Brassica napus L.):meal. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 2008; 85(10):937-944.; Khajali & Slominski, 2012Khajali F, Slominski B. Factors that affect the nutritive value of canola meal for poultry. Poultry Science 2012; 91(10):2564-2575.; Jasinski et al., 2018Jasinski S, Chardon F, Nesi N, Lécureuil A, Guerche P. Improving seed oil and protein content in Brassicaceae: some new genetic insights from Arabidopsis thaliana. Oilseeds & Fats Crop and Lipids 2018;25(6):D603.). For these reasons, Egyptian scientists in crop plant breeders, have successfully employed mutagenesis techniques, using gamma radiation in CS and could establish a promising mutant line of canola seeds (MCS), which showed significant impact on seed yields, 40-45 % oil in seeds and at least 28% protein, 3.5% fat and 0.35% phosphorus than their parents (Amer et al., 2017Amer I, Farrag M, Soliman S, Hassan A. Evaluation of promising mutant lines of canola grown under new reclamation lands (Harsh Lands). Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications 2017;(50):174-180.; Farrag, 2019Farrag EM. Genetic analysis of some mutant lines by gamma rays in canola (Brassica napus L.) [thesis]. Zagazig (EGY): Zagazig University; 2019.). The fatty acid composition of MCS showed also a high level of unsaturated fatty acids (61%), low level of saturated fatty acids (7%), oleic acid (51.26%), linoleic acid (17.32%) and linoleic acid (9.38%). In addition, they markedly minimized its anti-nutritional substances, including, glucosinolate and erucic acid to a negligible degree (Anwar et al., 2015Anwar MM, Ali SE, Nasr EH. Improving the nutritional value of canola seed by gamma irradiation. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 2015;8(3):328-333.; Amer et al., 2017). To our knowledge, no studies were conducted concerning this innovation of MCS and its use as a local dietary alternative ingredient in laying quail diets. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of incorporating increasing levels of FFCS as an alternative feed supplement on productive performance, blood metabolites and antioxidant status of laying Japanese quails.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Birds’ ethics and husbandry

The feeding experiment was conducted with 8 week old laying Japanese quail birds which were maintained at the Poultry experimental farm of the biological application department, Nuclear Research Center, Egypt. All procedures were carried out according to the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee for animal research, which is a member of the Egyptian Network of Research Ethics Committee. The scientific and ethics committee of the Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egypt approved all procedures used in this experiment (protocol number 186; date of approval: 14-7-2019).

Chemical analysis and Anti-nutritional compounds of CS

Proximate analysis of moisture, protein, fat, crude fiber, total carbohydrates and ash content were determined according to A.O.A.C (2010). Phytic acid content was determined using chromogenic reagent according to the method described by (Mohamed et al.,1986Mohamed A, Ponnamperma A, Pere AJ, Hafez Y. New chromophore for phytic acid determination. Cereal Chemistry 1986;63(6):475-478.). The glucosinolate content of the samples was determined according to (Gardrat & Prevot, 1987Gardrat C, Prevot A. Quantitative determination of glucosinolates in rapeseed and rapeseed meal by enzymatic method. Revue Francaise des Corps Gras 1987;34:457-461.). In-vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) was estimated according to the method of (Akesonand Stahman, 1984Akeson WR, Stahmann MA. A pepsin Pancreatin digest index of protein quality evaluation. Journal of Nutrition 1984;83:257.) using the following the equation:

The chemical analysis, anti-nutritional compounds and in-vitro protein digestibility of CS were shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Chemical composition of canola seeds on dry weight basis.

Birds and Management

A total of 360, 8-week-old Japanese quail hens with average 242.1±1.54 g, initial body weight per female were divided into a completely randomized design with 4 dietary experimental groups and three pens each, each pen containing 30 hens. The experimental birds equal in body weight were housed in steel wire battery cages of (100 × 60 × 50 cm; length × width × height) in size, in an experimental house under the same management, hygienic and environmental conditions; a 16- hour’s lighting schedule and ambient temperature ranged from 20-25 °C during eight weeks experiment period. Cages were equipped with a stainless-steel nipple drinker.

Experimental diets and Canola seed source

The experimental diets were conducted on mutant line of full fat Canola seed (Brassica napusL.), which had been genetically improved and produced in previous studies conducted by (Amer et al., 2017Amer I, Farrag M, Soliman S, Hassan A. Evaluation of promising mutant lines of canola grown under new reclamation lands (Harsh Lands). Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications 2017;(50):174-180.) in plant breeding techniques process, through exposing the traditional canola seed to gamma radiation applications then growing the irradiated seed for several generations in the experimental fields of the plant research department, Nuclear Research Center, Egypt. The full-fat canola seed was dried and finely grinded using a grinder before supplementations to laying Japanese quail diets. For 16 weeks, the experimental groups as shown in Table 2, fed iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets supplemented with FFCS at different levels of 0, 50, 100 and 150 g/kg diet, respectively. The first group (C0) received a basal diet based on yellow corn-soybean meal with no FFCS and served as control. The other treatments (C5, C10 and C15) were fed the ba­sal diet supplemented with FFCS at different levels 50, 100 and 150 g/kg diet, respectively. Diets were formulated according to NRC (1994NRC. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th ed. Washington: National Academy Press; 1994.) to cover the nutrient requirements of laying quails. Mash diets and drinking water were available ad libitum for each cage during the whole study. The diets composition and the calculated analysis are presented in Table 2.

Table 2
Composition and calculated analysis of experimental diets of laying Japanese quail.

Productive performance and egg parameters measured

The individual live body weight of quail hen per replicate was recorded at the beginning and at the end of the experiment however feed consump­tion (FC) g feed/bird/day was registered per week. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was estimated as: g feed /g egg. Egg number (EN) and egg weight (EW) were monitored daily to calculate %Hen-day egg production and the egg mass (EM) g/hen/day as: EM = EN ×EW.

Egg quality criteria

Egg and eggshell quality examinations (eggshell thickness, shell, yolk and albumen weights (%), yolk index, yolk: albumen ratio, egg shape index and Haugh Unite (HU) score were conducted according to (William, 1992) by using an average of 10 eggs laid between 12:00 and 15:00 from each treatment replicate which were randomly collected at the ends of 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age. To measure external and internal egg quality criteria , after the eggs were weighed and measured in their length and width, egg shape index was calculated as the ratio of egg width to length , the eggs were carefully opened on a glass plate, then both yolk and albumen were separated and weighed, while eggshells were cleaned, dried at room temperature and weighed. Yolk, albumen and shell weights were expressed as a percentage of egg weight. Mean eggshell thickness (with shell membrane) at three areas of the egg (air cell, equator and sharp end) was determined using a 0.01-mm micrometer. Yolk diameter was estimated by a vernier caliper to the nearest 0.05 mm, however yolk height was measured to the nearest 0.01 mm by means of tripod micrometer reading. The yolk index was calculated by dividing the yolk height on yolk diameter. HU score was computed according the following equation:

H U ( % ) = 100 × l o g ( T + 7.57 1.7 × M 0.37 )

where: T and M refer to albumen height and egg weight g, respectively.

Blood sampling and biochemical analysis

At the termination of the experiment, 9 quail hens from each group (3 hens / pen) ,were randomly selected, slaughtered and blood samples were collected in a tube without anticoagulant for separate serum; then the samples were immediately centrifuged at 4500 rpm for 15 min and the obtained sera was frozen at -20 °C until further analysis. Serum total protein, albumin, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-den­sity lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, uric acid, creatinine concentrations, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine ami­notransferase (ALT) activities were analyzed using spectropho­tometer (Spectronic 1201, Milton Roy, Ivyland, PA, USA) using commercial kits (Spinreact Co., Girona, Spain). Glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the serum were analyzed using commercial kits (Cell Bio-labs Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Serum concentration of triiodothyronine (T3) was measured in all blood samples using radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits.

Statistical analysis

The experimental results were analyzed with the general linear model and analysis of vari­ance procedure using the statistical software SPSS (ver. 18.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Tukey’s procedure for multiple comparison tests was used to identify the statistical significant effects at a significance level of p<0.05. Linear and quadratic effects of dietary FFCS supplement level were studied using polynomial contrasts.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Laying quail performance

Laying performance of laying quails as influenced by increasing dietary supplementation of FFCS is presented in Table 3. The obtained results show that, at the end of the experimental period (8wks) the final body weight (g), hen feed consumption (g/hen/day), overall egg mass (g egg/hen/day) and hen-day egg production (%) of supplemented groups recorded significant effects in groups supplemented with increasing FFCS up to 15 % in the diet compared to the control group. On the other hand, increasing the inclusion levels of FFCS from 10 to 15% in laying quail diets reduced significantly egg weight (g) at 8-12 weeks of age, except, at 12-16 weeks of age in the group supplemented with 15% FFCS. Moreover, feed conversion ratio, g feed/g egg was not significantly altered among groups.

Table 3
Effect of dietary supplementation of canola seeds on productive performance of laying Japanese quail birds.

The enhancing effects of FFCS on aforementioned laying performance may be due tothe genetic improvement in traditional CS, which was developed by scientists in crop plant breeders (Amer et al., 2017Amer I, Farrag M, Soliman S, Hassan A. Evaluation of promising mutant lines of canola grown under new reclamation lands (Harsh Lands). Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications 2017;(50):174-180.; Farrag, 2019Farrag EM. Genetic analysis of some mutant lines by gamma rays in canola (Brassica napus L.) [thesis]. Zagazig (EGY): Zagazig University; 2019.). This enhanced seed as shown in Table 1 of this study are characterized with low concentration of total glycosinolate 7.4 µmol/g seed, Phytic acid 12.2 g /kg seed and high level of in-vitro protein digestibility 62.1 g/100 g in comparison with the traditional CS. Although, Niemann et al. (2018Niemann G, Brand T, Hoffman L. Production and slaughter performance of ostriches fed full-fat canola seed. South African Journal of Animal Science 2018;(48):779-799.) documented no deleterious effects in performance of broilers fed diet with 15.8 µmol glucosinolate /g diet. As a result, this improvement in FFCS characterizations, allowed for high level incorporation of canola seeds up to 15% into laying quail diets without causing any negative effects on the laying performance. Furthermore, a possible explanation for improving laying quail performance in the present study may be the high nutritive value of FFCS with high quality and content of oil percent,48.9% in CS, high level of essential minerals and a better quality of proteins 23.2% in terms of balanced essential amino acid composition and digestibility 62.1 g /100g. Besides, CS contain high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids 93.44%, mainly 61.69% oleic acid, 22.12% linoleic and 6.32% linolenic acid (Farrag, 2019), these essential fatty acids of canola oil are involved in its utilization mode, taste and suitable odor, lead to increasing hen feed consumption (g/hen/day), which in turn correlate with the significant increase in hen-day egg production (%), egg mass (g egg/hen/day) and improving the final body weight of supplemented groups. Moreover, feeding birds on diets containing unsaturated fatty acids has improved their lipid metabolism and productive performance (Keum et al., 2018Keum MC, An BK, Shin KH, Lee KW. Influence of dietary fat sources and conjugated fatty acid on egg quality, yolk cholesterol, and yolk fatty acid composition of laying hens. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science 2018; 47:e20170303.). In accordance with obtaining results, (Przybylski et al., 2013Przybylski R, Gruczynska E, Aladedunye F. Performance of regular and modified canola and soybean oils in rotational frying. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 2013;90:1271-1280.; Sharafi et al., 2015Sharafi Y, Majidi MM, Goli SAH, Rashidi F. Oil content and fatty acids composition in brassica species. International Journal of Food Properties 2015;18(10):2145-2154.) reported 7% saturated acids, including palmitic and stearic acid, and high levels of unsaturated fatty acids 93%, including 61% oleic acid, 11% linolenic acid, and 21% linoleic acid in CS, this unique composition may provide the laying quail with essential fatty acids, energy and bioactive materials during the bird’s life production resulted in a positive impact on egg production and egg weight ( Sharafi et al., 2015; Ibrahim et al., 2018Ibrahim NS, Sabic EM, Abu-Taleb AM. Effect of inclusion irradiated olive pulp in laying quail diets on biological Performance. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Science 2018;11(4):340-346.). The results are in line with the findings of Zanini et al. (2006)Zanini S, Colnago G, Pessotti B, Bastos M, Casagrande FP, Lima, V. Body fat of broiler chickens fed diets with two fat sources and conjugated linoleic acid. International Journal of Poultry Science 2006;5(3):241-246. who reported a significant increase in body weight gain in broilers fed a diet containing canola seed oil. Najib & Al-Khateeb (2004Najib H, Al-Khateeb SA. The effect of incorporating different levels of locally produced canola seeds (Brassica napus, L.) in the diet of laying hen. International Journal Poultry Science 2004;3(7):490-496.) also reported no negative impact in productive performance and egg quality traits in laying fed canola meal up to 10% in the diet. In addition, Naseem et al., 2006 showed better body weight gain and feed utilization efficiency in chickens fed diet containing 25% canola meal.

Egg quality

The data of egg quality evaluated in response to the dietary supplementation of FFCS are presented in Table 4. There were no significant effects in (albumen, yolk and shell) percentages, yolk index, yolk: albumen ratio, Shell thickness, mm and haugh unit score among treatments, except for egg shape index which decreased significantly at10 and 15% FFCS.

Table 4
Effect of dietary supplementation of canola seeds on egg quality of laying Japanese quails birds at the end of the experimental period.

The non-significant changes in aforementioned egg quality characters in all supplemented groups agree with previous findings ( Kucukersan et al., 2010Kucukersan K, Yesilbag D, Kucukersan S. Influence of different dietary oil sources on performance and cholesterol content of egg yolk in laying hens. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences 2010;(4):117-122.; Agah et al., 2010Agah MJ, Moghaddam HN, Tahmasbi AM, Lotfollahian H. Performance and fatty acid compositions of yolk lipid from laying hens fed with locally produced canola seed (Brassica napus L.). Research Journal of Biological Sciences 2010;5:228-232.; Ismail et al., 2013Ismail IB, Al-Busadah KA, El-BahrS M. Effect of dietary supplementation of canola oil on egg production, quality and biochemistry of egg yolk and plasma of laying hen. International Journal of Biological Chemistry 2013;7:27-37.), which showed insignificant difference of egg quality traits in laying hens fed diet supplemented with canola oil over 10%. A similar study by Najib & Al-Khateeb (2004Najib H, Al-Khateeb SA. The effect of incorporating different levels of locally produced canola seeds (Brassica napus, L.) in the diet of laying hen. International Journal Poultry Science 2004;3(7):490-496.) reported no negative impact in egg quality criteria in laying hen fed canola meal up to 10% in the diet. Moreover, the significant decrease in egg shape index by raising the inclusion levels of FFCS in laying quail diets may be attributed to the significant elevation in hen-day egg production (%) and egg weight of supplemented groups with FFCS. This finding agrees with Iqbal et al. (2017) who reported a correlation between egg weight and the egg shape index.

Serum biochemical components

Mean values for serum biochemical components in layers fed diets with 0, 5,10 and 15% FFCS are presented in Table 5.The results showed insignificant (P>0.05) difference in terms of serum protein fractions(total protein and albumen), renal function biomarkers (uric acid and creatinine), lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol and HDL- cholesterol) values and liver enzymes activity (ALP, ALT and AST). On the other hand, serum triglycerides showed significant decrease in supplemented groups with FFCS up to 15 % in laying diets compared to the control.

Table 5
Effect of dietary supplementation of canola seeds on serum biochemical components of laying Japanese quails birds at the end of the experimental period.

The results showed insignificant differences in serum levels of protein fractions, liver enzymes activity, renal function biomarkers in response to the increasing levels of FFCS in laying quail diets. Similar results were reported in other studies conducted by (Szymeczko et al., 2011Szymeczko R, Topolinski T, Burlikowska K, Piotrowska A, Boguslawska-Tryk M, Blaszyk J. Effects of different levels of rape seeds in the diet on performance, blood and bone parameters of broiler chickens. Journal of Central European Agriculture 2011;11:393-400.; Ahmed et al., 2015Ahmed HA, Abou-Elkhair R, Ketkat SA, Selim S. Growth and economic performance of broiler chickens fed on graded levels of canola meal with or without multi-enzyme supplementation. Journal of Agricultural Science 2015;7(6):137.), in broilers fed rape seeds. Additionally, the insignificant effect in serum ALP activity as influenced by FFCS supplementation compared to the control may be reflex to physiological stressful condition introduced in supplemented groups. In general, the results of serum biochemical components in this study indicated that, the supplemented FFCS up to 15 % in laying diets did not precipitate any significant harmful effect on the health status of the laying quails, also, this is a good indication that dietary CS was well utilized by quails.

The present study did not show significant differences among experimental groups in serum total cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol and HDL- cholesterol levels, while, there was a linear and quadratic lower level of serum triglycerides compared to the control. This finding indicating feeding diets containing canola oil may have a potential role in regulating blood lipid profiles; this effect might be attributed to the high content of unsaturated fat content in canola oil. As mentioned previously, canola oil is characterized by low level, 7% of saturated fatty acids, high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, including 61% oleic acid, 21% linoleic acid, and 11% alpha-linolenic acid and tocopherols 700 - 1,200 ppm (Lin et al., 2013Lin L, Allemekinders H, Dansby A, Campbell L, Durance-Tod S, Berger A, et al. Evidence of health benefits of canola oil. Nutrition Reviews 2013;71(6):370-385.). In line with previous studies by Gillingham et al. (2012Gillingham LG, Robinson KS, Jones PJH. Effect of high-oleic canola and flaxseed oils on energy expenditure and body composition in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Metabolism 2012;61:1598-1605.), significant reductions in triglycerides levels were observed after canola oil-based diets were consumed compared with a baseline high saturated fatty acids diet. In addition, Lin et al. (2013) reported the ability of canola oil to suppress TC and LDL-C levels compared with saturated fatty acids.

Thyroid activity and antioxidant status

Serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations of laying quails fed diets with varying FFCS levels are illustrated in (Fig. 1, A). The results revealed insignificant effect in all treatments, except in 5 % FFCS group which showed a numerical elevation in serum triiodothyronine concentrations compared with other treatments. Furthermore, antioxidant status of laying quailstreated with FFCS was greatly affected. Serum glutathione peroxidase activity in the present findings (Fig. 1, D ) significantly increased by increasing the inclusion levels of FFCS in birds’ diets, in addition, there was numerical increase in serum glutathione content (Fig. 1,C ) by increasing the inclusion levels of FFCS. While, serum malondialdehyde contents of birds in these groups as shown in (Fig. 1, B) significantly reduced compared to the control values.

Figure 1
Effect of dietary supplementation of canola seeds on serum concentrations of A triiodothyronine, B malondialdehyde, C glutathione and D glutathione peroxidase activity of laying Japanese quail birds at 15 weeks of age.

Inclusion of FFCS at a level of 5, 10 and 15% in laying quail diets did not significantly affect serum level of T3. In agreement with our findings Ramesh et al. (2006)Ramesh K, Devegowda G, Khosravinia H. Effects of enzyme addition to broiler diets containing varying levels of double zero rapeseed meal. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2006;19:1354-1360. showed that plasma concentrations of T3 were not affected by the addition of rapeseed meal. Taraz et al. (2006)Taraz Z, Jalali S, Rafeie F. Effects of replacement of soybean meal with rapeseed meal on organs weight, some blood biochemical parameters and performance of broiler chicks. International Journal of Poultry Science 2006;5:1110-1115. also observed insignificant changes in serum T4 level of broilers fed rapeseed meal. In contrast, Ahmed et al. (2015)Ahmed HA, Abou-Elkhair R, Ketkat SA, Selim S. Growth and economic performance of broiler chickens fed on graded levels of canola meal with or without multi-enzyme supplementation. Journal of Agricultural Science 2015;7(6):137. demonstrated that 10 and 20% canola meal included in broiler diets decreased serum concentration of T3. It was suggested that rapeseed meal contains anti-thyroid compounds that could alter the de-iodination process of the outer ring of T4 (Darras et al., 2000Darras VM, Van der Geyten, S, Kühn, ER. Thyroid hormone metabolism in poultry. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement 2000;4:13-20.) and destroy nuclear receptors of thyroid hormones in the peripheral tissues (Schöne et al., 1993Schöne F, Jahreis G, Richter G, Lange R. Evaluation of rapeseed meals in broiler chicks: effect of iodine supply and glucosinolate degradation by myrosinase or copper. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 1993;(61):245-252.). However, genetically enhanced CS seems to be lower in these compounds, thus no alterations in serum T3 levels were observed in the present study. Moreover, the unchanged levels of T3 may be attributed to the physiological equilibrium in the thyroid gland of quails after 42 days of age (Ahmed et al., 2015).

The significant enhancement in serum anti-oxidative status of laying quailstreated with FFCS may be attributed to the major role of unsaturated fatty acids and phytochemical constituents present in FFCS as a natural source of antioxidants (Sameh et al., 2018Sameh G, Sharaf Eldin M, Hamid MS, Soad Z, KHair TM, Rozan MA. Canola Seed Meal as a Potential Source of Natural Antioxidant . Alexandria Science Exchange Journal 2018; 39(4):615-619.), and its responsibility for health promoting action (Vallejo et al., 2003Vallejo F, García-Viguera C, Tomás-Barberán FA. Changes in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) health-promoting compounds with inflorescence development. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2003;51(13):3776-3782.). Furthermore, the high antioxidant capacity of canola oil seeds and its high content of vitamin E (tocopherols) and phenolic compounds with levels ranging from 82 to 122 mg/g dry matter (Riaz et al., 2012Riaz T, Abbasi MA, Rehman A, Shahzadi U, Qureshi MZ, Ajaib M. Dicliptera bupleuroides: an imperative source for protection from oxidative stress. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan 2012;34(2):326-332.; Farag et al., 2013Farag MA, Sharaf Eldin MG, Kassem H, Abou el Fetouh M. Metabolome classification of Brassica napus L. organs via UPLC-QTOF-PDA-MS and their anti-oxidant potential. Phytochemical Analysis 2013;24:277-287. ; Jun et al., 2014Jun HI, Wiesenborn DP,Kim YS. Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds from canola (Brassica napus) seed. Food Science and Biotechnology 2014;23(6):1753-1760.; Chandrasekara et al., 2016Chandrasekara A, Rasek OA, John JA, Chandrasekara N, Shahidi F. Solvent and extraction conditions control the assayable phenolic content and antioxidant activities of seeds of black beans, canola and millet. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 2016;93:275-283.; Rozan et al., 2018Rozan MA, Bayomy HM, Boriy EG. Effects of turmeric addition on chemical composition, antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation of lentil soup. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal 2018;39:1-6.). In this context, Flakelar et al. (2015Flakelar CL, Luckett DJ, Howitt JA, Doran G, Prenzler PD. "Canola (Brassica napus):oil from Australian cultivars shows promising levels of tocopherols and carotenoids, along with good oxidative stability. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2015;42:179-186.) and Sameh et al. (2018) showed a high total phenols, total flavonoids and α-Tocopherol contents with superior antioxidant activity for canola meal. Lastly, this finding reflects the advantages of CS as a good source of unsaturated fatty acids, Phenolics, flavonoids and α-tocopherols which all play an important role in the antioxidant activity.

CONCLUSION

The current study suggests that using plant breeding technologies either to produce new plant varieties or to improve the characteristics of existing varieties, including amendment of their nutritional value and reducing anti-nutritional compounds, can contribute significantly to finding potential promising alternatives to conventional feedstuffs. Replacing soybean meal and yellow maize by mutant full-fat canola seeds at levels up to 15% in laying quail diets improved laying performance indices along with the associated changes in blood biochemistry, lipids profile and antioxidative status without altering hepatic and renal function biomarkers. Thus, mutant full-fat canola seeds can be regarded as a suitable dietary alternative ingredient in laying quail diets.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors are thankful to Dr. Mona El-Sayed Farrag Mansour, Lecturer of plant research Dep., Nuclear Research Center, for providing us with mutant canola seeds. The authors also acknowledge the Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority for their cooperation.

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  • COMPLIANCE WITH ETHICAL STANDARDS

    The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Local Experimental Animals Care Committee, Egyptian Nuclear Research Center.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    05 June 2020
  • Date of issue
    2020

History

  • Received
    31 Aug 2019
  • Accepted
    17 Feb 2020
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