Open-access Effects of Supplemental Melon Peel Powder on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of Layer Quails

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the effects of melon peel powder (MPP) as a supplement on the performance and egg quality of Japanese quails. Melon peels are by-products of melon production and are rich in polyphenolic compounds and carotenoids that can improve quail performance and egg quality. The study was conducted over six weeks using 120 female Japanese quails with comparable body weights, aged 42 days. MPP was provided to the group diets at inclusion levels of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0%, and 2.0%. The study indicated that MPP supplementation did not improve laying performance, external egg quality parameters, albumen index, yolk index, Haugh unit, or yolk cholesterol levels. However, MPP supplementation improved the internal quality of eggs, as shown by the higher yolk color score and higher yolk carotenoid levels. The antioxidant capacity of eggs was also improved by MPP supplementation. In conclusion, MPP supplementation in laying quail diets positively affected egg internal quality and egg yolk antioxidant status. A 2.0% dietary supplementation of MPP is recommended for laying quails. Further studies will be needed to understand the effects of MPP on metabolism and blood biochemical traits in poultry.

Keywords: Antioxidant capacity; egg quality; Japanese quail; lipid peroxidation; melon peel powder

INTRODUCTION

The growing world population has increased the demand for food, especially poultry products, which raises both the need for feed ingredients and their prices (Hussein et al., 2023). In response to these difficulties, researchers have recently begun looking for potential low-cost alternatives from agro-industrial byproducts and food waste to commercial feed additives (Garnida et al., 2022). In addition to reducing production costs, bioactive compounds present in food waste have been investigated for their potential use in animal feed, with emphasis on their effects on animal health and product quality (Gómez-García et al., 2021). In this context, by-products derived from fruits and vegetables, including peels and seeds, have received considerable attention (Mallek-Ayadi et al. 2017).

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is cultivated in many countries with temperate climates across America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Türkiye is the second-largest producer of melons after China (Vella et al., 2023). Melon is one of the most consumed fruits in the world, and it has also been suggested for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases owing to its therapeutic and antioxidant properties (Mallek-Ayadi et al., 2017). However, the non-edible parts of melon create 8-20 million tons of waste per year (Rolim et al., 2020). The majority of the melon fruit, approximately 25-44%, consists of peels (Vella et al., 2023). Melon waste has great potential for use in the agricultural and food industries because of its rich content of proteins, enzymes, ethanol, glucose, aromatic compounds, and prebiotic components (Rolim et al., 2020). Melon peels are also a rich source of phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids and carotenoids (Vella et al., 2023).

Flavonoids, the most numerous group of polyphenols, are one of the secondary components of plants and their fruits (Goliomytis et al., 2018). These polyphenolic substances have chelating, immunostimulatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties in metabolism (Hussein et al. 2023). Flavonoids can be used as feed additives and might improve the performance of poultry by improving the immune status, digestion, and metabolism of animals (Kamel et al., 2021). Flavonoids are also important alternatives to synthetic antioxidants, which can be used to improve animal feed and extend the shelf life of poultry products (Hussein et al., 2023). On the other hand, natural or synthetic carotenoid sources have been used to modify yolk color, which is accepted as an important quality parameter for consumer egg purchase choice (Ahmed et al., 2022; Rolim et al., 2020). Carotenoids are also accepted as important natural antioxidants. Dietary inclusion of natural antioxidant sources also helps to increase the antioxidant capacity of eggs and avoid changes in their color, flavor, and aroma during storage by retarding lipid peroxidation (Nunes et al., 2017).

Many food wastes and by-products have been studied to determine their effects on the performance and egg quality of poultry, including pomegranate peel (Abbas et al., 2017; Kamel et al., 2021; Lioliopoulou et al., 2023), cassava residue (Almeida et al., 2020), watermelon rind (Nobakht, 2015), carrot meal (De Souza et al., 2019), and red beet (Sarmiento-García et al., 2023). However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have been conducted using melon peels as feed additives. Japanese quails are useful for egg quality research because of the size, ease of handling, and nutritional value of their eggs (Sarmiento-García et al., 2023). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary melon peel powder (MPP) supplementation on laying quail performance traits, internal and external egg quality profiles, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant capacity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ethical Approval

The current study was approved by the local animal ethics committee of Konya Selcuk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (Decision No. 2023/135). The researchers also complied with EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments during the experimental period.

Preparation of feed additives

Experimental melons were harvested from fields in the Yenikent District, Aksaray, Türkiye. The peels were manually cut from the fruit (> 0.5 cm), oven-dried at 50°C for 48 h, and subsequently ground and passed through a 20-mesh sieve. The chemical composition of MPP was analyzed according to the AOAC (2000) guidelines. Total polyphenol content was determined according to the assay proposed by Mallek-Ayadi et al. (2017), while reducing power (%) and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) were determined according to the method described by Sanja et al. (2009). All analysis results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Chemical composition, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of melon peel powder.

Experimental design

The study was conducted at a private quail indoor farm in the Aksaray province of Türkiye for 6 weeks. The study involved 120 female Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) with comparable body weights and aged six weeks. The battery cages (30 × 45 cm) used in the experiment were equipped with nipple drinkers and plastic feeders. The birds were randomly assigned to four groups, each consisting of five replicates, with six birds per replicate. The room temperature was maintained at 22± 2.0°C, and 16-h lighting per day was provided for each pen.

An appropriate diet for layer quails, primarily composed of corn and soybean meal, was developed according to the guidelines provided by the National Research Council (1994). The chemical composition of the basal feed was analyzed according to AOAC (2000) (Table 2). Food and water were provided ad libitum. MPP was provided to the group diets at inclusion levels of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0%, and 2.0%.

Table 2
Diet formulation and chemical composition of diets.

Determination of performance parameters

At the beginning of the experiment, the female quails were individually weighed using a highly precise electronic balance with an accuracy of ±0.01 grams and randomly assigned to cages. The body weight was determined by weighing the birds at the start and end of the trial, and the difference was calculated for each cage to determine the average body weight gain (g/day). The feed added to each subgroup during the study was recorded, and the total feed consumed was determined by subtracting the amount of feed remaining in the feeders at the end of the study. The feed intake of each subgroup was calculated by dividing the total feed consumption by the number of quails and the trial period, and the feed intake was expressed as g/bird/day.

Eggs were collected at 16:00 every day during the experiment, and the percentage of egg production (%) was calculated by dividing the number of eggs produced per day by the number of birds and then multiplying the result by 100. To determine the average egg weight of the subgroups, the collected eggs were weighed using a precision weighing balance (±0.01 g). Egg mass was calculated by multiplying egg production (%) by egg weight (g) and dividing by 100. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was determined by dividing feed intake (g/bird/day) by egg mass (g).

Determination of external egg quality

During egg collection, all damaged, cracked, or broken eggs were recorded separately, and a percentage of the whole egg total was established. During the last three days of the trial, a total of 120 eggs (30 eggs from each experimental group) were collected for estimation. Eggs and eggshells were weighed with a high-precision balance, and the eggshell weight of each egg was determined by dividing the eggshell weight by the egg weight and multiplying by 100. A digital micrometer was used to determine eggshell thickness by categorizing the eggshells into three sections - the equator, blunt, and pointed parts - after cleaning them. To determine the mineral content of the eggshells, they were ashed in a 550°C ash furnace (NÜVE, MF 106) for 6 h.

Determination of internal egg quality

To measure internal egg quality parameters, a sharp scalpel was used to break the egg and empty the contents onto a clean glass surface, and the shell residues were discarded. Albumin height and yolk height were estimated using a digital height gauge. The albumin and yolk diameters were determined using a 0.01 mm digital caliper. The collected data were used to determine the albumen index, yolk index, and Haugh unit as described by Sarmiento-García et al. (2023). To determine the cholesterol content of yolk, two eggs from each subgroup were hard boiled and 0.1 g of egg yolk was mixed with 4 mL isopropyl alcohol and vortexed. The mixture was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3.000 rpm and the supernatant was analyzed using an oto-analyzer with a total cholesterol determination kit. Total carotenoid content was determined using the method described by Bidura et al. (2020).

Determination of DPPH and MDA levels in the egg yolk.

Eggs for antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation assays were stored at -20 °C, and lipid peroxidation of egg yolk was determined using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method described by Zeb & Ullah (2016). In this protocol a gram of yolk was extracted with 5 mL of glacial acetic acid and 0.01% butylated hydroxytoluene and shaken for 60 min at room temperature. Subsequently, 1 mL of the extract was mixed with 1 mL of 4 mM TBA and heated for 60 min at 95°C, and the absorbance was measured at 532 nm against a linear range of malondialdehyde (MDA) standards to determine lipid peroxidation levels in micromoles of MDA per gram of yolk. The antioxidant capacity of yolk was measured according to the method described by Sarmiento-García et al. (2023).

Statistical analysis

Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA with four treatments and five replicates, with six female quails in each replicate. The data obtained were subjected to ANOVA using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of SPSS Software (Version 26, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Tukey’s multiple range test was employed to evaluate the means, with a probability value of p < 0.05 indicating statistical significance.

RESULTS

No mortality or signs of disease were observed in any of the test groups during the trial period. Table 3 lists the performance parameters of the experimental groups. The inclusion of MPP did not significantly affect the final body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, or FCR values of laying quails in the current study (p>0.05). Similarly, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in egg production (including egg production, egg weight, or egg mass).

Table 3
Effects of melon peel powder supplementation on the performance and egg production of laying quails.

Table 4 shows the effects of dietary MPP supplementation on external egg quality traits. Dietary MPP at each level did not significantly affect the damaged egg rate, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, or eggshell ash rate in the current study (p>0.05).

Table 4
Effects of melon peel powder supplementation on external egg quality in laying quails.

As described in Table 5, there was no significant difference between the different levels of MPP dietary inclusion in terms of the albumen index, yolk index, Haugh unit, and yolk cholesterol levels (p>0.05). In contrast, augmentation of MPP levels linearly increased yolk color index in the current study (p<0.001). Similarly, total carotenoid levels were linearly and positively affected by MPP supplementation (p<0.05).

Table 5
Effect of melon peel powder supplementation on internal egg quality in laying quails.

The antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation levels in the egg yolks are presented in Table 6. In the current study, the antioxidant capacity of egg yolks was spectrophotometrically determined using DPPH reduction. DPPH levels in egg yolks increased with MPP supplementation in quail diets (p<0.001). The group that received 1.0% MPP in the diet had the highest DPPH levels among all the treatment groups. Similarly, MDA levels decreased with increasing MPP levels in laying quail diets (p=0.001). The lowest MDA levels were observed in egg yolks obtained from birds fed 2.0% MPP-supplemented diets.

Table 6
Effect of melon peel powder supplementation on internal egg quality in laying quails.

DISCUSSION

Melon peel deserves further attention in poultry nutrition because of its rich content of phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and carotenoids (Mallek-Ayadi et al., 2017). These compounds have been associated with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities that can be used to improve digestive and absorptive processes in the gastrointestinal tract, improve intestinal morphology and enzyme production, and have a modulatory effect on the microbiota (Almeida et al., 2020). To the contrary, high levels of polyphenols in laying poultry diet could reduce the performance due to condensed tannins, which are a class of flavonoids, inhibiting the absorption of fat and protein through the formation of macromolecules and reducing enzyme activity in the intestines (Kaya et al., 2014; Tufarelli et al., 2022). In the present study, MPP supplementation in the diet of laying quails did not negatively affect bird performance. Other studies that used polyphenol-rich byproducts in laying quails reported similar results. Sarmiento-García et al. (2023) reported no adverse effects on the performance of laying quails fed diets supplemented with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 %, and 0.8% red beet powder. Şengül (2021) observed that 0.5, 1.0%, and 1.5% dietary inclusion of beetroot powder did not differ in performance traits in laying quails. Another study conducted on laying quails revealed that the use of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% dried cassava residue did not cause any significant differences in performance compared to the control group (Almeida et al., 2020). Hence, the lack of significant differences in laying quail performance when supplemented with MPP might be due to the specific composition of the waste, its interaction with the quail diet, and the inclusion levels.

In the current study, damaged eggs, eggshell weight, and eggshell thickness were unaffected by MPP inclusion in the quail diet. Similar to our results, other studies found no difference in terms of the damaged egg, eggshell weight (Almeida et al., 2020; Ahmed et al., 2022; Pirgozliev et al., 2022; Sarmiento-García et al., 2023), and eggshell thickness (Pirgozliev et al., 2022) with supplementation of either laying quails or hen diets with polyphenol-rich natural sources. External egg quality parameters are mostly affected by the mineral content of the feed, including calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus (Sarmiento-García et al., 2023). Although melon peels are a rich source of macrominerals (Pereira et al., 2023), their bioavailability remains unclear. Therefore, the lack of significant difference between the groups in terms of external egg quality traits might be associated with the lack of sufficient information on the bioavailability of minerals in MPP.

Egg internal quality traits, particularly yolk color, are important aspects of egg quality for the egg industry and consumer choice (Ahmed et al., 2022). Carotenoids are natural pigments and are considered to be one of the primary factors contributing to the hue of egg yolks (Almeida et al., 2020; Bidura et al., 2021). In the current study, dietary MPP improved the total carotenoid content of egg yolks. Melon peels contain significant concentrations of carotenoids. This concentration is notably higher than other parts of the melon fruit (Gómez-García et al., 2021). Previous studies have reported comparable results when using various natural sources of carotenoids in avian diets. Dried stevia leaves (Pirgozliev et al., 2022), fermented carrot leaf flour (Bidura et al., 2021) and Moringa oleifera leaf powder (Bidura et al., 2020) increased carotenoid content in the yolk linearly in laying hens. Like total carotenoid content, the findings in our study indicated a progressive enhancement of yolk fan color with an increasing quantity of MPP. Many studies on the natural sources of carotenoids have shown an improvement in egg yolk color, including dried orange peel (Ahmed et al., 2022) and fermented carrot leaf meal (Bidura et al., 2021). Both total carotenoid content and yolk color are mostly related to dietary carotenoid pigment intake which is efficiently absorbed and utilized by poultry in intestines (Bidura et al., 2020; Pirgozliev et al., 2022).

Plant-synthesized polyphenols serve as a defense mechanism against free radicals and have been found to play a crucial role in combating oxidative stress and inflammation in farm animals (Mallek-Ayadi et al., 2017; Sarmiento-García et al., 2023). Melon peels have been reported to contain higher concentrations of polyphenols than melon seeds and flesh (Mallek-Ayadi et al. 2017). In the present study, the free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) of yolk increased with increasing amounts of MPP in the diet of laying quails. Similar to our results, Sarmiento-García et al. (2023) also found that higher DPPH levels in the egg yolks of Japanese quails fed red beet powder-supplemented diets increased above 0.6%. In another study, it was found that dietary inclusion of dried orange pulp in laying hen diets enhanced the antioxidant activity of both fresh and stored eggs for 40 days, thereby extending the shelf life of the eggs (Hussein et al. 2023). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) are lipid peroxidation assays that are used to measure oxidative stress (Sarmiento-García et al. 2023). Lipid peroxidation is an important measure of the shelf life of eggs. The results obtained from the current study showed that MPP inclusion in laying quail diets significantly decreased MDA levels in egg yolk. Similar findings have been described in other studies in which vegetable wastes were used as feed additives in poultry nutrition. Nunes et al. (2019) noted that inclusion of dehydrated bocaiuva pulp in laying quail diets decreased the MDA content in egg yolks linearly. Moreover, Lioliopoulou et al. (2023) expressed that 5% pomegranate peel supplementation in laying hen diets decreased yolk MDA levels. Similarly, Varzaru et al. (2021) reported that the dietary inclusion of tomato peels and rosehip meal in hen diets led to a significant decrease in yolk MDA levels, which is a marker of lipid peroxidation. Specifically, the dietary inclusion of 2% tomato peels and 2% rosehip meal resulted in a reduction in the egg yolk MDA concentration.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, MPP inclusion in Japanese quail diets did not negatively affect performance, egg production, and external egg quality parameters, but had a notable impact on egg yolk index and total carotenoid content. Moreover, MPP enhanced the yolk antioxidant capacity and reduced the MDA content in the egg yolk in the current study. These results suggest that the inclusion of 2.0% MPP in laying quail diets may be recommended. Further investigations should focus on the effect of MPP on poultry metabolism and blood biochemical status.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors also extend their gratitude to Canan İriş for allowing them to use the feed and cages of the quail farm and to Gazivet Livestock for the supply of animals.

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  • FUNDING
    No support has been received for this study.
  • DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
    The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
  • DISCLAIMER/PUBLISHER’S NOTE
    The published papers’ statements, opinions, and data are those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s). The editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions, or products referred to in the content.

Edited by

  • Section Editor:
    Tatiana Carlesso dos Santos

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    25 Nov 2024
  • Date of issue
    2024

History

  • Received
    29 Mar 2024
  • Accepted
    30 Sept 2024
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