Can the Fine Wheat Bran be a Betaine Source in Poultry Diets?

The effect of fine wheat bran (FWB) as a methyl donor source on performance, metabolism, body composition and blood traits of growing broilers was studied. Three hundred and twenty broilers from eight to 28 d of age, distributed in a randomized block design, with five treatments and eight replicates of eight animals each were used. The experimental diets were: NC, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement; Met, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by DL-methionine addition; Bet, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by anhydrous betaine addition; Fwb^-, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB; and Fwb⁺, formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB. Feed intake was reduced (p<0.05) by FWB inclusion but the feed conversion ratio was the same (p>0.05) between the positive control diets. Supplementation of DL-methionine and anhydrous betaine showed the same (p>0.05) metabolizability of nutrients. Treatments with higher DL-methionine levels (Met and Fwb⁺) promoted more weight of feathers (p<0.05). Animals fed with FWB showed the lowest (p<0.05) body gains. In conclusion, FWB inclusion did not promote methyl radicals supply.

Keywords:
Byproduct; feather synthesis; methyl groups; methionine; nutrition

Authorship

ML Somensi

CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, 70040-020, Brasília, DF, Brazil.Ministry of Education of BrazilBrazilBrasília, DF, BrazilCAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, 70040-020, Brasília, DF, Brazil.

Animal Science Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulBrazilPorto Alegre, RS, BrazilAnimal Science Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7659-4288

ANTR Monteiro

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1914-1885

FR Marx

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-7989

L Bockor

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6944-2670

MS Vieira

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0864-0232

AM Kessler

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7626-5588

Corresponding author e-mail address
Alexandre de Mello Kessler Faculdade de Agronomia, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712 - Agronomia, RS, 91540-000, Brazil. Phone:+55 51 3308 7424 Email:akessler@ufrgs.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (4)

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Table 1
Feed formulations and chemical compositions of broiler diets (g·kg^-1 as-fed basis).

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Table 2
Chemical composition of maize, soybean meal and fine wheat bran used in the experimental diets (as-fed basis).

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Table 3
Effect of different methionine levels on performance and metabolizability of nutrients in broilers fed diets supplemented or not with anhydrous betaine and fine wheat brain.

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Table 4
Effect of different methionine levels on body composition, feathers and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) weight and body weight (BW) gains in broilers fed diets supplemented or not with anhydrous betaine and fine wheat brain.

Table 1 Feed formulations and chemical compositions of broiler diets (g·kg^-1 as-fed basis).

	Treatments
	NC	Met	Bet	Fwb^-	Fwb⁺
Ingredients
Maize	520.6	520.6	520.6	421.7	421.7
Soybean meal	348.9	348.9	348.9	291.8	291.8
Fine wheat brain	-	-	-	200.0	200.0
Oil	49.40	49.40	49.40	49.40	49.40
Inert (kaolin)	44.40	44.40	44.40	-	-
Dicalcium phosphate	16.50	16.50	16.50	14.70	14.70
Limestone	9.80	9.80	9.80	11.10	11.10
Salt	4.90	4.90	4.90	4.70	4.70
Starch	1.30	-	0.30	2.00	0.60
DL-methionine	1.00	2.30	1.00	0.30	1.70
Anhydrous betaine	-	-	1.00	-	-
L-lysine	0.70	0.70	0.70	1.50	1.50
L-threonine	1.10	1.10	1.10	1.40	1.40
Monensin 40%	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Mineral mix¹	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80
Vitamin mix²	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.04	0.04
Chemical composition
ME, MJ·kg^-1	12.56	12.56	12.56	12.56	12.56
Crude protein	205.0	205.0	205.0	205.0	205.0
Calcium	85.00	85.00	85.00	85.00	85.00
Available P	40.00	40.00	40.00	40.00	40.00
Digestible Lys	11.70	11.70	11.70	11.70	11.70
Digestible Met+Cys	5.90	7.20	5.90	5.90	7.20
Digestible Trp	2.10	2.10	2.10	2.10	2.10
Digestible Thr	7.60	7.60	7.60	7.60	7.60
Digestible Arg	13.70	13.70	13.70	13.70	13.70
Choline	1.27	1.27	1.27	1.29	1.29
Na+K-Cl, mEq·kg^-1	207.0	207.0	207.0	223.0	223.0

NC, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement; Met, 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by adding DL-methionine; Bet, 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by adding anhydrous betaine; Fwb^-, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% of fine wheat bran (FWB); Fwb⁺, diet formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB.
¹
Content·kg^-1 of product: Mn, 150.000 mg; Zn, 100.000 mg; Fe, 80.000 mg; Cu, 15.000 mg, I, 1.200 mg; Se, 700 mg.
² Content·kg^-1 of product: vit.A, 23.200 IU; vit. D, 5.600 IU; vit. E, 52.000IU; vit. K, 6.000 mg; vit. B1, 6.000 mg; vit. B2, 18.000 mg; vit. B6, 9.000 mg; vit. B12, 40.000 µg; pantotenic acid, 44.000 mg; niacin, 132.000 mg; folic acid, 2.400 mg; biotin, 200.000 µg.

Table 2 Chemical composition of maize, soybean meal and fine wheat bran used in the experimental diets (as-fed basis).

	Feedstuffs
	Fine wheat bran	Maize	Soybean meal
Composition, g·kg^-1
Dry matter	875	875	888
Crude protein	161	75.6	469
Acid detergent fiber	83.2	33.8	80.7
Neutral detergent fiber	291	119	138
Betaine, mg 100g^-1	1100	-	-
Lysine	7.30	2.40	31.4
Methionine	1.90	1.30	3.70
Methionine + cysteine	6.50	2.60	12.6
Threonine	5.00	2.40	17.8
Arginine	12.2	3.60	36.5
Tryptophan	2.00	0.50	6.40
Isoleucine	5.40	2.50	20.7
Leucine	10.1	9.30	36.3
Histidine	4.10	2.20	12.8
Valine	7.50	3.60	22.0
Phenylalanine	6.30	3.60	24.0
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine	11.4	6.50	41.4
Glycine + Serine	15.5	6.50	45.5

Table 3 Effect of different methionine levels on performance and metabolizability of nutrients in broilers fed diets supplemented or not with anhydrous betaine and fine wheat brain.

Variable	Treatments					RSE	p-value
Variable	NC	Met	Bet	Fwb^-	Fwb⁺
Performance, kg
Feed intake	1.805^a	1.801^a	1.794^a	1.770^ab	1.727^b	0.044	0.006
Weight gain	1.176^c	1.245^a	1.221^ab	1.210^abc	1.199^bc	0.029	0.001
FCR	1.535^b	1.447^a	1.470^a	1.463^a	1.440^a	0.037	0.001
Final BW	1.415^c	1.491^a	1.456^b	1.440^bc	1.431^bc	0.028	0.001
AMEn intake, kcal	5014^b	5208^a	5174^a	4976^b	4858^b	153.5	0.001
Metabolism, g·kg^-1
MCDM	67.0^b	69.3^a	68.6^ab	66.8^b	66.9^b	1.49	0.003
MCCP	57.9^b	62.9^a	60.3^ab	59.5^ab	61.6^a	2.66	0.031
MCGE	74.8^b	77.3^a	76.6^a	71.7^c	71.9^c	1.41	0.000
AMEn, kcal·kg^-1 DM	3060^c	3204^a	3185^ab	3127^bc	3120^bc	58.5	0.001

NC, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement; Met, 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by adding DL-methionine; Bet, 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by adding anhydrous betaine; Fwb^-, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% of fine wheat bran (FWB); Fwb⁺, diet formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB.
RSE, residual standard error; FCR, feed conversion rate; BW, body weight; MCDM, metabolizability coefficient of the dry matter; MCCP, metabolizability coefficient of the crude protein; MCGE, metabolizability coefficient of the gross energy; EMAn, apparent metabolizable energy corrected by the nitrogen balance.
Mean values with different letters differ statistically according to Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05).

Table 4 Effect of different methionine levels on body composition, feathers and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) weight and body weight (BW) gains in broilers fed diets supplemented or not with anhydrous betaine and fine wheat brain.

Variables	Treatments					RSE	p-value
Variables	NC	Met	Bet	Fwb^-	Fwb⁺
Body composition (without feathers)
DM, g·kg^-1	332.8^a	333.5^a	331.5^a	322.0^b	322.4^b	8.38	0.011
CP, g·kg^-1	187.1	186.6	191.6	183.2	182.3	6.41	0.085
CF, g·kg^-1	116.9	121.9	118.0	114.8	115.1	6.21	0.174
GE, g·kg^-1	2152^a	2138^a	2131^a	2060^b	2041^b	69.0	0.007
Feathers and GIT
Feathers, g·kg^-1	42.8	44.6	39.1	39.2	44.5	6.36	0.231
Feathers, g·bird^-1	60.5	66.5	56.9	56.1	63.6	8.91	0.120
GIT, g·kg^-1	23.4^b	28.8^ab	26.6^ab	39.1^a	29.8^ab	9.39	0.026
GIT, g·bird^-1	32.9^b	42.9^ab	38.8^ab	56.2^a	42.6^ab	13.57	0.025
Body gain
CPg, g	249.9^ab	263.0^a	256.9^ab	245.7^b	245.5^b	11.6	0.018
EEg, g	145.4^b	160.8^a	151.5^ab	146.7^b	145.5^b	9.83	0.016
Wg, g	710	742	738	725	731	23.9	0.080
GEg, kcal	2791^abc	2928^a	2845^ab	2707^bc	2675^c	120.1	0.001

NC, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement; Met, 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by adding DL-methionine; Bet, 85% of the Met+Cys equivalents by adding anhydrous betaine; Fwb^-, formulated with 72% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% of fine wheat bran (FWB); Fwb⁺, diet formulated with 85% of the Met+Cys requirement and 20% FWB.
RSE, residual standard error; DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; CF, crude fat; GE, gross energy, GIT, gastrointestinal tract, Wg, water gain, E.Efficiency, energy retention efficiency.
Mean values with different letters differ statistically according to Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05).

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