Selection for entomopathogenic fungi and LD50 of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. for the Lesser Mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Selection for entomopathogenic fungi and LD₅₀ of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. for the Lesser Mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Chernaki-Leffer AM^I; Sosa-Gòmez DR^II; Almeida LM^I

^IZoology Departament, University Federal of Parana, CP 19020, 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

^IIEmbrapa – National Soybean Center, CP 231, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil

^{Mail Address}

ABSTRACT

The pathogenicity of insect-pathogenic hyphomycetous isolates to the lesser mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) was tested in this study. Thirty isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, Paecilomyces amoenoroseus (Hennings), P. fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith, P. lilacinus (Thom) Samson, P. tenuipes (Petch) Samson, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, and M. anisopliae var. acridum were initially screened by sprinkling dry conidia onto adult A. diaperinus or by allowing adults to walk on Petri dishes with sporulating fungal isolates. The two most virulent isolates, CNPSo-Ma352 (M. anisopliae) and CNPSo-Ma356 (M. anisopliae), killed 30% and 26.7% of the dry-conidia treated adults, respectively. These two isolates were selected for LD₅₀ bioassays. LD₅₀ of CNPSo-Ma352 was 4.5 x 10⁴ conidia per larva, and 2.1 x 10⁵ conidia per adult, and for strain CNPSo-Ma356, LD₅₀ was 2.2 x 10⁴ conidia per larva and 1.3 x 10⁵ conidia per adult. Larvae were 5-6 times more susceptible than adults. A larger number of conidia required to cause 50% mortality in insect evaluates, suggesting the reduced susceptibility of A. diaperinus to entomopathogenic fungi. Nevertheless, these and other strains of fungus offer an alternative method for controlling of lesser mealworm in poultry houses when associated to integrated management.

Keywrods:Alphitobius diaperinus, bioassays, biological control, entomopathogenic fungi.

INTRODUCTION

The lesser mealworm or little beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) is the most important poultry-house pest in Brazil, where it successfully breeds, feeds, and develops in the mixture of warm litter and poultry droppings. Environmental conditions in the poultry house (25-30 ºC, humidity between 50% and 70%) allows beetles to complete one life cycle during the chicken growing cycle (approximately 50 days) (Salin et al., 2000; Chernaki & Almeida, 2001). Beetles (adults and larvae) feed on feed residues, feces, and dead or dying birds (Pfeiffer & Axtell, 1980). They are considered to be important vectors of pathogens, such as Salmonella typhimurium (Loeffler), Escherichia coli Lignieris, avian leukosis virus, and turkey enterovirus and rotavirus (McAllister et al., 1994; 1995). Additionally, due to high beetle population levels, adult insects may become local nuisances during downtime, when adults often leave the poultry house and enter nearby residences. The control of A. diaperinus is important for poultry health and production, as well as for reducing the nuisance they cause. It is difficult, however, to obtain good control because chemical insecticides are not effective, and repeated applications may cause the development of resistance. In addition, this may cause chemical insecticide residue problems. Therefore, other alternatives must be developed to control this important pest.

Beetles have natural enemies and pathogens, including mites (Steinkraus & Cross, 1993), protozoans (Apuya et al., 1994), nematodes (Alves et al., 2005), and entomopathogenic fungi (Steinkraus et al., 1991; Crawford et al., 1998; Geden et al., 1998). Natural epizootics of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) are found in lesser mealworm populations in poultry farms (Steinkraus et al., 1991; Castrillo & Brooks, 1998). Apparently, however, natural occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi is limited (Steenberg & Jespersen, 1997). Yet, larvae of the lesser mealworm are susceptible to the infection of strains of most hyphomycete species: Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii (Saccardo) Peth, Paecilomyces farinosus (Dicks) Brown and Smith, P. fumosoroseus (Wise) Brown & Smith, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viégas, Acremonium sp. Link ex Fries and Fusarium sp. Link ex Gray (Steinkraus et al., 1991; Crawford et al., 1998; Geden et al., 1998). M. anisopliae was found associated with litter in poultry houses in Brazil (Alves et al., 2004), and, according to Geden & Steinkraus (2003),this fungus presents the potential to control these beetles.

LD₅₀ is often used to determine the concentration of the pathogen or of the compound will kill 50% of the population in question. Thus, LD₅₀ provides a useful value to compare results from different laboratories, hosts, and entomopathogenic strains or species. The aim of this study was to assess the susceptibility of A. diaperinus to the entomopathogenic fungi: Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces amonoeroseus, P. tenuipes, P. lilacinus, P. fumosoroseus, Metarhizium anisopliae and M. anisopliae var. acridum, and to determine the lethal doses (LD₅₀) of the most pathogenic isolates.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Alphitobius diaperinus

Larvae and adult lesser mealworms were collected from poultry litter in a broiler farm in the municipalities of Cascavel and Curitiba, state of Paraná, southern Brazil. Colonies were kept in plastic trays (37 x 26 x 13 cm) with poultry litter and rabbit feed, at 24 ± 2 °C, in continuous darkness, and 50 - 70% relative humidity.

Tests were conducted using randomly selected adults of approximately the same size (sex unknown), and 1.0 to 1.3-cm long.

Source of fungal strains

Thirty isolates of the fungi Beauveria bassiana (CNPSo-Bb11, CNPSo-Bb13, CNPSo-Bb14, CNPSo-Bb15, CNPSo-Bb18, CNPSo-Bb40, CNPSo-Bb70, CNPSo-Bb71, CNPSo Bb357 and LPB), Metarhizium. anisopliae (CNPSo-Ma3, CNPSo-Ma4, CNPSo-Ma5, CNPSo-Ma6, CNPSo-Ma12, CNPSo-Ma69, CNPSo-Ma98, CNPSo- Ma356, CNPSo- Ma352), M. anisopliae var. acridum (CNPSo- Ma358) and Paecilomyces amonoeroseus (CNPSo-Pam73, CNPSo-Pam112), P. tenuipes (CNPSo-Pae41, CNPSo-Pae92), P. lilacinus (NRRL, NRRL-895, NRRL-6594), P. fumosoroseus (CNPSo-Pf79 CNPSo-Pf81 CNPSo-Pf83) were maintained in the collection of entomopathogenic fungi cultures at Embrapa Soja (Sosa-Gómez & Silva, 2002) and in the Laboratory of Biotechnological Processes of the Federal University of Paraná. In these collections, isolates are stored at –20 ºC in silica gel with nonfat dry milk, according to Smith & Onion (1983). These isolates were screened for virulence against adult A. diaperinus in the laboratory. Each isolate was plated on spell out (PDA) medium (Alves et al., 1998) at 26º ± 2 °C, in continuous darkness, and 60 - 65% relative humidity for 7 - 10 days prior to the use in the bioassay.

Selection and virulence of fungi isolates

Dry conidia from 1-2 week-old colonies were sprinkled onto the surface of the adult beetles. For the hydrophilic isolates CNPSo-Bb11, CNPSo-Bb13, LPB, CNPSo-Ma4, CNPSo-Ma5, CNPSo-Ma358, and NRRL-895, with low spore formation, insects were placed directly on the fungal colonies for 60 sec. Fifteen insects were used for each isolate, and replicated twice (total of 30 adults per isolate), including the control group. After inoculation (or no treatment, in the case of controls), insects were maintained in sealed (with fine textured cloth) 500-mL plastic containers with rabbit feed and slightly moistened sawdust, and kept in a climate chamber at 27 °C in constant darkness for 20 days. Dead insects were daily removed, and placed on Petri dishes with moistened cotton and filter paper, at room temperature, until signs of fungal infection appeared, or for 7 days, whichever came first. For counting, the 30 isolates were prepared by aerosol conidia suspension on slides with a PDA culture film, and incubated in the dark for 20 hours, at 26º-28 ºC. The two most virulent isolates were chosen for further bioassays (LD₅₀).

LD₅₀ estimation

The two isolates chosen for further bioassays were plated on Petri dishes with spell-out medium (PDA) or in adult beetles, and were incubated at 26 ºC, 60-65% relative humidity, and complete darkness. When isolates were sporulating, conidia were collected by scraping dry conidia from the surface of the culture plate. Dry conidia were then placed in test tubes with sterile distilled water containing 0.01% Tween 80. Conidial suspensions were then filtered, homogenized, and adjusted to the correct concentrations with the use of a hemacytometer.

The concentrations used were from 2.8 x 10³ conidia/mL to 1.8 x 10⁵ conidia/mL. Each adult or larva was inoculated by pipetting 2 µl of the relevant concentration of the isolates CNPSo-Ma352 or CNPSo-Ma356 (by monocanal micropipette) onto the ventral side of the insect. Control insects received the same volume of sterile water (0.01 % Tween 80). Inoculated insects were then placed in 500 mL plastic containers as described above.

Each treatment comprised four replicates, with 640 adults and 520 larvae tested for each isolate. Dead insects were daily removed, and individually placed on Petri dishes with moistened cotton and filter paper, at room temperature, until signs of fungal infection appeared, or for 7 days, whichever came first. Samples of conidia from the dead animals were treated and counted as described above.

Statistical analysis

Probit analysis was used to determine LD₅₀, based on cumulative mortality per treatment (LeOra Software, 1987). Slopes and y-intercepts of the mortality regressions of the two treatments were compared (a = 0.05).

RESULTS

Entomopathogenic fungus selection

All isolates were viable. CNPSo-Ma5 had the lowest germination rate (72%), while all other isolates presented germination rates of 85% or higher. The two most virulent fungi were isolate CNPSo-Ma356, which killed 30% of the adults and all insects killed by this isolate developed mycosis, and isolate CNPSo-Ma352, which killed 26.7% of the adults, and 75% of the insects killed by this isolate developed mycosis. These two isolates were therefore used in further bioassays. All other fungal isolates caused much lower or no mortality (Table 1).

Virulence determination

The two isolates, CNPSo-Ma352 and CNPSo-Ma356, presented similar (p > 0.05) virulence for adults and for larvae, but adults were much less susceptible than larvae. LD₅₀ of CNPSo-Ma352 for larvae was 4.5 x 10⁴ (n = 168; slope= 2.52 ± 0.89; CL = 2.8 x 10⁴ to 9.6 x 10⁴) and LD₅₀ of CNPSo-Ma356 was 2.2 x 10⁴ (n = 161; slope = 2.47 ± 0.68; CL = 1.3 x 10⁴ to 3.8 x 10⁴). LD₅₀ of CNPSo-Ma352 for adults was 21.2 x 10⁴ (n = 280; slope = 0.87 ± 0.26; CL = 9.2 x 10⁴ to 2.36 x 10⁶) and LD₅₀ of CNPSo-Ma356 was 13.0 x 10⁴ (n = 281; slope = 0.96 ± 0.27; CL = 5.8 x 10⁴ to 1.4 x 10⁶) (Figure 1). When LD₅₀ for larvae and adults were compared in both isolates, larvae were 4.7 times (CNPSo-Ma352) and 5.9 times (CNPSo-Ma356) more susceptible than adults.

DISCUSSION

Many authors have stressed that fungal susceptibility is reasonably well-known for beetles, and in general, when beetles are exposed to large concentrations of conidia (10⁷ conidia/mL), mortality can be very high (up to 98%, Steinkraus et al., 1991). A. diaperinus larvae and pupae are more susceptible than adults to a variety of isolates of B. bassiana, B. brongniartii, P. farinosus, P. fumosoroseus, M. anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii, Acremonium sp., and Fusarium sp. (Steenberg & Jespersen, 1997). It was shown that B. bassiana isolates under poultry-house conditions can cause high mortality rates in A. diaperinus (Crawford et al., 1998). Recently, Alexandre et al. (2006) evaluated the effect ofpoultry litter (new and used) by submerging insects in a fungal suspension (10⁸ conidia/mL), and observed that B. bassiana isolates were more sensitive to high temperature than M. anisopliae because conidia viability, vegetative growth, and virulence were negatively affected.

CNPSo-Ma12, CNPSo-Ma352, and CNPSo-Ma356 (M. anisopliae) isolates are more virulent to adult A. diaperinus as compared to Beauveria spp. and Paecilomyces spp. isolates (also see Perez et al., 1999). Adults are usually less susceptible (Steenberg & Jespersen, 1996 and 1997; Geden et al., 1998). Also, last-instar larvae in this study were five (CNPSo-Ma352) to six (CNPSo-Ma356) times more susceptible than adults to M. anisopliae.

Average LD₅₀ doses were 2.2 x 10⁴ and 4.5 x 10⁴ conidia per larva, and 13.0 x 10⁴ and 21.2 x 10⁴ conidia per adult (CNPSo-Ma356 and CNPSo-Ma352, respectively). These doses are quite high as compared to other studies. For example, LD₅₀ of Metarhizium spp. in Locusta migratoria migratorioides is from 60 to 300 conidia per grasshopper (Nowierski et al., 1996). Therefore, the use of fungi to control the lesser mealworm in poultry houses in Brazil will require further field studies to determine the cost-benefit ratio of each strategy and the virulence of the fungus (or conversely, susceptibility of the host).

Although a larger number of conidia is required to cause 50% mortality of the evaluated insect, this research study provides data that indicates that these and other fungus strains offer an alternative method for controlling the lesser mealworm in poultry houses. We recommend the controlled and studied application of fungi to poultry houses with significant infestations, perhaps simultaneously with studies on the impact of chemical as well as botanical or desiccants pesticides (diatomaceous earth) and growth regulators on fungal efficiency. Also, we believe that research studies on the best way to apply fungi to pests is an area that may yield important results in terms of cost reduction (for instance, Arends traps impregnated with conidia, according to Geden & Steinkraus (2003).

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Cooperativa Agropecuária Cascavel Ltda (Coopavel) for its assistance in insect collection, and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico CNPq. We also thank Dr. James J. Roper and Dr. Antonio R. Panizzi for reviewing the text in English. Approved for publication by the Editorial Board of Embrapa Soja as manuscript 027/2005.

Arrived: October / 2006

Approved: September / 2007

• Alexandre TM, Alves LFA, Neves PMOJ, Alves SB. Effect of temperature and poultry litter in Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Virulence against the lesser mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Neotropical Entomology 2006; 35(1):75-82.
• Alves SB. Técnicas de laboratório. In: Alves SB, Almeida JEM, Moino A Jr, Alves LFA. Controle microbiano de insetos. 2^nd ed. São Paulo: Ed. FEALQ; 1998. 1163 p.
• Alves LFA, Alves VS, Bressan DF, Neves POJ, Alves SB. Ocorrência de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) em aviários comerciais em Cascavel, PR. Neotropical Entomology 2004; 33(6):793-795.
• Alves LFA, Rohde C, Alves VS. Patogenicidade de Steinernema glaseri e S. carpocapsae (Nematoda: Rhabdita) contra o cascudinho, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Neotropical Entomology 2005; 34(1):139-141.
• Apuya LC, Stringham SM, Arends JJ, Brooks WM. Prevalence of protozoan infections in darkling beetles from poultry houses in North Carolina. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 1994; 63:255-259.
• Castrillo LA, Brooks WM. Identification of Beauveria bassiana isolates from the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus using isozyme and RAPD analyses. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 1998; 72:190-194.
• Chernaki AM, Almeida LM. Exigências térmicas, período de desenvolvimento e sobrevivência de imaturos de Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Neotropical Entomology 2001; 30(3):365-368.
• Crawford PJ, Brooks WM, Arends JJ. Efficacy of field-isolated strains of Beauveria bassiana (Moniliales: Moniliaceae) as microbial control agents of the lesser mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 1998; 91(6):1295-1301.
• Geden CJ, Arends JJ, Rutz DA, Steinkraus DC. Laboratory evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (Moniliales: Moniliaceae) against the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), in poultry litter, soil, and a pupal trap. Biological Control 1998; 13:71-77.
• Geden CJ, Steinkraus DC. Evaluation of three formulations of Beauveria bassiana for control of lesser mealworm and hide beetle in Georgia poultry houses. Journal of Economic Entomology 2003; 96(5):1602-1607.
• Leora Software. POLO-PC, a user's guide to probit or logit analysis. Berkeley: LeOra Software; 1987.
• Mcallister JC, Steelman CD, Skeeles JK. Reservoir competence of the lesser mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) for Salmonella typhimurium (Eubacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae). Journal of Medical Entomology 1994; 31:369-372.
• Mcallister JC, Steelman CD, Newberry LA, Skeeles JK. Isolation of infectious bursal disease virus from the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). Poultry Science 1995; 74:45-49.
• Nowierski RM, Zheng Z, Jaronski S, Delgado F, Swearingen W. Analysis and modeling of time-dose-mortality of Melanoplus sanguinipes, Locusta migratoria migratorioides, and Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Paecilomyces isolates from Madagascar. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 1996; 67:236-252.
• Perez A, Szczypel, B, Larramendy R, Acosta N, González A, Lujan M, Rijo E. Biopreparado entomopatógeno contra el coleóptero Alphitobius diaperinus Revista Cubana de Ciencia Avícola 1999; 23:45-52.
• Pfeiffer DG, Axtell RC. Coleoptera of poultry manure in caged-layer houses in North Carolina. Environmental Entomology 1980; 9:21-28.
• Salin C, Delettre YR, Cannavacciuolo M, Vernon P. Spatial distribution of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the soil of a poultry house along a breeding cycle. European Journal of Soil Biology 2000; 36:107-115.
• Smith D, Onion AHS. The Preservation and mnaintenance of Living Fungi. Kew, Surrey: Commonwealth Mycological Institute; 1983.
• Sosa-Gòmez DR, Silva JJ. Fungos entomopatogênicos: catálogo de isolados. Londrina: Embrapa Soja; 2002. 32p. (Documentos, 188)
• Steenberg T, Jespersen JB. Entomopathogenic fungi for control of litter beetles. Lyngby, Denmark: Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory Annual Report; 1996. 65p.
• Steenberg T, Jespersen JB. Entomopathogenic fungi for control of litter beetles. Acapulco, México: Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory Annual Report; 1997. p.72-73.
• Steinkraus DC, Geden CJ, Rutz DA. Susceptibility of lesser mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to Beauveria bassiana (Moniliales: Moniliaceae): effects of host stage, substrate, formulation, and host passage. Journal of Medical Entomology 1991; 28:314-321.
• Steinkraus DC, Cross EA. Description and life history of Acarophenax mahunkai, n. sp. (Acari, Tarsonemina: Acarophenacidae), an egg parasite of the lesser mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Annals of Entomological Society of America 1993; 86(3):239-249.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  08 Jan 2008
• Date of issue
  Sept 2007

History

• Received
  Oct 2006
• Accepted
  Sept 2007