ABSTRACT
The study evaluated the effects of dietary organic chelates of zinc, manganese, and chromium on performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemical parameters, hematological parameters and immune response, and the morphology of jejunum and tibia characteristics in broiler chickens. 420 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 7 treatments with 4 replicates, and 15 birds per pen. The treatments were as follows: 1) Control treatment containing the organic zinc, manganese, and chromium (40 mg, 30mg, and 2mg/Kg feed, respectively), 2) treatment containing the organic zinc and manganese (40 mg and 30mg/kg feed, respectively), 3) treatment containing the organic zinc and chromium (40 mg and 2mg/ kg feed respectively), 4) treatment containing the organic manganese and chromium (30mg and 2mg/kg feed, respectively), 5) treatment containing the organic manganese (30mg/kg feed), 6) treatment containing the organic zinc (40 mg/kg feed), and 7) treatment the organic chromium (2mg/kg feed). The general linear model and Duncan test (p < 0.05) by the SAS software were used for statistical analysis of the collected data. The body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the starter phase were affected by the treatments (p <0.05). The treatment containing the organic chromium led to the highest body weight gain. The lowest FCR was observed in the treatment with the organic chromium. The organic zinc group had the highest villi width among all treatments (p <0.05). The control treatment had the highest blood glucose concentration. Also, all treatments decreased cholesterol in comparison to the control (p <0.05). The highest antibody titers against bronchitis were observed in the control treatment, as well as the highest percentages of ash and phosphorus. The current findings showed that organic chrome improved body weight gain and FCR in the starter phase, and that the use of organic zinc increased the villi width of the jejunum in broiler chickens.
Keywords: Antibody titer; broilers; organic chelates; performance; tibia
INTRODUCTION
Supplementing animal rations with minerals is necessary to prevent clinical and pathological disorders (Irani et al., 2011; Mozafari et al., 2017). Minerals are crucial for normal growth and optimal performance, embryos and bone growth, greater hatchability, and formation of eggshells, as they participate in various biochemical processes in the organism of poultry. Deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to disturbance of biochemical processes and reductions in growth performance (Richards et al., 2010). Most animal rations are supplemented with inorganic (oxides, sulfates, carbonates, and phosphates) and/or organic sources of trace minerals (metal-amino acid chelate, metal-proteinate, metal polysaccharide, and metal-organic acid) (Hajilari et al., 2019). Organic trace minerals have been given more attention because high-quality chelated trace minerals or other classes of organic trace minerals can provide the animal with more bioavailable forms of the minerals (Stefanello et al., 2014). Thus, when organic minerals are fed, they can better supply the biochemical systems of the cells of the animals, leading to increased mineral uptake, and improving the immune response, oxidative stress management, and tissue and bone development and strength (Richards et al., 2010). Furthermore, because of the high quality of organic minerals, the requirements of birds can be provided at lower levels of inclusion in the feed, and with reduced excretion into the environment (Richards et al., 2010). Some microelements such as zinc, manganese (Richards et al., 2010), and chromium (Arif et al., 2019) are essential trace minerals for the normal growth/development of animals. They are involved in many metabolic processes as enzyme cofactors and constituents of metalloenzymes. Zinc (Zn) deficiency can disrupt the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates in animals and lead to reduced growth performance, impaired immune and reproductive processes, and skeletal and skin diseases. Chromium (Cr) plays a crucial role in the productive performance of poultry, lipid reduction, and protein peroxidation. Such beneficial impacts of chromium have been related to improved metabolism and immune systems (Farag et al., 2017). Manganese (Mn) plays a vital role in normal bone and eggshell formation, enzyme function and nutrient (carbohydrate and lipid) metabolism. Manganese deficiency increases the incidence of perosis and decreases tibia length in broiler chickens (Li et al., 2011). All three trace minerals play key roles in a bird’s body, and it is believed that they are better absorbed and used in the organic form compared to the mineral form. They are also protected against interference with other elements and have higher bioavailability and less excretion through feces (Leeson, 2003). The present study aimed to analyze the beneficial effects of organic mineral chelates supplements on the performance of broiler chickens, since there are few studies on the simultaneous effect of the consumption of several sources of organic mineral chelates. It investigated the effect of dietary organic chelates of zinc, manganese, and chromium on performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemical parameters, hematological parameters, immune response, the morphology of jejunum, and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ethical approval
The study was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University Qaemshahr Branch, Iran. The use and care of poultry and animals in the study followed the guidelines of the National Research Council (NRC). The ethical approval committee for research animal care and use of Islamic Azad University Qaemshahr Branch, Iran, Animal Science Ethics Committee (2023-IR.IAU.REC) authorized this work.
Birds, management, and treatments
The study was conducted in the research poultry farm of the Animal Science Department of Qaemshahr Islamic Azad University in Mazandaran Province (Iran), from August to September 2021. 420 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens (with an initial weight of 44.5 g) were randomly allocated to 7 treatments with 4 replicates, and 15 birds per pen for 42 days. The dimensions and number of pens were 1.5 x 1.5cm2, and 28, respectively. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. The initial environmental temperature was 32°C and was gradually decreased (2°C per week) to 22°C, and then maintained constant until the end of the experiment. The light was provided for 23 hours daily throughout the experiment (Gharahveysi, 2018). A basal feed was formulated to meet broiler chickens’ requirements as recommended by the Ross Broiler Nutrition Specification (2018). The organic form of mineral supplements used in this study was prepared as methionine-element chelate from Ariana Biotechnology Supplement Development Company, Iran. Zinc-methionine, manganese-methionine, and chromium-methionine supplements were added to the basic feed in such a way that the levels of zinc, manganese, and organic chromium in the feed reached 40, 30, and 2 mg/kg, respectively. The rearing phase of broiler chickens is divided into three parts: starter (1 to 10 days), grower (11 to 24 days), and finisher (25 to 42 days), and feeds are formulated accordingly (Tables 1, 2, and 3).
The chickens were fed with the following experimental treatments: 1) Control treatment containing supplements of organic trace elements zinc, manganese, and chromium (40 mg, 30mg, and 2mg/kg feed respectively), 2) treatment containing supplements of organic trace elements zinc and manganese (40 mg and 30mg/kg feed, respectively), 3) treatment containing supplements of organic trace elements zinc and chromium (40 mg and 2mg/kg feed, respectively), 4) treatment containing supplements of organic trace elements manganese and chromium (30mg and 2mg/kg of feed, respectively), 5) treatment containing supplement of organic manganese (30mg/kg feed), 6) treatment containing supplement of organic zinc (40 mg/kg feed), and 7) treatment containing supplement of organic chromium (2mg/kg feed).
Growth performance
Growth performance parameters, including body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) were measured, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated for the starter (1-11 days), grower (11-24 days), and finisher (24-42 days) phases, and the whole phase (1-42 days). Mortality was recorded daily and used to correct the FCR (Gharahveysi, 2018).
Serum metabolites, hematological parameters, and carcass traits
On day 42, 2 birds from each treatment were randomly selected and weighed, and then blood samples were obtained from the wing vein and divided into two aliquots. The first aliquot was transferred to a tube containing EDTA to determine hematological parameters, and the other remained in the same tube without anticoagulant and was left to clot. Then, samples were centrifuged (3000 rpm, 15 min, 4 °C) and the serum was separated and stored at -20 °C for further analysis of glucose, total protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL- cholesterol, albumin and activity of alkaline phosphatase using commercial kits (Pars Azmun, Tehran, Iran). Blood parameters were measured with an auto-analyzer (RA 1000 model) made in the United States of America. Blood smears were prepared from each sample by Giemsa staining and were examined under a compound microscope for leukocyte differential count according to the method described by Beski and Al-Sardary (2015). Moreover, 100 cells from the slides were evaluated to determine the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. The differential count of white blood cells (lymphocytes, heterophils, H/L ratio) was conducted by preparing blood smears and Giemsa staining and counting under the microscope. To measure the carcass traits, birds were killed after blood sampling. The weights of the breast, thigh, liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius were calculated as a relative percentage of live body weight.
Humoral immune parameters (Antibody titers)
The Bronchitis and Gumboro vaccines were used as immune system response stimulants. Bronchitis vaccine was administered at the age of 8 and 21 days, and Gumboro vaccine at the age of 16 and 28 days, both in drinking form after 2 hours of thirst by placing the diluted vaccine solution with the appropriate dose in the drinking bowl of each pen. These two vaccines were the only vaccines used, and they were diluted with chlorine-free drinking water kept for 48 hours in a clean container free of disinfectants. The Bronchitis vaccine used was the H 120 strain made by MERIAL company, and the Gumboro vaccine was the D78 strain made by the INTERVET company. Measurement of antibody titer against Gumboro and bronchitis vaccines was done by the ELISA method. For this purpose, two chickens were selected from each pen at 35 and 42 days of age, and blood was collected from their wing veins. The blood samples were then transferred to the laboratory to determine the amount of antibodies against bronchitis and Gumboro vaccines. The samples were analyzed by ELISA kits for Gumboro (IDEXX No: 49-53130-00, USA) and Bronchitis (IDEXX No: 99-56486 Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Intestinal morphology
At the end of the study (on day 42), after overnight fasting, two birds from each pen with a body weight close to the pen mean were selected and killed by cervical dislocation. All birds were slaughtered by cervical dislocation as recommended by the Islamic Azad University Qaemshahr Branch, Iran Animal Science Ethics Committee (2023-IR.IAU.REC). At the end of the experiment, a portion of jejunum tissue (about 2 cm) was obtained, fixed in 10% formalin, and transferred to the laboratory for histological study. The jejunum samples were processed for paraffin embedding, and 5 μm sections) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Then, cross-sections of 10 villi were randomly selected. Transverse sections were cut (5 µm), stained with hematoxyline-eosin, and analyzed under a light microscope (Model U-TV0.5 XC-2, Olympus corporation, BX51, Japan) to determine morphometric indices using image-analysis software (DP2-BSW). Measurements for the villi height were taken from the tip of the villus to the villus-crypt junction (Solbi et al., 2021).
Measurement of tibia bone characteristics
After removing meat and other connective tissues, tibia bones were placed in pure alcohol for three days, and then in petroleum ether solution for another three days. Samples were subjected to an oven at 105°C for 24 h to determine dry matter (AOAC, 1990) and combusted at 600°C overnight to determine ash contents (AOAC, 1990). The content of phosphorus was determined by the vanadium-molybdate method described by AOAC (2000). Bones were weighed using a digital scale with an accuracy of 0.001 g, and their weight was calculated relative to live weight. The length, diameter, and thickness of the bones were measured using calipers, and tibia bone density determination was done according to the method of Zhang & Coon (1997).
Statistical analysis
In the present study, a completely randomized experimental design with 7 treatments and 4 replicates was used. The general linear model (GLM) and Duncan test (p < 0.05) in SAS software (2000) were used for statistical analysis of data. The statistical model used was as follows:
where: yij, the value of each observation; µ, the mean effect; Ti, the effect of each treatment; and eij, the residual effect.
RESULTS
Growth performance
The effects of the treatments on broiler growth performance during different periods of the experiment are shown in Table 4. Feed consumption was not affected by the experimental treatments. The body weight gains and FCR in the starter (1-11 d) period were affected by the experimental treatments (p<0.05). The treatment containing the supplement of organic chromium had the highest body weight gain. The lowest FCR was observed in the treatment containing organic chromium.
Jejunal morphology
The effects of dietary treatments on jejunal morphology are shown in Table 5. Villi width was affected by the experimental treatments (p<0.05). The treatment containing the supplement of organic zinc (T6) had the highest villi width of all treatments.
Carcass yield and relative weight of organs
According to the results of Table 6, carcass traits were not affected by the experimental treatments (p>0.05).
Serum metabolites
The effect of different experimental feeds on the serum parameters of broiler chickens is depicted in Table 7. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the concentration of glucose and cholesterol between the experimental treatments (p<0.05). The control group had the highest blood glucose concentration. Also, all experimental rations decreased cholesterol in relation to the control (p<0.05).
Hematological parameters and humoral immune parameters (antibody titers)
The effect of different experimental feeds on the hematological parameters and immune response of broiler chickens are shown in Table 8. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the antibody titers against bronchitis between the experimental treatments (p<0.05). The highest antibody titers against bronchitis were observed in the control group (4238.4).
Tibia traits
The results of tibia traits in Table 9 show that there was a significant difference in the percentage of ash and phosphorus between the experimental treatments (p<0.05). The highest percentages of ash (42.0±2.42) and phosphorus (20.7±1.95) were observed in the control treatment.
DISCUSSION
Growth performance
The present study showed that consumption of diets supplemented with organic chromium and zinc improved the FCR and increased body weight gain in the starter phase. In agreement with our results, Sahin et al. (2001) reported that feeding chromium picolinate to broiler chickens increased body weight. Sands and Smith (1999) also reported that dietary chromium picolinate supplementation increased the growth rate without affecting feed intake in broilers. Moreover, Lien et al. (1999) reported that 1600 µ/kg or 3200 µ/kg chromium picolinate supplementation in a broiler ration improved live weight gain without affecting feed conversion. In contrast, Hajilari et al. (2019) reported that organic Zn supplementation improved body weight gain and FCR.
In other studies, Nollet et al. (2007) reported that in broiler chickens, supplementing the ration with 10 ppm Mn, Zn as peptide chelates (Bioplex) did not affect the performance parameters measured during the study. It is reported that chromium is a necessary cofactor for insulin activity and normal glucose uptake into cells for energy generation and improvement of live weight gain, and feed efficiency (Sahin et al., 2002). So, the effect of chromium supplementation on the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is very likely a reason for the improved FCR and body weight gain of birds in the current study.
Jejunal morphology
Our results indicated that feeding a ration containing a supplement of organic zinc significantly increased the villus width in the jejunum of chickens. It has been reported that organic chromium improves the morphological characteristics of jejunum in broiler chickens. Zinc glycinate (Gly-Zn) has also been reported to significantly increase the villus height in the duodenum and jejunum in yellow feather broilers (Zhu et al., 2022). Park et al. (2014) showed that dietary zinc supplementation would effectively increase the intestinal villus height of weaned piglets. Also, it was indicated that 80 mg/kg Zn-Met supplementation enhanced villus height in the jejunum of laying hens.
The absorption of nutrients in animals’ bodies occurs in the small intestine (Zhu et al., 2022). So, examining the histology of intestinal epithelial cells can help to assess the health and function of the intestine (Faryadi et al., 2021). It has been shown that with the increase in the height of the villi of the small intestine, the number of epithelial cells also increases and the ability to absorb nutrients in the digestive tract increases. The depth of the crypts indicates the maturation and growth rate of the epithelial cells. On the other hand, a shallower crypt reflects the nutrient absorption capacity (Zhu et al., 2022). A higher villi width is usually indicative of a healthier intestinal epithelium in chickens and increases the absorption capacity in the small intestine (Shahryari et al., 2021). The change in villus width may also be a reflection of differences in the intestinal immune status (Mirakzehi et al., 2017). Feng et al. (2010) reported that zinc can increase the absorption capacity of the small intestine by affecting its morphology.
Moreover, zinc is an essential element for cell proliferation and differentiation, especially the regulation of DNA synthesis and mitotic division (Beyersmann & Haase, 2001). According to the present study, it seems that supplementation of the broiler chicken ration with organic zinc resulted in the better growth of intestinal tissue (increasing the villi width) by affecting cell proliferation; hence improving the performance of broiler chickens.
Carcass characteristics
In our present study, dietary treatments had no significant effect on the carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. According to the results of this study, Sahin et al. (2002) showed that feeding broilers with a feed containing Zn-Gly increased hot and chilled carcass weight, yield, and liver, heart, spleen, and gizzard weights. The findings of this study were also contrary to Rajalekshmi et al. (2014) and Norain et al. (2013), who reported that dietary supplementation of chromium in Cr-picolinate, Cr nanocomposite, Cr-nicotinic, Cr-methionine, Cr-chloride forms in broilers increased the carcass and breast meat yield. Nessabian et al. (2021) showed that feeding broilers with a ration containing 100mg/kg of zinc-glycine had the greatest effect on the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen. Moreover, Lu et al. (2007) reported that the percentage of chest and thigh muscles and abdominal fat cannot be affected by dietary Mn supplementation (organic or inorganic). Variations in effects might be related to different sources and forms of minerals used, dietary inclusion levels, and breeding and environmental conditions.
Blood parameters
In the present study, feeds containing supplements of organic chromium, and manganese decreased the serum glucose and cholesterol concentrations of the chickens. Similar to the results of the present study, Sahin et al. (2001 and 2002) reported that in Japanese quails and broiler chickens, supplementing the ration with chromium decreased blood glucose and cholesterol concentrations. Arif et al. (2019) found that dietary chromium supplementation did not affect serum lipid profile (LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and cholesterol) and alkaline phosphatase, but reduced serum glucose. Reducing the concentration of glucose and cholesterol in the treatment containing organic manganese compared to the control group may be due to organic manganese dietary supplements leading to a change in the lipase enzyme gene expression in the adipose tissue of the birds. This enzyme plays an important role in the amount of fat stored in adipose tissue. Therefore, by increasing its activity, the amount of tissue fat decreases and non-esterified fatty acids are released into the bloodstream. The release of fatty acids from adipose tissue into the bloodstream leads to a decrease in the level of glucose releases into the blood by the liver (Sands & Smith, 1999).
Piešová et al. (2019) found that dietary Mn-Glycinoplex supplementation did not affect blood concentrations of total protein, albumin and glucose, but reduced cholesterol concentration. Bae et al. (2011) reported that the use of Mn supplementation (as MnCO3) decreases the blood cholesterol levels in Ca-deficient ovariectomized rats. Bomb et al. (1988) reported that manganese supplementation decreased total serum cholesterol in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Manganese also plays a role in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates (Sands & Smith, 2002). It is a cofactor of many enzymes that are directly or indirectly involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates (Sands & Smith, 2002). It is reported that manganese increases the secretion of insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas in rats. it has been reported that in Mn-deficient rats in vitro, adipose cells had less glucose absorption and insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation to CO2, and conversion to triglycerides (Baly et al., 1990).
Hematological parameters, and antibody titer
In the present study, the supplement of organic elements zinc, manganese, and chromium led to the lowest antibody titer against bronchitis disease. Sabaghi et al. (2021) reported that in broiler chickens, supplementing the ration with nano-manganese significantly decreased antibody titers against infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease. Yang et al. (2011) showed that supplementing the ration with 40.00 - 160 mg kg-1 manganese had no significant effects on lymphocyte proliferation in peripheral blood, Newcastle disease antibodies titers. Furthermore, it has been reported that manganese at 120 mg kg-1 increased cell-mediated immune response to phytohemagglutinin. It has also been reported that increased cell-mediated immunity can be linked to increased production of interleukin-2, and increased function of superoxide dismutase, which is essential for the integrity of macrophages and heterophils (Gajula et al., 2011).
Arif et al. (2019) found that chromium supplementation did not affect antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus H9. Lu et al. (2019) reported that dietary supplementation of chromium increased the immune functions of chickens vaccinated with the avian influenza virus and was effective in improving the blood antibody titer against the avian influenza virus. It has been reported that chromium supplementation might increase the immune response, either through a direct effect on the cytokines (Borgs & Mallard, 1998) or through the indirect effect of reducing glucocorticosteroid levels (Samanta et al., 2008). Organic zinc supplementation plays a role in maintaining the health and optimal function of cells in the animal’s innate immune system (Bartlett & Smith, 2003).
Tibia traits
Bone mineral concentrations and bone ash are used as biomarkers in bioavailability studies and indicate the storage and status of minerals in the bone (Ma et al., 2018). In the present study, the highest percentage of phosphorus was observed in the control group and in the treatments containing zinc and chromium organic. The result of this study agrees with Sahraei et al. (2012), which reported that dietary Zn (organic or inorganic) did not affect the weight, length, or diaphysis diameter of the tibia bone. However, Zn can significantly increase the thickness of the wall, medullary canal diameter, tibiotarsal index, and ash percent at 200 mg/kg of the ration of bioplex Zn. El-Husseiny et al. (2012) also reported that ration supplementation with 50% Zinc +50% Manganese +50% Copper (organic) significantly increased tibia dry matter, Ca, and P concentrations and had no effect on tibia ash concentrations. Zinc plays an important role in bone development, and it is reported that Zn supplementation increases the anabolic effect of insulin-like growth factor I on osteoblasts and bone development (Wang et al., 2002).
Chromium is probably also incorporated into the bone structure in the mineralization process (Stępniowska et al., 2020). However, Saeed et al. (2017) found that chromium supplementation (25 mg/kg chromium chloride) did not affect the bone strength index, but reduced the ratio of ash to the weight of the femur, tibia and fibula. Fouad et al. (2016) found that the inclusion of manganese did not affect the weight, length, breaking strength, and density of the tibia. However, it has been reported that manganese may influence the orientation of the collagen fibers or the catalysis of the crystallization of the bone minerals along these fibers (Parker et al., 1995). The increase in ash contents in our experiment shows an increase in the mineralization of bones with the increase in Cr supplementation. It seems that when the minerals zinc, manganese, and chromium are used together in the feed, they can support the bone development of broiler chickens more than when they are used in isolation.
CONCLUSION
This study’s general results showed that organic chrome supplements improved body weight gains and FCR in the starter period. Also, using organic zinc supplements increased the villi width of the jejunum in broiler chickens. Based on the results, it may be concluded that the addition of organic chromium and zinc supplements to the feed in isolation is more useful than the other treatments at improving the performance and health of broiler chickens.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to all the people who helped in the research. They also thank the Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University for supporting the present study.
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FUNDING
The research was done at personal expense provided by Mohammad Reza Rostami Khanghahi.
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DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Data will be available upon request.
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DISCLAIMER/PUBLISHER’S NOTE
The published papers’ statements, opinions, and data are those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s). The editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions, or products referred to in the content.
Data availability
Data will be available upon request.
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
16 Dec 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
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Received
18 Aug 2024 -
Accepted
20 Oct 2024