High Doses of Phytase Alleviate the Negative Effects of Calcium and Phosphorus Imbalance on Growth Performance and Bone Mineralization in Broiler Chickens

Shi, CX; Lv, XL; Wu, LH; Liu, MY; He, L; Zhang, TY; Qiao, YY; Hao, JF; Wang, G; Cui, YY; Qu, HX; Zhang, CM; Yang, GL; Zhang, JL; Kang, XT; Han, JC

doi:10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1568

CX Shi

College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China

Department of Animal Science, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1750-0103

XL Lv

College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China

Department of Animal Science, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4679-8188

LH Wu

College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China

Department of Animal Science, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4408-3330

MY Liu

College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China

Department of Animal Science, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7487-2897

L He

Department of Animal Science, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China

College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5313-7607

TY Zhang

Henan Ground Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8377-2596

YY Qiao

Faculty of Biology and Technology, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0090-6430

JF Hao

Department of Animal Science, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2038-5839

G Wang

Department of Animal Science, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8938-763X

YY Cui

Department of Animal Science, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7241-1541

HX Qu

Department of Animal Science, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2964-7898

CM Zhang

Department of Animal Science, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2412-6460

GL Yang

Department of Animal Science, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4527-6919

JL Zhang

Department of Animal Science, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4581-3414

XT Kang

College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9628-7135

JC Han

Department of Animal Science, College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0461-2103

Corresponding author e-mail address
Xiangtao Kang College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450001, China. Phone: +905373559889 Email: xtkang2001@263.net

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Item	Days 1-21			Days 22-42
Item	Control	0.50% Ca	1.00% Ca	Control	0.50% Ca	1.00% Ca
Ingredient (%)
Corn	56.97	60.73	57.91	62.31	65.01	62.19
Soybean meal (43% CP)	32.00	32.00	32.00	28.00	28.00	28.00
Soybean oil	1.60	1.60	1.60	2.60	2.60	2.60
Swine lard	1.32	0.00	0.99	0.95	0.00	0.99
Soybean protein concentrate (63% CP)	3.99	3.47	3.86	2.67	2.30	2.69
Limestone	1.36	0.67	2.09	1.46	0.70	2.13
Dicalcium phosphate	1.94	0.71	0.73	1.35	0.73	0.74
L-lysine·HCl (98%)	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.14
DL-methionine (98%)	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.08	0.08	0.08
Trace mineral premix¹	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
Vitamin premix²	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03
Choline chloride (50%)	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.10	0.10	0.10
Sodium chloride	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Nutrients composition (%)
Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg)	2,975	2,975	2,975	3,065	3,065	3,065
Crude protein	21.24	21.24	21.24	19.15	19.15	19.15
Calcium	1.00	0.50	1.00	0.90	0.50	1.00
Analyzed calcium	0.98	0.51	0.95	0.86	0.47	0.94
Total phosphorus	0.69	0.49	0.49	0.57	0.48	0.47
Analyzed total phosphorus	0.64	0.46	0.47	0.55	0.46	0.45
Non-phytate phosphorus	0.45	0.25	0.25	0.35	0.25	0.25

Ca (%)	Phytase (FTU/kg)	BWG² (g)			FI² (g)			FCR²			Mortality (%)
Ca (%)	Phytase (FTU/kg)	Days 1-21	Days 22-42	Days 1-42	Days 1-21	Days 22-42	Days 1-42	Days 1-21	Days 22-42	Days 1-42	Days 1-21	Days 22-42	Days 1-42
Control	0	699^ab	1649^a	2348^ab	1103^a	3398^ab	4501^ab	1.58	2.06	1.92	0	0	0
0.50	0	584^d	1520^ab	2104^cd	912^c	3056^bc	3968^d	1.56	2.01	1.89	5.0	2.5	7.5
0.50	500	676^ab	1700^a	2376^a	1059^a	3421^ab	4480^ab	1.57	2.01	1.89	0	0	0
0.50	1,000	667^ab	1728^a	2395^a	1040^ab	3386^ab	4426^abc	1.56	1.96	1.85	0	0	0
0.50	2,500	699^ab	1700^a	2399^a	1075^a	3403^ab	4478^ab	1.54	2.00	1.87	0	0	0
0.50	5,000	643^bcd	1699^a	2342^ab	1063^a	3340^ab	4403^abcd	1.65	1.97	1.88	0	0	0
0.50	10,000	696^ab	1717^a	2413^a	1096^a	3372^ab	4468^ab	1.57	1.96	1.85	0	0	0
1.00	0	486^e	1347^b	1833^e	788^d	2665^c	3453^e	1.62	1.98	1.89	10.0	7.5	17.5
1.00	500	596^cd	1485^ab	2081^d	951^bc	3028^bc	3979^cd	1.60	2.05	1.92	2.5	0	2.5
1.00	1,000	656^abc	1469^ab	2125^bcd	1014^ab	3113^ab	4127^bcd	1.55	2.12	1.94	0	0	0
1.00	2,500	691^ab	1629^a	2320^abc	1058^a	3340^ab	4398^abcd	1.53	2.05	1.90	0	0	0
1.00	5,000	679^ab	1631^a	2310^abcd	1108^a	3180^ab	4288^bcde	1.63	1.95	1.86	0	0	0
1.00	10,000	723^a	1724^a	2447^a	1109^a	3504^a	4613^a	1.53	2.03	1.89	0	0	0
SEM		9	22	27	14	38	48	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.5	0.5	0.8
Main effect
0.50		661^a	1677^a	2338^a	1041^a	3329^a	4370^a	1.58	1.99	1.87	0.8	0.4	1.3
1.00		639^b	1548^b	2186^b	1005^b	3138^b	4143^b	1.58	2.03	1.90	2.1	1.3	3.3
	0	535^d	1434^b	1969^c	850^d	2861^b	3710^c	1.59^ab	2.00	1.89	7.5	5.0	12.5
	500	636^c	1593^ab	2229^b	1005^c	3224^a	4229^b	1.59^ab	2.03	1.90	1.3	0	1.3
	1,000	662^bc	1599^ab	2260^b	1027^bc	3249^a	4276^ab	1.55^b	2.04	1.90	0	0	0
	2,500	695^ab	1665^a	2360^ab	1066^abc	3372^a	4438^ab	1.53^b	2.03	1.88	0	0	0
	5,000	661^bc	1665^a	2326^ab	1086^ab	3260^a	4346^ab	1.64^a	1.96	1.87	0	0	0
	10,000	710^a	1721^a	2430^a	1103^a	3438^a	4540^a	1.55^b	2.00	1.87	0	0	0
Source of variation
Ca		0.005	<0.001	<0.001	0.004	<0.001	<0.001	0.914	0.115	0.139	0.057	0.361	0.043
Phytase		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.007	0.527	0.856	<0.001	0.012	<0.001
Ca ×Phytase		0.002	0.169	0.003	0.001	0.041	0.007	0.452	0.370	0.512	0.138	0.519	0.035

Ca (%)	Phytase (FTU/kg)	Weight (g)		Ash (g)		Ash (%)		Ca (%)		p (%)
Ca (%)	Phytase (FTU/kg)	Day 21	Day 42	Day 21	Day 42	Day 21	Day 42	Day 21	Day 42	Day 21	Day 42
Control	0	1.36^a	4.30^ab	0.64^a	1.96^a	47.53^a	45.87^ab	17.03^ab	17.08^ab	8.72^a	9.10^a
0.50	0	1.08^bcd	3.58^bc	0.47^cd	1.51^bc	45.68^ab	42.51^d	16.95^ab	15.61^c	8.31^a	7.64^b
0.50	500	1.23^abc	4.31^ab	0.58^abc	1.86^ab	47.42^a	43.61^bcd	17.48^a	16.00^bc	8.56^a	8.16^ab
0.50	1,000	1.15^abcd	4.17^ab	0.54^abc	1.89^ab	46.66^a	44.79^abcd	17.61^a	16.83^abc	8.34^a	8.29^ab
0.50	2,500	1.19^abcd	3.87^ab	0.54^abc	1.76^ab	45.83^ab	44.91^abcd	17.69^a	16.54^abc	8.36^a	8.57^ab
0.50	5,000	1.07^cd	3.99^ab	0.50^bc	1.77^ab	46.76^a	43.60^bcd	16.84^ab	16.84^abc	8.32^a	8.33^ab
0.50	10,000	1.33^ab	3.88^ab	0.63^ab	1.55^bc	47.41^a	42.47^d	17.13^ab	16.26^abc	8.53^a	8.13^ab
1.00	0	0.92^d	3.04^c	0.34^d	1.29^c	42.28^b	42.69^cd	14.80^c	15.82^bc	6.64^c	7.52^b
1.00	500	1.04^cd	3.58^bc	0.45^cd	1.57^bc	42.81^b	44.36^abcd	15.58^bc	15.97^bc	7.31^bc	8.03^ab
1.00	1,000	1.24^abc	3.77^abc	0.56^abc	1.67^ab	45.28^ab	44.58^abcd	16.24^abc	16.34^abc	8.08^ab	8.01^ab
1.00	2,500	1.33^ab	3.82^abc	0.63^ab	1.71^ab	47.19^a	45.38^abc	17.22^a	16.58^abc	8.42^a	8.47^ab
1.00	5,000	1.21^abc	4.22^ab	0.58^abc	1.97^a	47.06^a	46.79^a	17.14^ab	17.39^a	8.47^a	8.90^a
1.00	10,000	1.38^a	4.54^a	0.66^a	2.05^a	48.24^a	45.40^abc	17.56^a	17.10^ab	8.44^a	9.10^a
SEM		0.02	0.07	0.01	0.03	0.31	0.23	0.14	0.10	0.09	0.10
Main effect
0.50		1.17	3.97	0.54	1.73	46.63^a	43.65^b	17.28^a	16.35	8.40^a	8.18
1.00		1.19	3.83	0.54	1.71	45.48^b	44.87^a	16.42^b	16.53	7.89^b	8.34
	0	1.00^c	3.31^b	0.40^c	1.40^b	43.98^c	42.60^b	15.88^b	15.71^c	7.48^b	7.58^b
	500	1.14^bc	3.95^a	0.51^b	1.72^a	45.11^bc	43.99^ab	16.53^ab	15.98^bc	7.93^ab	8.10^ab
	1,000	1.19^ab	3.97^a	0.55^b	1.78^a	45.97^abc	44.68^a	16.93^a	16.59^ab	8.21^a	8.15^ab
	2,500	1.26^ab	3.85^a	0.59^ab	1.73^a	46.51^ab	45.14^a	17.46^a	16.56^ab	8.39^a	8.52^a
	5,000	1.14^bc	4.11^a	0.54^b	1.87^a	46.91^ab	45.19^a	16.99^a	17.11^a	8.39^a	8.61^a
	10,000	1.36^a	4.21^a	0.65^a	1.80^a	47.82^a	43.94^ab	17.34^a	16.68^ab	8.48^a	8.61^a
Source of variation
Ca		0.663	0.130	0.716	0.715	0.017	<0.001	<0.001	0.231	<0.001	0.935
Phytase		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.002
Ca ×Phytase		0.006	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.002	0.006	<0.001	0.211	<0.001	0.173

Ca (%)	Phytase (FTU/kg)	Weight (g)		Ash (g)		Ash (%)		Ca (%)		p (%)
Ca (%)	Phytase (FTU/kg)	Day 21	Day 42	Day 21	Day 42	Day 21	Day 42	Day 21	Day 42	Day 21	Day 42
Control	0	1.79^ab	5.89^ab	0.86^ab	2.66^ab	48.00^ab	47.37^ab	17.55^ab	17.57^ab	8.82^ab	8.53^abcd
0.50	0	1.32^ef	5.07^bcd	0.61^d	2.29^bc	46.26^b	45.17^bc	16.67^abc	16.02^c	7.87^bc	7.71^d
0.50	500	1.54^bcde	5.95^ab	0.72^bcd	2.65^ab	46.97^ab	45.42^bc	16.85^abc	16.40^bc	8.53^ab	7.92^cd
0.50	1,000	1.60^abcd	5.50^bc	0.75^abcd	2.59^ab	47.24^ab	48.50^a	17.42^ab	17.42^abc	8.54^ab	8.05^bcd
0.50	2,500	1.70^abc	5.25^bc	0.82^abc	2.45^abc	48.18^ab	46.93^abc	17.51^ab	17.11^abc	8.00^ab	8.17^abcd
0.50	5,000	1.40^de	5.11^bcd	0.68^cd	2.41^abc	47.68^ab	48.41^a	17.44^ab	16.48^abc	8.43^ab	8.02^bcd
0.50	10,000	1.66^abc	5.30^bc	0.79^abc	2.46^abc	47.69^ab	46.72^abc	17.43^ab	16.80^abc	8.12^ab	8.95^ab
1.00	0	1.13^f	4.16^d	0.44^e	1.86^c	38.65^d	44.79^c	14.56^d	16.55^abc	6.68^c	8.10^bcd
1.00	500	1.47^cde	4.75^cd	0.63^d	2.23^bc	43.11^c	47.24^ab	16.04^c	17.59^ab	7.63^bc	8.62^abcd
1.00	1,000	1.62^abcd	4.99^bcd	0.75^abcd	2.31^bc	47.22^ab	46.27^abc	17.94^a	17.60^ab	8.75^ab	8.54^abcd
1.00	2,500	1.81^a	5.29^bc	0.83^abc	2.48^abc	47.55^ab	47.07^abc	16.47^bc	17.51^abc	7.85^bc	9.02^ab
1.00	5,000	1.60^abcd	5.60^bc	0.79^abc	2.58^ab	47.77^ab	46.19^abc	17.01^abc	17.41^abc	8.80^ab	9.12^a
1.00	10,000	1.84^a	6.76^a	0.87^a	3.01^a	48.68^a	48.15^a	17.98^a	17.93^a	9.11^a	8.88^abc
SEM	3.4	0.03	0.10	0.02	0.05	0.38	0.20	0.14	0.11	0.11	0.10
Main effect
0.50		1.53	5.36	0.73	2.48	47.34^a	46.86	17.22^a	16.70^b	8.25	8.14^b
1.00		1.58	5.26	0.72	2.41	45.50^b	46.62	16.67^b	17.43^a	8.14	8.72^a
	0	1.22^c	4.62^c	0.53^d	2.07^b	42.45^c	44.98^b	15.62^c	16.29^b	7.27^b	7.91^b
	500	1.50^b	5.35^b	0.68^c	2.44^ab	45.04^b	46.33^ab	16.44^b	16.99^ab	8.08^a	8.27^ab
	1,000	1.61^ab	5.25^b	0.75^bc	2.45^ab	47.23^a	47.38^a	17.68^a	17.51^a	8.65^a	8.30^ab
	2,500	1.76^a	5.27^b	0.82^ab	2.46^a	47.86^a	47.00^a	16.99^ab	17.31^a	7.93^ab	8.59^ab
	5,000	1.50^b	5.35^b	0.74^c	2.50^a	47.72^a	47.30^a	17.23^a	16.94^ab	8.62^a	8.57^ab
	10,000	1.75^a	6.03^a	0.83^a	2.74^a	48.19^a	47.43^a	17.70^a	17.36^a	8.62^a	8.92^a
Source of variation
Ca		0.178	0.389	0.520	0.402	<0.001	0.381	<0.001	<0.001	0.431	0.002
Phytase		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.004	<0.001	0.034
Ca ×Phytase		0.004	<0.001	<0.001	0.003	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.478	0.001	0.466

Ca (%)	Phytase (FTU/kg)	Weight (g)		Ash (g)		Ash (%)		Ca (%)		p (%)
Ca (%)	Phytase (FTU/kg)	Day 21	Day 42	Day 21	Day 42	Day 21	Day 42	Day 21	Day 42	Day 21	Day 42
Control	0	1.02^a	3.27^a	0.47^a	1.36^a	46.12^a	41.61^ab	16.83^ab	15.14^ab	8.11^a	7.40
0.50	0	0.80^abc	2.80^ab	0.35^bc	1.16^ab	43.58^abc	41.79^ab	16.64^ab	15.18^ab	7.54^ab	7.45
0.50	500	0.91^ab	3.27^a	0.41^abc	1.40^a	44.96^ab	42.79^ab	16.88^ab	15.57^ab	8.02^a	7.82
0.50	1,000	0.91^ab	2.90^ab	0.41^abc	1.24^ab	45.58^ab	42.81^ab	16.94^ab	16.29^ab	8.10^a	7.76
0.50	2,500	0.91^ab	2.92^ab	0.42^abc	1.28^ab	45.64^ab	44.17^a	16.80^ab	16.39^a	8.07^a	7.89
0.50	5,000	0.78^bc	2.96^ab	0.36^bc	1.28^ab	45.80^a	43.42^ab	16.66^ab	16.28^ab	8.16^a	8.06
0.50	10,000	0.95^ab	2.94^ab	0.44^abc	1.19^ab	46.03^a	40.67^b	17.04^ab	15.38^ab	8.15^a	7.62
1.00	0	0.66^c	2.39^b	0.24^d	1.00^b	36.33^d	41.81^ab	12.90^d	15.23^ab	5.85^c	7.43
1.00	500	0.84^abc	2.78^ab	0.34^c	1.13^ab	40.54^c	41.50^ab	14.53^cd	14.69^b	6.77^b	7.64
1.00	1,000	0.99^ab	3.08^a	0.41^abc	1.25^ab	41.83^bc	40.79^ab	15.44^bc	15.45^ab	7.08^b	7.75
1.00	2,500	0.97^ab	3.03^ab	0.43^abc	1.24^ab	44.50^ab	40.99^ab	16.57^ab	15.46^ab	7.56^ab	7.60
1.00	5,000	0.94^ab	3.22^a	0.44^ab	1.34^a	44.79^ab	41.68^ab	15.96^abc	15.91^ab	7.35^ab	8.05
1.00	10,000	1.02^a	3.34^a	0.48^a	1.37^a	47.38^a	41.71^ab	17.36^a	15.45^ab	8.07^a	7.52
SEM		0.02	0.05	0.01	0.02	0.44	0.22	0.19	0.11	0.10	0.05
Main effect
0.50		0.88	2.96	0.40	1.26	45.26^a	42.61^a	16.83^a	15.85^a	8.01^a	7.77
1.00		0.90	2.97	0.39	1.22	42.56^b	41.41^b	15.46^b	15.37^b	7.11^b	7.67
	0	0.73^b	2.59^b	0.29^c	1.08^b	39.96^d	41.80	14.77^c	15.20	6.70^c	7.44^b
	500	0.88^a	3.03^a	0.37^b	1.27^a	42.75^c	42.14	15.71^bc	15.13	7.40^b	7.73^ab
	1,000	0.95^a	2.99^ab	0.41^ab	1.25^ab	43.70^bc	41.80	16.19^ab	15.87	7.59^ab	7.76^ab
	2,500	0.94^a	2.97^ab	0.42^ab	1.26^a	45.07^abc	42.58	16.69^ab	15.93	7.82^ab	7.75^ab
	5,000	0.86^ab	3.09^a	0.40^b	1.31^a	45.29^ab	42.55	16.31^ab	16.09	7.75^ab	8.06^a
	10,000	0.98^a	3.14^a	0.46^a	1.28^a	46.70^a	41.19	17.20^a	15.42	8.11^a	7.57^ab
Source of variation
Ca		0.270	0.899	0.623	0.273	<0.001	0.003	<0.001	0.022	<0.001	0.314
Phytase		<0.001	0.005	<0.001	0.007	<0.001	0.269	<0.001	0.034	<0.001	0.024
Ca ×Phytase		0.016	0.008	<0.001	0.008	<0.001	0.033	<0.001	0.495	0.002	0.950

Ca (%)	Phytase (FTU/kg)	Ca (mg/100mL)		p (mg/100mL)
Ca (%)	Phytase (FTU/kg)	Day 21	Day 42	Day 21	Day 42
Control	0	9.05^ab	10.31	6.72^ab	7.48
0.50	0	8.00^b	10.20	6.56^ab	7.85
0.50	500	9.04^ab	9.65	6.66^ab	7.82
0.50	1,000	9.04^ab	10.33	6.91^a	8.02
0.50	2,500	9.16^ab	9.71	6.52^ab	7.05
0.50	5,000	10.02^ab	9.20	6.20^ab	7.15
0.50	10,000	9.58^ab	10.37	5.91^ab	7.46
1.00	0	11.38^a	9.47	3.68^c	7.73
1.00	500	9.87^ab	9.31	5.26^b	7.37
1.00	1,000	8.69^ab	10.32	6.74^ab	7.81
1.00	2,500	8.59^ab	10.43	6.81^a	7.66
1.00	5,000	8.98^ab	9.68	6.98^a	7.27
1.00	10,000	8.93^ab	9.81	6.59^ab	6.97
SEM		0.18	0.12	0.14	0.13
Main effect
0.50		9.14	9.91	6.46^a	7.56
1.00		9.41	9.84	6.01^b	7.47
	0	9.69	9.84	5.12^b	7.79
	500	9.46	9.48	5.96^ab	7.59
	1,000	8.87	10.33	6.82^a	7.91
	2,500	8.88	10.07	6.67^a	7.35
	5,000	9.50	9.44	6.59^a	7.21
	10,000	9.26	10.09	6.25^a	7.21
Source of variation
Ca		0.446	0.784	0.016	0.767
Phytase		0.667	0.339	<0.001	0.623
Ca ×Phytase		0.008	0.570	<0.001	0.889

[1] Corresponding author e-mail address
Xiangtao Kang College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450001, China. Phone: +905373559889 Email: xtkang2001@263.net

Brasil

Brasil

High Doses of Phytase Alleviate the Negative Effects of Calcium and Phosphorus Imbalance on Growth Performance and Bone Mineralization in Broiler Chickens

ABSTRACT