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Fat-Soluble Vitamin Supplementation Levels in Diets for Laying Hens from 28 to 44 Weeks of Age

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to examine the impact of levels of dietary supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins on the production performance and egg quality of laying hens. Three hundred Hy-Line White W-36 laying hens were evaluated from 28 to 44 weeks of age. The birds were allotted to one of six treatments in a randomized block design with 10 replicates with five birds each. Performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated in four 28-day periods. A corn and soybean meal-based basal diet was formulated so as to meet the nutritional requirements of the animals, with the exception of fat-soluble vitamins. The treatments consisted of dietary supplementation with 0%, 33.3%, 66.7%, 100.0%, 133.3% or 166.7% of fat-soluble vitamins (100% supplementation consisted of 7500 IU, 2000 IU, 10 IU and 1.8 mg of vitamins A, D3, E and K per kilogram of diet, respectively). Eggshell weight, shell thickness, shell strength, feed intake, egg weight, feed conversion per egg mass and feed conversion per dozen eggs showed a quadratic response (p≤0.05) to the treatments, whereas egg mass responded linearly. Optimal results were obtained at an average fat-soluble vitamin supplementation level of 109%, which corresponds to 8175 IU of vitamin A, 2180 IU of vitamin D3, 10.9 IU of vitamin E and 1.96 mg of vitamin K per kilogram of diet.

Keywords:
Egg weight; Performance; White eggs

INTRODUCTION

Vitamins are nutrients required in small amounts (milligrams or micrograms) which may or may not be synthesized by the animal´s organism. They are classified according to their physiological functions in the body and how they contribute to the maintenance of health. Vitamins are essential for the different development phases of a bird, and their absence in the diet, or low absorption, may induce signs of metabolic deficiency (Barroeta et al., 2012Barroeta AC, Baucells MD, Blanco Pérez A, Calsamiglia S, Casals R, Cepero Briz R, et al. Optimum vitamin nutrition: in the production of quality animal foods. 5th ed. London: 5M Publishing; 2012.).

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) have a primary role in the bird´s metabolism. These vitamins are digested and absorbed through the same pathway as fats because they are associated with food lipids and are stored in tissues like the liver and adipose tissue (Barroeta et al., 2012Barroeta AC, Baucells MD, Blanco Pérez A, Calsamiglia S, Casals R, Cepero Briz R, et al. Optimum vitamin nutrition: in the production of quality animal foods. 5th ed. London: 5M Publishing; 2012.).

According to Rostagno et al. (2011Rostagno HS, Albino LFT, Donzele JL, Gomes PC, Oliveira RF, Lopes DC, et al. Brazilian tables for poultry and swine: composition of feedstuffs and nutritional requirements. 3rd ed. Viçosa: Imprensa Universitária; 2011.), the recommended fat-soluble vitamin supplementation levels to ensure satisfactory performance are 7500 IU of vitamin A, 2000 IU of vitamin D3, 10 IU of vitamin E and 1.8 mg of vitamin K per kilogram of diet. However, the National Research Council (NRC, 1994) recommends supplementing 2500 IU, 250 IU, 4 IU and 0.4 mg of vitamins A, D3, E and K3 per kilogram of diet. Inclusion levels vary considerably between recommendation tables, line manuals and companies’ recommendations. Published requirements - especially by the NRC - indicate minimum values to prevent vitamin deficiency without considering maximum animal performance. However, in laying-hen farming systems, vitamins may be supplemented at levels higher than recommended in an attempt to meet the requirements of those birds, which are under constant stress conditions and may thus need a greater vitamin uptake.

Therefore, questions still remain regarding the optimal levels to be adopted to obtain better results in intensive layer-farming systems; i.e., to achieve the maximum production potential allowed by the genetics of current lines. On this basis, the present study examined levels of supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins for laying hens from 28 to 44 weeks of age.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Production Animals (CEUAP) at the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV) (approval no. 057/2015).

Three hundred Hy-Line White W-36 laying hens were used in the experiment. The birds were acquired at 18 weeks of age and housed in cages where they received a diet formulated as recommended by the Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine (Rostagno et al., 2011Rostagno HS, Albino LFT, Donzele JL, Gomes PC, Oliveira RF, Lopes DC, et al. Brazilian tables for poultry and swine: composition of feedstuffs and nutritional requirements. 3rd ed. Viçosa: Imprensa Universitária; 2011.) until the start of the experimental period, at 28 weeks of age.

The cages were located in a brick shed with a ceiling height of 1.8 m and clay-tile roofing. The shed was equipped with conventional laying cages (25×45×40 cm) arranged in two overlapping rows, with a 1.5-m-wide central corridor between the rows. Feed and water were available ad libitum and the environment was illuminated for 17 h during the entire experimental period, in accordance with the management recommendations for the line.

Air temperature was measured daily using bulb thermometers which had been installed at different points in the shed, at the height of the birds. The minimum and maximum temperatures recorded during the experimental period were 19.8ºC±1.0 and 30.8ºC±2.1, respectively.

Birds were allotted to six treatments in a randomized-block design (white-egg layers: 1.28±0.03 kg; white-egg layers: 1.44±0.04 kg) with 10 replicates and five chickens per experimental unit, in the period of 28 to 44 weeks of age.

The experimental diets had the same nutritional value. A corn and soybean meal-based basal diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of the animals in accordance with the Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine (Rostagno et al., 2011Rostagno HS, Albino LFT, Donzele JL, Gomes PC, Oliveira RF, Lopes DC, et al. Brazilian tables for poultry and swine: composition of feedstuffs and nutritional requirements. 3rd ed. Viçosa: Imprensa Universitária; 2011.) (Table 1).

Table 1
Basal-diet composition (fresh-matter basis).

The treatments consisted of dietary supplementation with 0%, 33.3%, 66.7%, 100.0%, 133.3% or 166.7% of fat-soluble vitamins. The treatment considered 100% inclusion was based on the recommendations of Rostagno et al. (2011Rostagno HS, Albino LFT, Donzele JL, Gomes PC, Oliveira RF, Lopes DC, et al. Brazilian tables for poultry and swine: composition of feedstuffs and nutritional requirements. 3rd ed. Viçosa: Imprensa Universitária; 2011.), containing 7500 IU vitamin A, 2000 IU vitamin D3, 10 IU vitamin E, and 1.8 IU vitamin K3 per kilogram of diet.

The following performance and egg-quality variables were evaluated during four 28-day periods: weight gain (WG, g/bird/day), feed intake (FI, g/bird/day), egg production (EP, g/kg), egg weight (EW, g), egg mass (EM, g), feed conversion per egg mass (CEM, g/g), and feed conversion per dozen eggs (CDZ, kg/dz).

Haugh unit was measured using an EggTester® apparatus. The device relates albumen height to egg weight using the following formula:

H U = 100 * log ( h 1.7 w 0.37 + 7.6 ) ,

where h = albumen height, in millimeters; and w = egg weight, in grams.

Specific gravity (GRAV, g/cm3): samples of healthy eggs were immersed in NaCl solutions of densities ranging from 1.050 to 1.100 g/cm3 with a gradient of 0.005 between the densities. A densimeter was used to determine the values, and this variable was expressed in g/cm3 (Freitas et al., 2004Freitas ER, Sakomura NK, Gonzalez MM, Barbosa NAA. Comparação de métodos de determinação da gravidade específica de ovos de poedeiras comerciais. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 2004;39:509-512.).

Egg components (g/kg): the eggs were cracked and the yolk (YLK) and albumen (ALB) were separated. The YLK of each experimental unit were weighed together to obtain their average weight. The eggshells (SHL) were washed, dried in a forced-air oven at 60 ºC and subsequently weighed in the same way to calculate average shell weight. Average albumen weight was calculated by difference (Ahn et al., 1997Ahn DU, Kim SM, Shu H. Effect of egg size and strain and age of hens on the solids content of chicken eggs. Poultry Science 1997;76:914-919.).

Eggshell strength (SHLS, Newtons): strength measured using an EggTester® apparatus upon compressing the two ends of the egg until the shell cracked.

Eggshell thickness (SHLT, mm): measured using a caliper.

All data were subjected to ANOVA using the PROC GLM procedure of SAS statistical package (SAS Institute, 2010). Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used in the analysis of variance to evaluate the effect of treatments and PROC REG was used to estimate the regression equations. The linear and quadratic equations were adjusted to interpret the data when p≤0.05. The optimal levels (inflection point of the curve) of supplementation for the variables that responded quadratically were calculated as described by Sakomura & Rostagno (2016Sakomura NK, Rostagno HS. Métodos de pesquisa em nutrição de monogástricos. 2nd ed. Jaboticabal: Funep; 2016.).

RESULTS

The levels of supplementation with fat-soluble vitamin induced a quadratic response (p<0.05) from FI, EP and EW and a linear response (p≤0.05) from EM. The animals which did not receive vitamin supplementation (0% inclusion) showed the worst results for FI, EP and EM (Table 2).

Table 2
Performance and egg quality of white-egg laying hens from 28 to 44 days of age supplemented with different levels of fat-soluble vitamins.

The estimated optimal supplementation level for FI was 121.05%, corresponding to 9078.75, 2421 and 12.11 IU of vitamins A, D and E, respectively, and 2.18 mg of vitamin K per kilogram of diet (Table 3). For EP, the optimal level was 116.17%, representing 8712.75, 2323.4 and 11.62 IU of vitamins A, D and E, respectively, and 2.09 mg of vitamin K per kilogram of diet. The optimal supplementation level for EW, in turn, was 59.5%, which corresponds to 4462.5, 1190 and 5.95 IU of vitamins A, D and E, respectively, and 1.07 mg of vitamin K per kilogram of diet.

Table 3
Regression equation and optimal levels of fat-soluble vitamin supplementation for white-egg laying hens from 28 to 44 days of age.

Feed conversion per egg mass and per dozen eggs responded quadratically to the increasing supplementation levels (p≤0.05). However, both variables were lowest in the group which received the treatment without inclusion of fat-soluble vitamins.

The vitamin levels did not influence (p>0.05) YLK, HU or GRAV. Albumin, SHL, SHLT and SHLS, on the other hand, showed a quadratic response (p≤0.05) to the treatments. The estimated optimal supplementation levels for the respective variables were 93.13%, 94.16%, 100% and 99.66%. These levels corresponded to the supplementation of 6984.75 IU, 1862.6 IU, 9.31 IU and 1.68 mg; 7062 IU, 1883.2 IU, 9.42 IU and 1.69 mg; 7500 IU, 2000 IU, 10 IU and 1.8 mg; and 7474.5 IU, 1993.2 IU, 9.96 IU and 1.79 mg of vitamins A, D, E and K per kilogram of diet, respectively.

DISCUSSION

The increasing levels of supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins resulted in improvements in FI, EP, EW and EM. Lin et al. (2002Lin H, Wang LF, Song JL, Xie YM, Yang QM. Effect of dietary supplemental levels of vitamin A on the egg production and immune responses of heat-stressed laying hens. Poultry Science 2002;81:458-465.) observed a positive effect on the feed intake and egg-laying rate of birds which received diets supplemented with vitamin A when challenged with Newcastle virus and under thermal stress. Rodrigues et al. (2005Rodrigues EA, Junqueira OM, Cancherini LC, Andreotti MO, Casertelli EM, Laurentiz AC. Desempenho e qualidade da casca para poedeiras recebendo vitamina D nas rações de pré-postura e postura. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 2005;27:55-59.) did not detect differences for EP, EW, FI and CEM using vitamin D at the levels of 1200, 2400 and 3600 IU/kg and 1200 and 2400 IU/kg in the pre- and post-laying phases, respectively. By contrast, Persia et al. (2013Persia ME, Higgins M, Wang T, Trample D, Bobeck. Effects of long-term supplementation of laying hens with high concentrations of cholecalciferol on performance and egg quality. Poultry Science 2013;92:2930-2937.) observed positive effects on FI and EP in an experiment evaluating high levels of vitamin D supplementation.

The increasing supplementation levels elicited a reduction in CEM and CDZ. However, these variables showed their lowest values at the levels of 0% and 33%. This finding may be explained by the fact that feed conversion ratio is determined based on other variables (FI, EP or EM), which can interfere with results. Abawi & Sullivan (1989Abawi FG, Sullivan TW. Interactions of vitamins A, D3, E, and K in the diet of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 1989;68:1490-1498.) found positive effects of increasing the level of supplementation with vitamins A, D and K on the feed conversion of broilers. Niu et al. (2009Niu ZY, Liu FZ, Yan QL, Li WC. Effects of different levels of vitamin E on growth performance and immune responses of broilers under heat stress. Poultry Science 2009;88:2101-2107.) observed an improvement in feed conversion at the vitamin E supplementation level of 100 mg/kg, in an experiment in which broilers received diets with 0, 100 or 200 mg/kg of the vitamin.

In this study, the worst results were observed in the group of hens fed diets without vitamin supplementation. This may be attributed to the induced vitamin deficiency, which possibly compromised the birds’ performance. Compared to water-soluble vitamins, deficiencies caused by lack of fat-soluble vitamin supplementation take longer to appear because of the existing reserves in the liver and adipose tissue. However, approximately 6 to 8 weeks after the vitamins are withdrawn, the first deficiency symptoms begin to appear; e.g., weight loss, decreased egg-laying rate and decreased egg weight (Leeson & Summers, 2001Leeson S, Summers JD. Scotts’ nutrition of the chicken. 4th ed. Guelph: University Books; 2001.).

Based on the presented results, increasing supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins influenced the eggshell variables (SHL, SHLT and SHLS). Calcium plays an important role in eggshell formation, constituting approximately 40% of it (Keshavarz, 2003Keshavarz K. A comparison between cholecalciferol and 25-OH-cholecalciferol on performance and eggshell quality of hens fed different levels of calcium and phosphorus. Poultry Science 2003;82:1415-1422.). Layers are known to have vitamin D3-dependent calcium-binding proteins that participate in the active transport of calcium in the intestinal membrane. These likely also act in the uterus, in the shell-forming gland (Wasserman and Taylor, 1968Wasserman RH, Taylor AN. Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein. Response to some physiological and nutritional variables. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1968;243:3987-3993.; Bar, 2008Bar A. Calcium homeostasis and vitamin D metabolism and expression in strongly calcifying laying birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 2008;151:477-490.). Therefore, the SHL, SHLT and SHLS variables were likely influenced by the tested vitamin levels, given the importance of vitamin D3 for calcium absorption.

The current results demonstrate that supplementing layer diets with vitamins is essential to achieving good results. We observed that part of the evaluated variables improved at supplementation levels close to or higher than that recommended by Rostagno et al. (2011Rostagno HS, Albino LFT, Donzele JL, Gomes PC, Oliveira RF, Lopes DC, et al. Brazilian tables for poultry and swine: composition of feedstuffs and nutritional requirements. 3rd ed. Viçosa: Imprensa Universitária; 2011.) (represented herein by the level of 100%). Based on the optimal levels obtained for each variable, an average was calculated to determine the recommended level of fat-soluble vitamin supplementation, which was 109%. Other studies with vitamins have shown that dietary supplementation at levels higher than the recommended minimum allow birds to achieve their genetic potential (Barroeta et al., 2012Barroeta AC, Baucells MD, Blanco Pérez A, Calsamiglia S, Casals R, Cepero Briz R, et al. Optimum vitamin nutrition: in the production of quality animal foods. 5th ed. London: 5M Publishing; 2012.). Therefore, vitamin supplementation at minimum levels such as those recommended by the NRC (1994) appear not to be sufficient for birds to express their maximum genetic potential.

The best results for the evaluated variables were obtained at an average supplementation level of 109%. Therefore, the recommended values of fat-soluble vitamins to be supplemented in the diet of white-egg laying hens from 28 to 44 of age are 8175 IU of vitamin A, 2180 IU of vitamin D3, and 10.9 IU of vitamin E and 1.96 mg of vitamin K per kilogram of diet.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors express their gratitude to the Department of Animal Science of the Federal University of Viçosa, the CNPq, and the CAPES.

REFERENCES

  • Abawi FG, Sullivan TW. Interactions of vitamins A, D3, E, and K in the diet of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 1989;68:1490-1498.
  • Ahn DU, Kim SM, Shu H. Effect of egg size and strain and age of hens on the solids content of chicken eggs. Poultry Science 1997;76:914-919.
  • Bar A. Calcium homeostasis and vitamin D metabolism and expression in strongly calcifying laying birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 2008;151:477-490.
  • Barroeta AC, Baucells MD, Blanco Pérez A, Calsamiglia S, Casals R, Cepero Briz R, et al Optimum vitamin nutrition: in the production of quality animal foods. 5th ed. London: 5M Publishing; 2012.
  • Freitas ER, Sakomura NK, Gonzalez MM, Barbosa NAA. Comparação de métodos de determinação da gravidade específica de ovos de poedeiras comerciais. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 2004;39:509-512.
  • Keshavarz K. A comparison between cholecalciferol and 25-OH-cholecalciferol on performance and eggshell quality of hens fed different levels of calcium and phosphorus. Poultry Science 2003;82:1415-1422.
  • Leeson S, Summers JD. Scotts’ nutrition of the chicken. 4th ed. Guelph: University Books; 2001.
  • Lin H, Wang LF, Song JL, Xie YM, Yang QM. Effect of dietary supplemental levels of vitamin A on the egg production and immune responses of heat-stressed laying hens. Poultry Science 2002;81:458-465.
  • Niu ZY, Liu FZ, Yan QL, Li WC. Effects of different levels of vitamin E on growth performance and immune responses of broilers under heat stress. Poultry Science 2009;88:2101-2107.
  • NRC. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th ed. Washington: The National Academies Press; 1994.
  • Persia ME, Higgins M, Wang T, Trample D, Bobeck. Effects of long-term supplementation of laying hens with high concentrations of cholecalciferol on performance and egg quality. Poultry Science 2013;92:2930-2937.
  • Rodrigues EA, Junqueira OM, Cancherini LC, Andreotti MO, Casertelli EM, Laurentiz AC. Desempenho e qualidade da casca para poedeiras recebendo vitamina D nas rações de pré-postura e postura. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 2005;27:55-59.
  • Rostagno HS, Albino LFT, Donzele JL, Gomes PC, Oliveira RF, Lopes DC, et al Brazilian tables for poultry and swine: composition of feedstuffs and nutritional requirements. 3rd ed. Viçosa: Imprensa Universitária; 2011.
  • Sakomura NK, Rostagno HS. Métodos de pesquisa em nutrição de monogástricos. 2nd ed. Jaboticabal: Funep; 2016.
  • SAS Institute. SAS onlineDoc®. Version 9.1.3. Cary; 2010.
  • Wasserman RH, Taylor AN. Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein. Response to some physiological and nutritional variables. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1968;243:3987-3993.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    09 Oct 2020
  • Date of issue
    2020

History

  • Received
    12 Dec 2019
  • Accepted
    10 July 2020
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