Age[11 Steyers CM 3rd, Khera R, Bhave P. Pacemaker Dependency after Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140340. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.014...
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Use of intra-aortic balloon[2020 Mosseri M, Meir G, Lotan C, Hasin Y, Applebaum A, Rosenheck S, et al. Coronary pathology predicts conduction disturbances after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;51(2):248-52. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(91)90796-s. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(91)907...
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Electrolyte disorders[2222 Gundry SR, Sequeira A, Coughlin TR, McLaughlin JS. Postoperative conduction disturbances: a comparison of blood and crystalloid cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989;47(3):384-90. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(89)90378-0. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(89)903...
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Sex[11 Steyers CM 3rd, Khera R, Bhave P. Pacemaker Dependency after Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140340. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.014...
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Diuretic use[22 Turkkan C, Osmanov D, Yildirim E, Ozcan KS, Altay S, Hasdemir H, et al. Bradyarrhythmia development and permanent pacemaker implantation after cardiac surgery. North Clin Istanb. 2018;5(4):288-294. doi: 10.14744/nci.2017.20438. https://doi.org/10.14744/nci.2017.20438...
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Atrioventricular block[4141 Berdajs D, Schurr UP, Wagner A, Seifert B, Turina MI, Genoni M. Incidence and pathophysiology of atrioventricular block following mitral valve replacement and ring annuloplasty. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;34(1):55-61. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.03.051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.03....
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History of prior myocardial infarction[11 Steyers CM 3rd, Khera R, Bhave P. Pacemaker Dependency after Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140340. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.014...
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Cardiopulmonary bypass duration[1717 Emlein G, Huang SK, Pires LA, Rofino K, Okike ON, Vander Salm TJ. Prolonged bradyarrhythmias after isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Am Heart J. 1993;126(5):1084-90. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90658-v. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(93)906...
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Redo operations[4242 Klapkowski A, Pawlaczyk R, Kempa M, Jagielak D, Brzezinski M, Rogowski J. Complete atrioventricular block after isolated aortic valve replacement. Kardiol Pol. 2016;74(9):985-93. doi: 10.5603/KP.a2016.0038. https://doi.org/10.5603/KP.a2016.0038...
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Preoperative left ventricular function[11 Steyers CM 3rd, Khera R, Bhave P. Pacemaker Dependency after Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140340. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.014...
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Total perfusion time[3030 Mar PL, Angus CR, Kabra R, Migliore CK, Goswami R, John LA, et al. Perioperative predictors of permanent pacing and long-term dependence following tricuspid valve surgery: a multicentre analysis. Europace. 2017;19(12):1988-1993. doi: 10.1093/europace/euw391. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euw391...
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Rhythm and conduction abnormalities[1111 Merin O, Ilan M, Oren A, Fink D, Deeb M, Bitran D, Silberman S. Permanent pacemaker implantation following cardiac surgery: indications and long-term follow-up. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(1):7-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02170.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009...
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Cross-clamping time[1111 Merin O, Ilan M, Oren A, Fink D, Deeb M, Bitran D, Silberman S. Permanent pacemaker implantation following cardiac surgery: indications and long-term follow-up. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(1):7-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02170.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009...
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AVR[1111 Merin O, Ilan M, Oren A, Fink D, Deeb M, Bitran D, Silberman S. Permanent pacemaker implantation following cardiac surgery: indications and long-term follow-up. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(1):7-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02170.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009...
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Type of surgery[1111 Merin O, Ilan M, Oren A, Fink D, Deeb M, Bitran D, Silberman S. Permanent pacemaker implantation following cardiac surgery: indications and long-term follow-up. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(1):7-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02170.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009...
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Antiarrhythmics[1111 Merin O, Ilan M, Oren A, Fink D, Deeb M, Bitran D, Silberman S. Permanent pacemaker implantation following cardiac surgery: indications and long-term follow-up. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(1):7-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02170.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009...
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Chronic kidney disease[2020 Mosseri M, Meir G, Lotan C, Hasin Y, Applebaum A, Rosenheck S, et al. Coronary pathology predicts conduction disturbances after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;51(2):248-52. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(91)90796-s. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(91)907...
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Atrial fibrillation[2020 Mosseri M, Meir G, Lotan C, Hasin Y, Applebaum A, Rosenheck S, et al. Coronary pathology predicts conduction disturbances after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;51(2):248-52. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(91)90796-s. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(91)907...
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NHYA functional class III-IV[2020 Mosseri M, Meir G, Lotan C, Hasin Y, Applebaum A, Rosenheck S, et al. Coronary pathology predicts conduction disturbances after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;51(2):248-52. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(91)90796-s. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(91)907...
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Pulmonary hypertension[2222 Gundry SR, Sequeira A, Coughlin TR, McLaughlin JS. Postoperative conduction disturbances: a comparison of blood and crystalloid cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989;47(3):384-90. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(89)90378-0. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(89)903...
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Preoperative aortic regurgitation[2222 Gundry SR, Sequeira A, Coughlin TR, McLaughlin JS. Postoperative conduction disturbances: a comparison of blood and crystalloid cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989;47(3):384-90. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(89)90378-0. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(89)903...
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Active endocarditis[33 Gordon RS, Ivanov J, Cohen G, Ralph-Edwards AL. Permanent cardiac pacing after a cardiac operation: predicting the use of permanent pacemakers. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66(5):1698-704. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(98)00889-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(98)00...
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Renal failure[2222 Gundry SR, Sequeira A, Coughlin TR, McLaughlin JS. Postoperative conduction disturbances: a comparison of blood and crystalloid cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989;47(3):384-90. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(89)90378-0. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(89)903...
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Interventricular septum diameter[2323 Glikson M, Dearani JA, Hyberger LK, Schaff HV, Hammill SC, Hayes DL. Indications, effectiveness, and long-term dependency in permanent pacing after cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80(10):1309-13. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(97)00671-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9149(97)00...
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Low ejection fraction[2929 Lewis JW Jr, Webb CR, Pickard SD, Lehman J, Jacobsen G. The increased need for a permanent pacemaker after reoperative cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;116(1):74-81. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70245-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70...
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Use of calcium channel blockers[2929 Lewis JW Jr, Webb CR, Pickard SD, Lehman J, Jacobsen G. The increased need for a permanent pacemaker after reoperative cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;116(1):74-81. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70245-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70...
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Annular calcification[2929 Lewis JW Jr, Webb CR, Pickard SD, Lehman J, Jacobsen G. The increased need for a permanent pacemaker after reoperative cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;116(1):74-81. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70245-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70...
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Bicuspid aortic valve[2929 Lewis JW Jr, Webb CR, Pickard SD, Lehman J, Jacobsen G. The increased need for a permanent pacemaker after reoperative cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;116(1):74-81. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70245-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70...
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