Multimodal Neuromonitoring During Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

Abstract

Introduction:

Neuromonitoring (electroencephalogram [EEG] and cerebral oximetry) is essential for appropriate anesthesia and neuroprotection assessment during pediatric cardiac surgery.

Methods:

We describe the intraoperative pediatric multimodal and multiparametric neuromonitoring pattern of the software system Neuron-Spectrum (Kandel®) that consists of continuous electroencephalogram (cEEG), spectral analysis, amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG), depth of anesthesia monitor (NINDEX), and regional cerebral and somatic oximetry (near-infrared spectroscopy-INVOS™). A physiological algorithm for management using neuromonitoring and physiological data is also described.

Results:

Visual data examples are presented for interpretation of the cerebral perfusion and oxygenation, neurophysiological state, anesthesia depth, possible neurologic predictions, and identification of cerebral drug effects (EEG signature). Conclusion: The neuromonitoring model can be an effective tool for anesthesia control and to provide adequate cerebral oxygenation during surgery.

Keywords:
Neuroprotection; Child; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia; Electroencephalography; Near-infrared Spectroscopy