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Evaluation of Depression and Anxiety in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Patients: A Prospective Clinical Study

Abstract

Objective:

The aim of this clinical study is to determine the depression and anxiety levels in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery patients in the pre and postoperative periods.

Methods:

This clinical prospective study was done with 65 patients. Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck’s Anxiety Inventory (BAI) tests were performed in patients who had a diagnosis of coronary artery disease and were awaiting CABG surgery. These patients presented characteristic symptoms of anxiety and depression and BDI and BAI tests are important to assess these symptoms.

Results:

We found out that depression and anxiety levels were higher in the postoperative than in the preoperative period (P<0.001). Both anxiety and depression levels were increased significantly following CABG operation when compared with preoperative levels in all patients. Statistical correlation of depression and anxiety in different ages, genders, and professions were evaluated too, but we did not found a correlation between them (P>0.05).

Conclusion:

We suggest that good management of the psychological condition of cardiac surgery candidates, as well as post-bypass patients, will improve quality of life and cardiovascular outcomes in these patients.

Keywords:
Depressive Disorder; Anxiety Disorders; Coronary Artery Bypass; Coronary Artery Diseases; Quality of Life

Keywords:
Depressive Disorder; Anxiety Disorders; Coronary Artery Bypass; Coronary Artery Diseases; Quality of Life

Abbreviations, acronyms & symbols ANOVA = Analysis of variance BAI = Beck’s Anxiety Inventory BDI = Beck’s Depression Inventory CABG = Coronary artery bypass graft CAD = Coronary artery disease SD = Standard deviation SPSS = Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

INTRODUCTION

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is still the best treatment for multivessel and left main disease when considered the survival, improved ventricular function, freedom from recurrent angina, and reintervention rates[11 Tully PJ, Baker RA. Depression, anxiety, and cardiac morbidity outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery: a contemporary and practical review. J Geriatric Cardiol. 2012;9(2):197-208. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1263.2011.12221.
https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1263.2011.1...
,22 Taggart DP, Thomas BF. Coronary artery bypass grafting is still the best treatment for multivessel and left main disease, but patients need to know. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(6):1966-75. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.06.035.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.200...
]. However, CABG operation negatively affects the psychological condition of the patients, because of their thinking about pain and the risk of death. Furthermore, they are separated from their family, their friends, and their professional life during the preoperative and postoperative periods. The ınability to adapt to this situation results in increased anxiety and depression[33 Poole L, Leigh E, Kidd T, Ronaldson A, Jahangiri M, Steptoe A. The combined association of depression and socioeconomic status with length of post-operative hospital stay following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: data from a prospective cohort study. J Psychosom Res. 2014;76(1):34-40. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.10.019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.201...
]. The aim of the present study is to determine the depression and anxiety levels in CABG surgery patients in the pre and postoperative periods. We also evaluate the symptoms of depression and anxiety in different age, sex, and professional groups.

METHODS

This clinical prospective study was done with 65 patients. These patients had undergone CABG for one year and did not use psychiatric medication.

Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck’s Anxiety Inventory (BAI) tests were performed in patients with diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) and were awaiting CABG surgery. Fifty of these patients were males, and fifteen were females. Their average age was 61.0±11.7 years. Patients’ demographic data are on Table 1. Fifteen of the patients were housewifes, 19 were retired, 17 were self-employed, and 14 had another profession. Patients were taken to a quiet room with the doctor. The doctors asked questions from the BDI and BAI tests to the patient. The patients answered both the BDI and BAI tests. The answers were marked by the doctors on the tests. The patients were admitted to the cardiovascular surgery clinic two days before the operation. The tests were done on the preoperative 1st day and postoperative 3rd day with in-hospital patients and on the postoperative 7th and 30th days with out-hospital patients. The exclusion criterion was the presence of hemodynamic instability. No patient reported use of psychotropic drugs. No patient had any chronic psychological illness. The medical history of the patients was obtained and ıt was decided whether or not to be included in the study. The study protocol was approved by the institutional Ethics Committee of Haliç University (2018/09-82-10). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Table 1
Patients’ demographical data.

Statistical analysis was calculated with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 15.0. Analysis of quantitative variables in dependent groups was calculated with the Friedman’s test. Subgroup analysis was done with Wilcoxon’s test. Student t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the independent groups. The correlation between quantitative variables was analyzed with Spearman’s correlation analysis test. Statistical alpha significant value accepted was P<0.05.

RESULTS

Both BDI and BAI test results on preoperative period and on postoperative 3rd, 7th, and 30th days are shown on Table 2. All the scores are analyzed statistically. Average BDI was 8.12±5.44 preoperatively, which increased to 12.43±6.36 on the postoperative 3rd day. Average BAI was 11.28±7.28 preoperatively, which increased to 18.26±9.63 on the postoperative 3rd day. We found that symptoms of depression and anxiety levels were higher in the postoperative period than in the preoperative period (P<0.001). Statistical analysis of both BDI and BAI tests is seen on Figure 1.

Table 2
Statistical analysis of the anxiety and depression levels. Beck’s depression and anxiety scores increased significantly in the postoperative period compared to the preoperative time.

Fig. 1
Statistical analysis of the Beck’s Depression Inventory and Beck’s Anxiety Inventory results.

However after the postoperative 3rd day, there was no statistical changing in depression and anxiety levels compared with postoperative 7th and 30th days. Average BDI were 11.66±6.95 and 12.29±9.08 on postoperative 7th and 30th days, respectively. Average BAI were 17.17±9.77 and 16.89±11.19 on postoperative 7th and 30th days, respectively. The results of this subgroup analysis are presented on Table 3.

Table 3
Subgroup analysis: both anxiety and depression levels increased on postoperative 3rd, 7th, and 30th days compared with preoperative test results (P<0.001).

We show the percentage of patients with symptoms of anxiety and depression in preoperative and postoperative periods. All the changes in the follow-up were statistically significant compared to the preoperative evaluation (BDI score on preoperative 1st day: P=0.001; all other comparisons: P<0.001). The results of this analysis are presented on Table 4.

Table 4
Percentage of patients with symptoms of anxiety and depression in the preoperative and postoperative periods.

Statistical correlation of depression and anxiety in different ages (Table 5), genders (Table 6), and professions (Table 7) were also evaluated. But no significant correlation was found between these data separately and BDI and BAI (P>0.05).

Table 5
Statistical correlation between age and Beck’s depression and Beck’s anxiety test values (no significant value; P>0.05).
Table 6
Statistical correlation between gender and Beck’s depression and Beck’s anxiety test values (no significant value; P>0.05).
Table 7
Statistical correlation between profession and Beck’s depression and Beck’s anxiety test values(no significant value; P>0.05).

DISCUSSION

In this study, we aimed to evaluate unipolar symptoms of depression and anxiety levels in CABG patients. Unipolar depression is defined as depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure. Gehi et al. reported that 15% to 20% prevalence of unipolar depression among CABG surgery patients is consistent with that found generally among cardiac patients[44 Gehi A, Haas D, Pipkin S, Whooley MA. Depression and medication adherence in outpatients with coronary heart disease: findings from the heart and soul study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(21):2508-13. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.21.2508.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.21....
]. In our study, unipolar symptoms of depression and anxiety levels in CABG patients were at the same rate.

Studies indicate that the number of CABG surgery patients affected by any depression (i.e., major, minor, or dysthymia) is approximately between 30% and 40%[55 Connery I, Shapiro PA, McLaughlin JS, Bagiella E, Sloan RP. Relation between depression after coronary artery bypass surgery and 12-month outcome: a prospective study. Lancet. 2001;358(9295):1766-71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06803-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06...
]. However, some patients may develop new depressive symptoms over the course of recovery from surgery, in the postoperative period. McKhann et al.[66 McKhann GM, Borowicz LM, Goldsborough MA, Enger C, Selnes OA. Depression and cognitive decline after coronary artery bypass grafting. Lancet. 1997;349(9061):1282-4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09466-4.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09...
] showed that 13% and 9% of 124 CABG patients at one-month and twelve-month follow-up, respectively, reported clinical relevant depressive symptoms, not evident at the time of surgery. In our study, depression in the postoperative period was significantly higher than in the preoperative period. We think that the higher rates of the depression on the postoperative period detected in our study might be associated with new depressive symptoms. Interestingly, the high prevalence of depression in CAD patients is not explained by cardiac disease severity or CAD-related functional impairments[77 Poole L, Ronaldson A, Kidd T, Leigh E, Jahangiri M, Steptoe A. Pre-surgical depression and anxiety and recovery following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Behav Med. 2017;40(2):249-58. doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9775-1.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-016-9775-...
].

Anxiety is a general term for several disorders that cause nervousness, fear, apprehension, and worrying. Some anxiety helps us react to stresses or potential threats. The most common anxiety symptoms are hot and cold flushes, shaking, and tachycardia[88 Koivula M, Tarkka TM, Tarkka M, Laippala P, Paunonen-Ilmonenet M. Fear and anxiety in patients at different time-points in the coronary artery bypass process. Int J Nurs Stud. 2002;39(8):811-22.].

Anxiety increases before the CABG surgery and is particularly high while on the waiting list with an unknown surgery date[88 Koivula M, Tarkka TM, Tarkka M, Laippala P, Paunonen-Ilmonenet M. Fear and anxiety in patients at different time-points in the coronary artery bypass process. Int J Nurs Stud. 2002;39(8):811-22.]. The indication for CABG is particularly disturbing, since the heart is culturally regarded as the central organ of the body, the source of life and of the emotions[99 Bresser PJ, Sexton DL, Foell DW. Patients' responses to postponement of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Image J Nurs Sch. 1993;25(1):5-10. doi:10.1016/S0001-2092(07)65252-1.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-2092(07)65...
]. As the time for surgery draws closer, the patients’ emotional reactions intensify, as shown in their behavior, symptoms, and, when given the opportunity, in words. The majority of patients with an indication for CABG report that fear, anxiety, and uncertainty with respect to the future are more distressing than the chest pain of the cardiac disease[1010 Koivola M, Paunonen-Illmonen M, Tarkka MT, Tarkka M, Laippla P. Fear and anxiety in patients awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting. Heart Lung. 2001;30(4):302-11. doi:10.1067/mhl.2001.116134.
https://doi.org/10.1067/mhl.2001.116134...
]. Many studies have shown that depression and anxiety have been more identified in the preoperative period than in the postoperative period because the preoperative duration was long and uncertain[11]. According to a study: preoperative evaluation comprehends the time when patients come to the hospital for a preoperative clinical examination, this is an average of 29 days. In this study, it was accepted an average of seven days in the postoperative period[33 Poole L, Leigh E, Kidd T, Ronaldson A, Jahangiri M, Steptoe A. The combined association of depression and socioeconomic status with length of post-operative hospital stay following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: data from a prospective cohort study. J Psychosom Res. 2014;76(1):34-40. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.10.019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.201...
]. In our study, depression and anxiety levels in the postoperative period were significantly higher than in the preoperative period. We think that the higher rates of depression in the postoperative period detected in our study might be associated with the fact that the preoperative period of our patients is short and their postoperative period is long; the mean preoperative period of our patients is two days and their postoperative period is five days. In a study, the mean length of hospital stay for 19,522 CABG patients was 12.48 days (standard deviation = 10.94)[1212 Gaughan J, Kobel C, Linhart C, Mason A, Street A, Ward P. Why do patients having coronary artery bypass grafts have different costs or length of stay? An analysis across 10 European countries. Health Econ. 2012;21 Suppl 2:77-88. doi:10.1002/hec.2842.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.2842...
]. In our study, the mean hospital stay was 7,15 days.

Some authors have recommended depression and anxiety screening following CABG surgery as a way to improve pathways to recovery[1313 Charlson ME, Isom OW. Clinical practice. Care after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(15):1456-63. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp010691.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp010691...
]. The follow-up period was 30 days in our study.

Many studies have shown that early psychological management may be associated with a reduction of length of hospital stay, analgesic use, and post-surgical morbidity[1414 Ashton C Jr, Whitworth GC, Seldomridge JA, Shapiro PA, Weinberg AD, Michler RE, et al. Self-hypnosis reduces anxiety following coronary artery bypass surgery: a prospective, randomised trial. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;38(1):69-75.], and may also help patients adopt more effective coping strategies in their everyday lives[1515 Parent N, Fortin F. A randomized, controlled trial of vicarious experience through peer support for male first-time cardiac surgery patients: impact on anxiety, selfefficacy, expectation and self-reported activity. Heart Lung. 2000;29(6):389-400. doi:10.1067/mhl.2000.110626.
https://doi.org/10.1067/mhl.2000.110626...
].

Kazukauskiene et al. found out that mental distress factors and symptoms of depression are strongly associated with exercise capacity, both at the beginning and after exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with CAD[1616 Kazukauskiene N, Burkauskas J, Macijauskiene J, Duoneliene I, Gelziniene V, Jakumaite V. Mental distress factors and exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease attending cardiac rehabilitation program. Int J Behav Med. 2018;25(1):38-48. doi:10.1007/s12529-017-9675-y.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-017-9675-...
]. In this study, we did not provide early psychological management to patients. However, we think that length of hospital stay, analgesic use, and post-surgical morbidity will decrease when mental support is provided.

Wellenius et al. suggest that in patients who had undergone previous CABG surgery, depressive symptoms were associated with higher risk of atherosclerotic progression in saphenous vein grafts. Their analysis provides prospective evidence for a direct association between depressive symptoms and atherosclerotic progression[1717 Wellenius GA, Mukamal KJ, Kulshreshtha A, Asonganyi S, Mittleman MA. Depressive symptoms and the risk of atherosclerotic progression among patients with coronary artery bypass grafts. Circulation. 2008;6:117(18):2313-9. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.741058.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.1...
].

Frasure-Smith et al.[1818 Frasure-Smith N, Lespérance F, Gravel G, Masson A, Juneau M, Talajic M,et al. Social support, depression, and mortality during the first year after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2000;101(16):1919-24. doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.16.1919.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.101.16.19...
] determined one-year survival status for myocardial infarction in 887 patients. They indicate that the relationship between depression and cardiac mortality decreased with increasing support.

Other psychological factors besides depression and anxiety have been reported to predict surgical outcomes. For example, optimism has been reported to correlate with a lower readmission rate six months after CABG, independently from sociodemographic and medical variables[1919 Scheier MF, Matthews KA, Owens JF, Schulz R, Bridges MW, Magovern GJ, et al. Optimism and rehospitalization after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(8):829-35. doi:10.1001/archinte.159.8.829.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.8.8...
]. Conversely, pessimistic tendencies predicted greater psychological distress (anxiety, depression), greater functional restriction, and ineffective coping strategies during a 20-month postoperative follow-up period[2020 Ben-Zur H, Rappaport B, Ammar R, Uretzky G. Coping strategies, life style changes, and pessimism after open-heart surgery. Health Soc Work. 2000;25(3):201-9. doi:10.1093/hsw/25.3.201.
https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/25.3.201...
]. Everson et al. indicated that high hopelessness predicted incident myocardial infarction, and moderate hopelessness was associated with incident cancer[2121 Everson SA, Goldberg DE, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD, Pukkala E, Tuomilehto J, et al. Hopelessness and risk of mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and cancer. Psychosom Med. 1996;58(2):113-21. doi:10.1097/00006842-199603000-00003.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-1996030...
]. Our study is not including primary psychological therapy, psychological drugs users, or psychological diagnosis.

BDI and BAI tests are widely used in cardiac samples. The measurements in these tests consist of two main factors: somatic and cognitive symptoms[2222 Möller-Leimkühler AM, Yücel M. Male depression in females? J Affect Disord. 2010;121(1-2):22-9. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.00...
]. Many of the symptoms that BDI considers as depression are characteristic of patients with heart disease. One of five patients with heart disease has symptoms that BDI considers as depression[2323 Ivbijaro GO. Mental health and chronic physical illnesses: the need for continued and integrated care - World Mental Health Day 2010. Ment Health Fam Med. 2010;7(3):127.]. It is known that the patients selected in our study did not have any psychological illness and did not use psychological drugs before the operation. The symptoms of depression in our patients were more frequent after the surgery, therefore, we did not think that these symptoms were due to heart disease.

CONCLUSION

Both depression and anxiety appear to cause morbidity risks, although their behavioral and biological mechanisms are poorly understood. In all CABG surgery patients, depression and anxiety levels increase during the postoperative period. Careful routine evaluation of these psychological symptoms must be carried out and the symptoms detected and treated as part of the preoperative workup, similarly in importance to smoking and hypertension.

Statistical correlation of depression and anxiety in different ages, genders, and professions were evaluated too. But we did not found a significant correlation between them.

Author's roles & responsibilities META Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; final approval of the version to be published
  • This study was carried out at the S.B.Ü. Haseki Education and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • No financial support.

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Tully PJ, Baker RA. Depression, anxiety, and cardiac morbidity outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery: a contemporary and practical review. J Geriatric Cardiol. 2012;9(2):197-208. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1263.2011.12221.
    » https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1263.2011.12221
  • 2
    Taggart DP, Thomas BF. Coronary artery bypass grafting is still the best treatment for multivessel and left main disease, but patients need to know. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(6):1966-75. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.06.035.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.06.035
  • 3
    Poole L, Leigh E, Kidd T, Ronaldson A, Jahangiri M, Steptoe A. The combined association of depression and socioeconomic status with length of post-operative hospital stay following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: data from a prospective cohort study. J Psychosom Res. 2014;76(1):34-40. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.10.019.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.10.019
  • 4
    Gehi A, Haas D, Pipkin S, Whooley MA. Depression and medication adherence in outpatients with coronary heart disease: findings from the heart and soul study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(21):2508-13. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.21.2508.
    » https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.21.2508
  • 5
    Connery I, Shapiro PA, McLaughlin JS, Bagiella E, Sloan RP. Relation between depression after coronary artery bypass surgery and 12-month outcome: a prospective study. Lancet. 2001;358(9295):1766-71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06803-9.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06803-9
  • 6
    McKhann GM, Borowicz LM, Goldsborough MA, Enger C, Selnes OA. Depression and cognitive decline after coronary artery bypass grafting. Lancet. 1997;349(9061):1282-4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09466-4.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09466-4
  • 7
    Poole L, Ronaldson A, Kidd T, Leigh E, Jahangiri M, Steptoe A. Pre-surgical depression and anxiety and recovery following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Behav Med. 2017;40(2):249-58. doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9775-1.
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-016-9775-1
  • 8
    Koivula M, Tarkka TM, Tarkka M, Laippala P, Paunonen-Ilmonenet M. Fear and anxiety in patients at different time-points in the coronary artery bypass process. Int J Nurs Stud. 2002;39(8):811-22.
  • 9
    Bresser PJ, Sexton DL, Foell DW. Patients' responses to postponement of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Image J Nurs Sch. 1993;25(1):5-10. doi:10.1016/S0001-2092(07)65252-1.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-2092(07)65252-1
  • 10
    Koivola M, Paunonen-Illmonen M, Tarkka MT, Tarkka M, Laippla P. Fear and anxiety in patients awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting. Heart Lung. 2001;30(4):302-11. doi:10.1067/mhl.2001.116134.
    » https://doi.org/10.1067/mhl.2001.116134
  • 11
    Kidd T, Poole L, Leigh E, Ronaldson A, Jahangiri M, Steptoe A. Attachment anxiety predicts IL-6 and length of hospital stay in coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) patients. J Psychosom Res. 2014;77(2):155-7. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.06.002.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.06.002
  • 12
    Gaughan J, Kobel C, Linhart C, Mason A, Street A, Ward P. Why do patients having coronary artery bypass grafts have different costs or length of stay? An analysis across 10 European countries. Health Econ. 2012;21 Suppl 2:77-88. doi:10.1002/hec.2842.
    » https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.2842
  • 13
    Charlson ME, Isom OW. Clinical practice. Care after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(15):1456-63. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp010691.
    » https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp010691
  • 14
    Ashton C Jr, Whitworth GC, Seldomridge JA, Shapiro PA, Weinberg AD, Michler RE, et al. Self-hypnosis reduces anxiety following coronary artery bypass surgery: a prospective, randomised trial. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;38(1):69-75.
  • 15
    Parent N, Fortin F. A randomized, controlled trial of vicarious experience through peer support for male first-time cardiac surgery patients: impact on anxiety, selfefficacy, expectation and self-reported activity. Heart Lung. 2000;29(6):389-400. doi:10.1067/mhl.2000.110626.
    » https://doi.org/10.1067/mhl.2000.110626
  • 16
    Kazukauskiene N, Burkauskas J, Macijauskiene J, Duoneliene I, Gelziniene V, Jakumaite V. Mental distress factors and exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease attending cardiac rehabilitation program. Int J Behav Med. 2018;25(1):38-48. doi:10.1007/s12529-017-9675-y.
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-017-9675-y
  • 17
    Wellenius GA, Mukamal KJ, Kulshreshtha A, Asonganyi S, Mittleman MA. Depressive symptoms and the risk of atherosclerotic progression among patients with coronary artery bypass grafts. Circulation. 2008;6:117(18):2313-9. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.741058.
    » https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.741058
  • 18
    Frasure-Smith N, Lespérance F, Gravel G, Masson A, Juneau M, Talajic M,et al. Social support, depression, and mortality during the first year after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2000;101(16):1919-24. doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.16.1919.
    » https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.101.16.1919
  • 19
    Scheier MF, Matthews KA, Owens JF, Schulz R, Bridges MW, Magovern GJ, et al. Optimism and rehospitalization after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(8):829-35. doi:10.1001/archinte.159.8.829.
    » https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.8.829
  • 20
    Ben-Zur H, Rappaport B, Ammar R, Uretzky G. Coping strategies, life style changes, and pessimism after open-heart surgery. Health Soc Work. 2000;25(3):201-9. doi:10.1093/hsw/25.3.201.
    » https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/25.3.201
  • 21
    Everson SA, Goldberg DE, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD, Pukkala E, Tuomilehto J, et al. Hopelessness and risk of mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and cancer. Psychosom Med. 1996;58(2):113-21. doi:10.1097/00006842-199603000-00003.
    » https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199603000-00003
  • 22
    Möller-Leimkühler AM, Yücel M. Male depression in females? J Affect Disord. 2010;121(1-2):22-9. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.007.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.007
  • 23
    Ivbijaro GO. Mental health and chronic physical illnesses: the need for continued and integrated care - World Mental Health Day 2010. Ment Health Fam Med. 2010;7(3):127.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    05 Aug 2019
  • Date of issue
    Jul-Aug 2019

History

  • Received
    08 Jan 2019
  • Accepted
    11 June 2019
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