Analysis of sex-related differences in external load demands on beach handball

Gómez-Carmona, Carlos David; García-Santos, David; Mancha-Triguero, David; Antúnez, Antonio; Ibáñez, Sergio José

doi:10.1590/1980-0037.2020v22e71448

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano

Español English

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

original article • Rev. bras. cineantropom. desempenho hum 22 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2020v22e71448 copy

Analysis of sex-related differences in external load demands on beach handball

Análise das diferenças relacionadas ao sexo nas demandas de carga externa no handebol de praia

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the sex-related differences in beach handball workload. A total sample of 105 handballers (male, n=50; female, n=55) belonging to six U’16 teams, seven U’18 teams and eight senior teams were monitored in the final round of 2018-2019 beach handball tournament celebrated during 3-days congested-fixture design. The external load variables Steps, Jumps, Player Load, Total Impacts (>2G) and Total Impacts per Intensities (very low, 2-4G; low, 4-6G; moderate, 6-8G; high, 8-10G; very high, >10G) through WIMU^TM inertial devices. Statistical analysis was composed by t-test and Cohen’s d for anthropometrical variables and by MANOVA and omega partial square for sex and categories related differences. Greater values in male handballers were found in height, weight and age in each categories (U’16: p<0.05; d=0.50-2.26; U’18: p<0.05; d=0.95-2.21; senior: p<0.05; d=1.01-1.99), except in age in U’18 (p=0.97; d=0.01). Respect to external workload, differences were found related to category (p<0.01; ω_p²= 0.02-0.05, small) and sex (p<0.01; ω_p²= 0.04-0.21, small to high), except in Steps (p=0.47; ω_p²= 0.00), finding the greatest sex-related differences in U’16 category. From the differences found in anthropometrical characteristics and external workload, their evaluation during competition allows designing specific training sessions with the purpose of sports performance enhancement in beach handball.

Key words
Microtechnology; Workload; Sports; Youth sports

	Variables	Male M±SD (95% CI)	Female M±SD (95% CI)	Total M±SD (95% CI)	p	d	effect
Under-16	Age (years)	15.79±0.42 (15.56-16.02)	15.42±0.92 (14.91-15.92)	15.60±0.73 (15.33-15.87)	<.05	0.50	+
	Weight (kg)	65.52±9.94 (60.02-71.02)	60.57±9.28 (55.44-65.71)	63.05±9.77 (59.44-66.70)	<.05	0.52	+
	Height (cm)	172.36±5.55 (169.29-175.43)	160.71±4.78 (158.06-163.36)	166.54±7.81 (163.62-169.45)	<.01	2.26	++++
	BMI (kg/m²)	22.01±2.92 (20.39-23.63)	23.53±4.04 (21.29-25.77)	22.77±3.55 (21.44-24.10)	.25	-0.19
Under-18	Age (years)	17.42±0.81 (16.96-17.89)	17.41±0.97 (16.97-17.85)	17.42±0.89 (17.11-17.72)	.97	0.01
	Weight (kg)	71.57±15.47 (62.64-80.50)	60.13±8.28 (56.36-63.90)	64.17±12.81 (60.30-69.11)	<.05	0.95	++
	Height (cm)	178.00±4.39 (175.47-180.53)	165.24±6.72 (162.18-168.30)	170.34±8.61 (167.38-173.30)	<.05	2.21	++++
	BMI (kg/m²)	22.48±4.28 (20.01-24.95)	22.03±2.85 (20.73-23.32)	22.21±3.44 (21.03-23.39)	.71	0.12
Senior	Age (years)	23.92±5.00 (21.65-26.20)	19.54±3.72 (17.75-21.33)	21.84±4.91 (20.27-23.41)	<.05	1.01	++
	Weight (kg)	80.71±13.83 (74.41-87.00)	58.65±8.46 (54.58-62.73)	70.23±15.99 (65.12-75.34)	<.05	1.97	+++
	Height (cm)	179.95±7.56 (176.51-183.39)	166.05±6.45 (162.94-169.16)	173.35±9.90 (170.19-176.51)	<.05	1.99	+++
	BMI (kg/m²)	24.84±3.44 (23.28-26.41)	21.27±2.78 (19.93-22.61)	23.14±3.59 (21.99-24.29)	<.05	1.15	++

Variable	Category	Male M±SD (95% CI)	Female M±SD (95% CI)	Sex F (p) ω_p²(effect)	d (effect)
Imp	Under-16	747.02±306.52 (664.93-829.10)	414.89±206.36 (360.13-469.64)		1.29 (high)
	Under-18	499.48±256.29 (425.07-573.90)	398.34±190.23 (345.38-451.31)	42.09 (<.001) 0.11 (moderate)	0.45 (low)
	Senior	571.59±266.34 (503.95-639.23)	477.13±218.19 (416.99-537.27)		0.39 (low)
	F (p) ω_p²(effect)	7.73 (<.001) 0.04 (low)		Interaction 8.49 (<.001) 0.04 (low)
	post-hoc	A, B		Interaction 8.49 (<.001) 0.04 (low)
Imp[2-4G]	Under-16	575.19±240.10 (510.89-639.23)	336.60±147.91 (297.35-375.85)		1.22 (high)
	Under-18	389.31±198.80 (331.59-447.09)	321.99±146.99 (281.21-362.78)	42.04 (<.001) 0.11 (moderate)	0.39 (low)
	Senior	469.66±174.62 (425.32-514.01)	381.30±168.26 (334.92-427.68)		0.51 (low)
	F (p) ω_p²(effect)	8.33 (<.001) 0.04 (low)		Interaction 7.23 (<.001) 0.04 (low)
	post-hoc	A, B		Interaction 7.23 (<.001) 0.04 (low)
Imp[4-6G]	Under-16	120.14±54.83 (105.46-134.82)	57.73±45.74 (45.60-69.87)		1.25 (high)
	Under-18	77.39±44.08 (64.59-90.91)	59.19±41.19 (47.72-70.65)	38.93 (<.001) 0.10 (moderate)	0.43 (low)
	Senior	125.36±105.37 (98.60-152.11)	76.67±46.85 (63.75-89.58)		0.62 (moderate)
	F (p) ω_p²(effect)	7.44 (<.001) 0.04 (low)		Interaction 3.45 (.033) 0.01 (low)
	post-hoc	A, C		Interaction 3.45 (.033) 0.01 (low)
Imp[6-8G]	Under-16	35.15±20.89 (29.55-40.74)	13.70±16.34 (9.37-18.04)	88.82 (<.001) 0.21 (high)	1.16 (moderate)
	Under-18	23.50±15.96 (18.87-28.14)	11.48±9.12 (8.94-14.02)		0.95 (moderate)
	Senior	30.90±19.60 (25.92-35.88)	13.90±9.82 (11.19-16.61)		1.13 (moderate)
	F (p) ω_p²(effect)	5.12 (.006) 0.02 (low)		Interaction 2.27 (.105) 0.01 (low)
	post-hoc	A		Interaction 2.27 (.105) 0.01 (low)
Imp[8-10G]	Under-16	10.56±8.23 (8.36-12.76)	4.19±6.88 (2.37-6.02)		0.85 (moderate)
	Under-18	6.05±4.85 (4.65-7.46)	3.23±3.41 (2.28-4.18)	47.70 (<.001) 0.13 (moderate)	0.68 (moderate)
	Senior	6.63±5.17 (5.32-7.94)	2.99±2.63 (2.26-3.71)		0.91 (moderate)
	F (p) ω_p²(effect)	8.31 (<.001) 0.04 (low)		Interaction 2.99 (.051) 0.01 (low)
	post-hoc	A, B		Interaction 2.99 (.051) 0.01 (low)
Imp[>10G]	Under-16	5.98±4.14 (4.87-7.09)	2.66±3.22 (1.80-3.51)		0.91 (moderate)
	Under-18	3.23±2.98 (2.36-4.09)	2.45±3.01 (1.61-3.29)	27.97 (<.001) 0.08 (moderate)	0.26 (low)
	Senior	4.46±4.56 (3.30-5.62)	2.27±2.96 (1.46-3.09)		0.58 (low)
	F (p) ω_p²(effect)	4.72 (.01) 0.02 (low)		Interaction 3.36 (.036) 0.01 (low)
	post-hoc	A		Interaction 3.36 (.036) 0.01 (low)
Player load	Under-16	18.35±5.91 (16.77-19.44)	13.77±3.82 (12.76-14.79)		0.93 (moderate)
	Under-18	13.78±5.51 (12.18-15.38)	12.97±3.90 (11.88-14.05)	13.66 (<.001) 0.04 (low)	0.17 (trivial)
	Senior	15.05±5.69 (13.60-16.49)	14.35±4.43 (13.13-15.57)		0.14 (trivial)
	F (p) ω_p²(effect)	7.79 (<.001) 0.04 (low)		Interaction 5.49 (.005) 0.03 (low)
	post-hoc	A, B		Interaction 5.49 (.005) 0.03 (low)
Steps	Under-16	935.43±344.37 (843.20-1027.65)	820.51±244.21 (755.71-885.31)		0.39 (low)
	Under-18	654.25±300.77 (566.92-741.59)	750.03±256.46 (678.63-821.43)	0.49 (.486) 0.00	-0.34 (low)
	Senior	764.67±308.85 (686.24-843.10)	851.89±293.51 (770.98-932.79)		-0.29 (low)
	F (p) ω_p²(effect)	9.57 (<.001) 0.05 (low)		Interaction 4.56 (.011) 0.02 (low)
	post-hoc	A, B		Interaction 4.56 (.011) 0.02 (low)
Jumps	Under-16	5.12±3.01 (4.32-5.93)	2.48±2.49 (1.81-3.14)		0.96 (moderate)
	Under-18	4.03±2.60 (3.27-4.78)	2.71±2.42 (2.04-3.38)	30.37 (<.001) 0.08(moderate)	0.53 (low)
	Senior	5.67±4.63 (4.50-6.85)	3.74.3.31 (2.83-4.65)		0.49 (low)
	F (p) ω_p²(effect)	4.89 (.008) 0.02 (low)		Interaction 1.14 (.321) 0.00
	post-hoc		B	Interaction 1.14 (.321) 0.00

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, Centro de Desportos - RBCDH, Zip postal: 88040-900 - Florianópolis, SC. Brasil, Fone/fax : (55 48) 3721-8562/(55 48) 3721-6348 - Florianópolis - SC - Brazil
E-mail: rbcdh@contato.ufsc.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] Corresponding author Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD) Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain. E-mail address: cdgomezcarmona@unex.es

Variable	Acronym	Description
Total impacts	Imp	Total impacts suffered by the player over than 2 G.
Low impacts	Imp[2-4G]	Total impacts suffered by the player between 2 and 4 G.
Moderate impacts	Imp[4-6G]	Total impacts suffered by the player between 4 and 6 G.
High impacts	Imp[6-8G]	Total impacts suffered by the player between 6 and 8 G.
Very high impacts	Imp[8-10G]	Total impacts suffered by the player between 8 and 10 G.
Severe impacts	Imp[>10G]	Total impacts suffered by the player over 10 G.
Player load	PL	Accelerometry-based workload index related to body load) in the three-axis of movement (vertical, anteroposterior and mediolateral). It is represented in arbitrary units (a.u.) and is calculated from the following equation at a 100-Hz sampling frequency where PL_n is the player load in the actual instant; n is the actual time instant; n-1 is the previous instant of time; X_n, Y_ny Z_n are the values of acceleration of each axis of movement in the actual instant; and X_n-1, Y_n-1y Z_n-1are the values of acceleration of each axis of movement in the previous instant22Gómez-Carmona CD, Pino-Ortega J, Sánchez-Ureña B, Ibáñez SJ, Rojas-Valverde D. Accelerometry-Based External Load Indicators in Sport: Too Many Options, Same Practical Outcome? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Dec 13;16(24):5101.: $\begin{matrix} P L_{n} = \sqrt{\frac{{(X_{n} - X_{n - 1})}^{2} + {(Y_{n} - Y_{n - 1})}^{2} + {(Z_{n} - Z_{n - 1})}^{2}}{100}} \\ A c c u m u l a t e d P L = Σ_{n = 0}^{m} P L_{n} x 0, 01 \end{matrix}$
Steps	Steps	Total steps performed by the player.
Jumps	Jumps	Total jumps performed by the player.