| Asayama et al26Asayama I, Naito M, Fujisawa M, Kambe T. Relationship between radiographic measurements of reconstructed hip joint position and the Trendelenburg sign. J Arthroplasty 2002;17(6):747-751.
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To define the necessary conditions between the femoral offset and reconstructed hip joint position to obtain a negative Trendelenburg sign after total hip arthroplasty. |
30 patients; 34 limbs with total hip arthroplasty, 18 limbs symptomatic and 8 limbs with hip osteoarthritis. |
Electromagnetic tracking instrument used to measure angle and standard anteroposterior hip radiographs. Trendelenburg test for 30s and retest after 30min rest. The angle formed by the line between the bilateral ASIS and the line between the ASIS and tibial tuberosity were measured on the stance limb side. The Trendelenburg test results were determined by the agreement of at least 3 of 4 orthopaedic surgeons. Standard anteroposterior hip radiographs measures. |
The angle at 30 seconds after starting the Trendelenburg test was subtracted from the angle at 0 seconds to give the tilt angle of the pelvis by the Trendelenburg test (o). Femoral offset (FO), body-weight lever arm and the distance between the centers of rotation of the bilateral femoral heads (CC) were measured on each radiograph. The femoral offset ratio (%FO) was calculated (FO/CCx100). |
| Baggaley et al39Baggaley M, Noehren B, Clasey JL, Shapiro R, Pohl MB. Frontal plane kinematics of the hip during running: Are they related to hip anatomy and strength? Gait Posture 2015;42(4):505-510.
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To investigate the relationship between hip anatomy, hip abductor muscular strength, and frontal plane hip kinematics during running in healthy active females. |
25 female participants (18-40y) who ran for at least 30 min, three times per week. |
Dynamometer, biomechanical analysis with cameras motion capture system (retro-reflective markers), dual femur DXA scan and a tape measure. Three 5s maximal voluntary isometric contractions. The mean torque of the three trials was calculated based on the subject’s femur length and then divided by the body mass. The running speed on a treadmill was adjusted to a standardised speed of 2.7 m/s while kinematic data were collected for a period of 10s. Pelvis width was defined as the inter-ASIS distance, and femur length as the distance from the most prominent aspect of the greater trochanter to the knee joint line. |
Femoral neck shaft angle (o); pelvis-width/femur length (PW–FL) ratio. Hip abduction strength (maximal voluntary isometric contractions) (Nm/Kg); isometric hip abduction strength % body weight. Hip adduction (peak and excursion) (o). |
| Bedi, et al24Bedi A, Dolan M, Hetsroni I, Magennis E, Lipman J, Buly R, et al. Surgical Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement Improves Hip Kinematics: a computer-assisted model. Am J Sports Med 2011;39(Supplement 1):43S-49S.
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To use computer-assisted 3D modeling to determine objective differences in hip flexion and internal rotation before and after in vivo arthroscopic surgical treatment of symptomatic FAI. |
10 patients (mean age, 25.9 years; range, 19-31 years) with symptomatic FAI in the absence of significant chondral degeneration (Tönnis < 2) or previous surgery. |
Preoperative and postoperative CT and goniometer. Preoperative and postoperative alpha angle, preoperative neck-shaft angle and preoperative femoral version. Preoperative and postoperative hip internal rotation (assessed at 90o of hip flexion). |
Alpha angle (o), neck-shaft angle (o), femoral version (o). Hip internal rotation (o). |
| Botser, et al27Botser IB, Ozoude GC, Martin DE, Siddiqi AJ, Kuppuswami S, Domb BG. Femoral Anteversion in the Hip: Comparison of Measurement by Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Physical Examination. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg 2012;28(5):619-627.
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To evaluate the correlation between CT and MRI measurements of femoral anteversion, as well as to investigate the relationship between anteversion and physical examination (ROM). |
123 patients, 129 hips, the mean age was 36 years (range, 14 to 74 years; 75 female and 54 male). Patients who had both preoperative CT and MRI scans with adequate knee and hip views for anteversion measurement. Patients with Tönnis arthritic grade 3 and those with any previous hip condition were excluded from the study. |
Anteroposterior pelvic view and Dunn view x-rays, MRI and CT. Preoperative hip internal and external rotation were evaluated in a supine position with both the hip and knee joint flexed to 90°. Center-edge angle of Wiberg (AP view), alpha angle (MRI and the Dunn view), version of the femoral neck (CT and MRI). |
Version of the femoral neck on CT and MRI (o). Abduction, flexion, internal rotation and external rotation hip range of motion (°). |
| Chadayammuri et al25Chadayammuri V, Garabekyan T, Bedi A, Pascual-Garrido C, Rhodes J, O'Hara J, et al. Passive Hip Range of Motion Predicts Femoral Torsion and Acetabular Version. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2016;98(2):127-134.
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To evaluate whether hip ROM was associated with femoral torsion and acetabular version |
221 patients (64 males, 157 females) with a mean age of 32.5 ± 11.0 years undergoing hip arthroscopy. |
Anteroposterior pelvic radiographs and CT. Measurements of hip passive flexion and rotational ROM (internal and external rotation) at 90o of hip flexion in the supine position. The abduction ROM was measured at a neutral hip position (0o of flexion/extension) with the patient in supine. Measurements of internal and external rotation ROM at a neutral hip position were performed with the patient lying prone. |
Femoral torsion (o), central acetabular version (o), lateral center-edge angle (o). Femoral torsion-acetabular version (COTAV) index (the sum of femoral torsion and acetabular version components) (o). Passive hip flexion (o), abduction (o), IR (o) and ER (o) ROM (at 90o of hip flexion) with the patient placed in supine position. Hip IR (o) and ER (o) ROM with the patient in the prone position. |
| Crawford et al38Crawford EA, Whiteside D, Deneweth JM, Ross JR, Bedi A, Goulet GC. In Vivo Hip Morphology and Kinematics in Elite Baseball Pitchers. Arthroscopy 2016;32(5):798-805.
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To compare passive and real-time active hip ROM in asymptomatic collegiate pitchers, to investigate whether differences in hip morphology and ROM exist between lead and trail hips, and to relate active hip ROM during the pitch to hip morphology and FAI. |
11 baseball collegiate pitchers (mean age 20.4 years, SD 1.6 years) with no previous hip surgery and able to complete standard pitching practice. |
Goniometer, full-body inertial-based motion-capture system suit (inertial-based motion-capture system) and CT. Passive ROM of each hip (supine position): flexion, internal rotation in extension, external rotation in extension, internal rotation in 90o of flexion, and external rotation in 90o of flexion (for rotational testing in extension, the knees were flexed over the end of the examination table and the pelvis remained secured to the table). The ROM data extracted from the kinematic testing included maximal hip flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation during the pitching motion (wind-up to follow-through). Femoral neck version, femoral neck-shaft angle, alpha angle, acetabular version and lateral center-edge angle. |
Hip passive ROM in flexion (o), IR in extension (o), ER in extension (o), IR in flexion (o), ER in flexion (o), total arc of rotation motion (IR + ER) in extension (o) and total arc of rotation motion (IR + ER) in flexion (o). Hip active ROM in flexion (o), extension (o), adduction (o), abduction (o), IR (o), ER (o) and total arc of rotation (IR + ER). Femoral version (o), femoral neck-shaft angle (o), alpha angle (o), acetabular anteversion (o) and lateral center-edge angle (o). |
| Duthon et al28Duthon VB, Charbonnier C, Kolo FC, Magnenat-Thalmann N, Becker CD, Bouvet C, et al. Correlation of Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Hips of Elite Female Ballet Dancers. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg 2013;29(3):411-419.
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To clinically evaluate professional female dancers’ hips with measurement of the passive ROM and to correlate clinical findings with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination. |
Twenty female ballet dancers (39 hips) (mean age, 26 years; age range, 18 to 39 years) and 14 active healthy female individuals as a control group (28 hips) (mean age, 27 years; age range, 20 to 34 years). |
Handheld goniometer and MRI. Hip passive ROM for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction (back-lying with hip and knee in extension) and internal/external rotation (back-lying with hip and knee flexed at 90o). Acetabular depth, acetabular version, femoral alfa neck angle, femoral neck-shaft angle and femoral neck anteversion for dancers and control group. |
Hip passive ROM in flexion (o), extension (o), abduction (o), adduction (o), IR (o) and ER (o). Femoral neck-shaft angle (o), femoral neck anteversion (o), acetabular depth (mm), acetabular version (o) and alpha neck angles (o). |
| Ejnisman et al35Ejnisman L, Philippon MJ, Lertwanich P, Pennock AT, Herzog MM, Briggs KK, et al. Relationship Between Femoral Anteversion and Findings in Hips With Femoroacetabular Impingement. Orthopedics 2013;36(3):e293-e300.
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(1) To describe values for femoral anteversion measured using MRI in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for FAI; (2) to report the relationship between physical examination findings and femoral version in these patients; and (3) to report the relationship between the degree of femoral anteversion and intraoperative findings during hip arthroscopy. |
188 patients (204 hips): 100 men and 88 women with a mean age of 35 years (range, 18 to 62 years). |
Goniometer, radiographic views included an anteroposterior pelvic view, a cross-table lateral view, and a false-profile view, MRI. Range of motion was measured in all planes, including abduction, adduction, flexion, and internal and external rotation. Internal and external rotation measurements were performed with the patient lying in the prone position on the examination table. The alpha angle was measured in the cross-table lateral view, the lateral center-edge angle was measured on the anteroposterior view and the femoral anteversion was measured on MRI. |
Hip ROM: abduction (o), adduction (o), flexion (o), ER (o) and IR (o). Femoral anteversion (o), lateral center-edge angle (o) and alpha angle (o). |
| Ferro et al29Ferro FP, Ho CP, Briggs KK, Philippon MJ. Patient-centered outcomes after hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement and labral tears are not different in patients with normal, high, or low femoral version. Arthroscopy 2015;31(3):454-459.
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To determine whether outcomes after hip arthroscopy were different based on femoral version. |
Patients who underwent a primary hip arthroscopy with a diagnosis of FAI who had preoperative measurement of femoral version by MRI were aged older than 18 years, and had a center-edge angle of more than 20o. 180 patients. |
MRI, Radiographs included an anteroposterior pelvic view, a cross-table lateral view and a false-profile view. A standard clinical examination including hip ROM measurements. Alpha angle (measured on the cross-table lateral view), femoral version (MRI) and center-edge angle. |
Alpha angle (o), center-edge angle (o) and femoral version (o). Hip ROM in IR (o) and ER (o). |
| Hagen et al36Hagen M, Abraham C, Ficklscherer A, Lahner M. Biomechanical study of plantar pressures during walking in male soccer players with increased vs. normal hip alpha angles. Technol Heal Care 2015;23(1):93-100.
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To investigate plantar pressure distribution during walking in male soccer players with increased alpha angles and age-matched soccer players with normal alpha angles. |
Male soccer players were recruited from teams from the fourth to the eighth German division. 10 soccer players with normal hip alpha angles <50o and 10 soccer players with bilaterally increased hip alpha angles >55o. All of them asymptomatic. |
A capacitive pressure distribution platform embedded in a gangway was used to collect plantar pressure patterns during barefoot walking. MRI. Walking speed was prespecified at 1.6 m/s. Five parameters were investigated: contact area, peak pressure, pressure-time integral, force-time integral and relative loads, calculated as the percentage of the local force-time integral in relation to the total force-time integral in 10 areas of the foot (lateral and medial heel, lateral and medial midfoot, lateral, central and medial forefoot, hallux, second toe and third to fifth toes). Alpha angle. |
Contact area (cm2), peak pressure (kPa), pressure-time integral (kPa.s), force-time integral (N.s) and relative loads (%). Alpha angle (o). |
| Lahner et al30Lahner M, von Schulze Pellengahr C, Walter PA, Lukas C, Falarzik A, Daniilidis K, et al. Biomechanical and functional indicators in male semiprofessional soccer players with increased hip alpha angles vs. amateur soccer players. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014;15(1):88.
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To compare the foot rollover process during running between male semiprofessional soccer players with increased alpha angles and age-matched amateur soccer players. |
14 male semiprofessional soccer players and 14 male amateur soccer players. |
MRI, a piezoelectric force platform, an accelerometer, an electrogoniometer, regular running shoe and the same shoe with inserted valgus wedges. Alpha angle of the right hip (in all cases, the right leg was the kicking leg). In a biomechanical laboratory setting, each participant of both groups ran in two shoe conditions across a piezoelectric force platform. Running speed was controlled. Simultaneously, in-shoe pressure distribution (on seven anatomical locations of the foot: medial and lateral heel; lateral midfoot; first, third and fifth metatarsal heads; hallux), tibial acceleration and rearfoot motion measurements of the right foot were performed. |
Alpha angle (o). Loading rate (bw/s), peak tibial acceleration (g), median power frequency (Hz), peak vertical force (bw), peak horizontal force (bw), horizontal impulse (bw.s), maximum rearfoot motion (°), peak pressure lateral heel (kPa), peak pressure medial heel (kPa), peak pressure lateral midfoot (kPa), peak pressure metatarsal head V (kPa), peak pressure metatarsal head III (kPa), peak pressure metatarsal head I (kPa), peak pressure hallux (kPa). |
| Lahner et al40Lahner M, Mußhoff D, Von Schulze Pellengahr C, Willburger R, Hagen M, Ficklscherer A, et al. Is the Kinect system suitable for evaluation of the hip joint range of motion and as a screening tool for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI)? Technol Heal Care 2015;23(1):75-82.
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To investigate the technical aspect and accuracy of Kinect for the evaluation of the hip ROM compared to clinical and radiological findings. |
24 hip joints of 24 patients (8 men and 16 women) with no previous hip surgery, inflammatory or metabolic rheumatic disease. The mean age was 46.8 ± 10.6 years (range 27–61 years). |
Standing anteroposterior (AP) radiograph, goniometer, Kinect for Windows camera. Alpha angle. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation hip passive ROM. Detection points for the joint position were provided and the actual position of the study participant was described as a vector. The Kinect system connects vectors as a triangle between the examined hip and both knee joints. |
Alpha angle (o). Hip IR ROM (o). Kinect system values for motion (o). |
| Romano et al31Romano C, Frigo C, Randelli G, Pedotti A. Analysis of the Gait of Adults Who Had Residua of Congenital Dysplasia of the Hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1996;78(10):1468-1479.
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To obtain an accurate description of the main variables characterizing locomotion of adult subjects affected by the residua of congenital dysplasia of the hip. |
21 subjects (6 men and 15 women) who had residua of unilateral congenital dysplasia of the hip, with no previous operative or non-operative treatment for the hip, and no other disability related to a bone or a joint. The mean age was 48 years (range, 25 to 71 years). Control population of 40 subjects (14 men and 26 women who did not have any known abnormality of the locomotor apparatus. The mean age of the control subjects was 46 years (range, 31 to 71 years). |
An anteroposterior radiograph of the pelvis and an axial radiograph (false-profile radiograph of Lequesne and de Seze) of both hips, kinematic data (4 video câmeras ELITE system) and a force platform. Clinical assessment of both hips from all of the subjects was performed with use of the Harris hip score. The Wiberg angle, the Tönnis angle, the neck shaft angle (anteroposterior radiograph of the pelvis), anterior center-edge angle (false-profile radiograph) and femoral anteversion (technique of Magilligan) of all subjects who had residua of congenital dysplasia of the hip were assessed. Kinematic and kinetics data evaluation. The measurements were made while the subjects walked barefoot on a ten-meter-long walkway. Natural cadence. Joint angles, moments, and powers were calculated. Spatiotemporal parameters, (the length of the stride, the length of the step, duration of stride, the mean velocity of progression, foot velocity). |
Harris Hip Score (points). Drop of the pelvis (o), trajectory of the pelvis projected on a horizontal plane (o). Spatiotemporal parameters: gait velocity (% height/s), length of stride (% height), duration of stride cycle (s), duration of stance phase (% duration of stride), difference in stance phase (% duration of stride), duration of double support (% duration of stride), difference in double support (% duration of stride), length of step (% height), difference in length of step (% duration of stride), foot velocity (% height/s), difference in foot velocity (% height/s). The Wiberg angle (o), the Tönnis angle (o), the neck shaft angle (o), anterior center-edge angle (o) and femoral anteversion (o). |
| Siebenrock et al33Siebenrock KA, Schoeniger R, Ganz R. Anterior femoro-acetabular impingement due to acetabular retroversion. Treatment with periacetabular osteotomy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003;85-A(2):278-286.
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To evaluate the clinical course after acetabular reorientation and to describe the intra-articular findings related to the FAI. |
22 patients (29 acetabula, 19 of male patients and 10 of female patients). |
Merle d’Aubigné and Postel score, anteroposterior pelvic radiographs and a false-profile radiograph. The range of hip joint motion was measured and clinical evaluation with use of the score described by Merle d’Aubigné and Postel was performed preoperatively and at the last follow-up evaluation. Preoperative and postoperative radiographic measurements included the lateral center-edge angle, the acetabular index; the ACM angle according to Idelberger and Frank for evaluating the depth of the acetabulum, and the anterior center-edge angle on a false-profile radiograph. |
Merle d’Aubigné score (points), Hip ROM: flexion, extension, ER, IR, adduction and abduction (o). The lateral center-edge angle, the anterior center-edge angle, the ACM angle, the acetabular index (o). |
| Siebenrock et al32Siebenrock KA, Schaller C, Tannast M, Keel M, Büchler L. Anteverting Periacetabular Osteotomy for Symptomatic Acetabular Retroversion. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2014;96(21):1785-1792.
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To report the ten-year results of a previously described patient cohort on corrective periacetabular osteotomy for the treatment of symptomatic acetabular retroversion. |
22 patients, 13 men and 9 women; 29 hips, 19 male and 10 female, who had corrective periacetabular osteotomy for symptomatic acetabular retroversion. |
Merle d’Aubigné and Postel score, goniometer, anteroposterior pelvic radiograph and a false-profile view. Full hip ROM. Thirteen radiographic parameters. |
Merle d’Aubigné score (points). Hip ROM: flexion, IR in 90o of flexion, ER in 90o of flexion, abduction and adduction (o). The lateral center-edge angle, the Sharp angle (o). |
| Souza et al37Souza RB, Powers CM. Predictors of Hip Internal Rotation during Running. Am J Sports Med 2009;37(3):579-587.
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To determine if hip-muscle performance and femoral structure differ between women with patellofemoral pain and pain-free controls, and to determine to what degree these measures predict average hip internal rotation during running. |
19 women with patellofemoral pain (age 27 ± 6 years) and 19 pain-free women (control group) (age 26 ± 4 years). |
Three-dimensional motion analysis was performed using a computer-aided video motion analysis system. Ground reaction forces were obtained using force plates. Strength testing was performed using a dynamometer. Femoral shape was quantified using MRI. Kinematic evaluation during running at a fixed velocity. The kinematic variable of interest was average hip internal rotation angle during the first 50% of the stance phase of running. Hip strength was performed in 4 different positions: standing pelvic drop (isometric, isokinetic, and isotonic endurance), seated hip external rotation (only isometric endurance), prone hip extension (isometric, isokinetic, and isotonic endurance) side-lying hip abduction (only isometric endurance). Femoral inclination and femoral anteversion hip. |
The average hip internal rotation angle during the first 50% of the stance phase of running (o). Isometric pelvic drop, isometric hip ER, isometric hip extension isometric side-lying abduction (Nm/kg). Isokinetic pelvic drop concentric, isokinetic pelvic drop eccentric, isokinetic hip extension concentric, isokinetic hip extension eccentric (Nm/kg). Isotonic endurance pelvic drop, isotonic endurance hip extension (repetitions). Femoral structure (o): femoral anteversion and femoral inclination. |
| Tannast et al34Tannast M, Pfander G, Steppacher SD, Mast JW, Ganz R. Total acetabular retroversion following pelvic osteotomy: presentation, management, and outcome. Hip Int 2013;23 Suppl 9(Suppl 9):S14-26.
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To present a selected series of symptomatic patients with total acetabular retroversion after reorientation for residual dysplasia. To investigate what is the clinical and radiographic presentation of these hips, what was their surgical management; and what is the clinical and radiographic outcome following corrective surgery. |
26 patients, 26 hips. |
Medical Research Council muscle strength grading system, the Merle d’Aubigné-Postel score and the anteroposterior pelvic radiograph. Hip ROM (flexion and internal/external rotation in 90° of flexion or in maximal flexion if less than 90°, limp, abduction force according to the Medical Research Council muscle strength grading system and clinical assessment were evaluated by the Merle d’Aubigné-Postel score. 13 radiographic results before and after corrective periacetabular osteotomy. |
Limp (% positive), abduction force (M0-M5), ROM: flexion, IR and ER (o), Merle d’Aubigné-Postel score (points). Anteroposterior pelvic radiograph parameters: total Retroversion (%), crossover sign (% positive), retroversion index for hips with a positive cross over sign (%), ischial spine sign (% positive), sinal da posterior wall sign (% positive), absence of posterior wall (% positive), total anterior coverage (%), total posterior coverage (%), total cranio-caudal coverage (%), lateral center-edge angle (o), acetabular index (o), extrusion index (%), Shenton line (% intact). |
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