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Government grant for athletic scholarships in the Federal District: economic profile, athletic information and academic status of the recipients

Bolsa atleta do Distrito Federal: perfil econômico, esportivo e educacional dos beneficiados

Beca deportista del Distrito Federal: perfil económico, deportivo y educativo de los beneficiarios

ABSTRACT

This study outlined the profile of athletes participating in the Athlete Scholarship Program of the Federal District to conduct a processual analysis of factors composing the holistic dual career model. The research sample included 25 athletes who benefited from the program in 2014. Data were collected through an online structured questionnaire about the topic under discussion. The main results indicate that the athletes present no educational delay, have high educational expectations, and that most belong to the highest socioeconomic class. Sporting and educational institutions must stimulate the organization of public policies, increasing public investments in high performance sports.

Keywords:
Dual sports career; Student-athlete; Sport; Education

RESUMO

O objetivo deste estudo foi de traçar o perfil dos atletas do Programa Bolsa-Atleta do Distrito Federal a fim de realizar uma análise processual dos fatores que compõem o modelo holístico da dupla carreira. A amostra da pesquisa compreendeu 25 atletas beneficiados em 2014 e os dados foram coletados por meio do preenchimento de um questionário estruturado online, com perguntas sobre o tema em discussão. Os principais resultados mostram que os atletas não apresentam atraso escolar, têm alta expectativa educacional e a maioria pertence aos estratos socioeconômicos mais altos. As instituições esportivas e educacionais devem assumir um papel ativo para estimular a organização de políticas públicas potencializando o investimento do Estado para a promoção do esporte de alto rendimento.

Palavras-chave:
Dupla Carreira Esportiva; Estudante-atleta; Esporte; Educação

RESUMEN

El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar el perfil de los atletas del Programa Bolsa-Atleta del Distrito Federal para realizar un análisis procedimental de los factores que conforman el modelo holístico de la carrera dual. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 25 atletas beneficiados en 2014 y los datos fueron recolectados mediante un cuestionario estructurado en línea. Los principales resultados de la investigación muestran que los atletas no presentan retraso escolar, tienen altas expectativas educativas y en su mayoría pertenecen a estratos socioeconómicos más altos. Las instituciones deportivas y educativas deben desempeñar un papel activo en el fomento de la organización de políticas públicas, potenciando la inversión del Estado en la promoción del deporte de alto rendimiento.

Palabras clave:
Carrera dual deportiva; Estudiante deportista; Deporte; Educación

INTRODUCTION

The context of education in high-performance sports requires the athlete, in addition to other demands inherent to sports training, to pursue with dedication a basic education or university degree, and this double affiliation is defined by the specific literature as a dual-career (EC, 2012EC: European Commission. EU guidelines on dual careers of athletes: recommended policy actions in support of dual careers in high-performance sport. Brussels: Sport Unit of the Directorate-General for Education and Culture of the European Commission; 2012.). Based on the holistic model proposed by Wylleman et al. (2013)Wylleman P, Reints A, De Knop P. A developmental and holistic perspective on athletic career development. In: Sotiaradou P, De Bosscher V, editors. Managing high performance sport. New York: Routledge; 2013, p. 159–82., the student-athlete’s training process involves three bases: psychological development (corresponding to childhood, adolescence, and adulthood); social relationships (engagement with family members, coaches, teammates), and financial investment. The latter being fundamental for success in elite sports, defined as the first pillar of the Sport Policy factors Leading to International Sporting Success model (De Bosscher et al., 2006De Bosscher V, De Knop P, Van Bottenburg M, Shibli S. A conceptual framework for analysing sports policy factors leading to international sporting success. Eur Sport Manag Q. 2006;6(2):185-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184740600955087.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184740600955...
).

In Brazil, financing opportunities for careers in sports usually are provided by one of the following: by signing a contract (especially for men's soccer); (or) by private funding (especially for modalities with more media influence); (or) by government scholarship programs for athletes (at federal, state, or district level) (Soares et al., 2011Soares AJG, Melo LBS, Costa FR, Bartholo TL, Bento JO. Jogadores de futebol no Brasil: mercado, formação de atletas e escola. Rev Bras Ciênc Esporte. 2011;33(4):905-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-32892011000400008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-32892011...
; Teixeira et al., 2017Teixeira MR, Matias WB, Carneiro FH, Mascarenhas FA. O programa bolsa atleta no contexto esportivo nacional. Motrivivência. 2017;29:92-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8042.2017v29nespp92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8042.2017...
). However, for most sports, the initial costs of high-performance athletes’ training fall upon the family. As an athlete becomes successful in their modality, public or private financing opportunities may be provided by their respective market (Costa et al., 2021Costa FR, Miranda IS, Hagström L, Santos CRL, Rezende ALG. Dupla carreira esporte-educação: a realidade dos atletas da elite dos saltos ornamentais brasileiros. Movimento. 2021;27:e27016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.109456.
http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.109...
; Lopes and Nunomura, 2007Lopes P, Nunomura M. Motivação para a prática e permanência na ginástica artística de alto nível. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte. 2007;21:177-87. ; Peres and Lovisolo, 2006Peres L, Lovisolo H. Formação esportiva: teoria e visões do atleta de elite no Brasil. Rev Educ Fis UEM. 2006;17:211-8.).

The government of the Federal District, in an effort to assist the funding of careers in sports, created the Athletic Scholarship Program – ASP/FD (or the PBA/DF in Portuguese, acronym for Programa Bolsa Atleta do Distrito Federal) supported by the State Secretariat of Sports and Leisure. The program’s purpose is to ensure the “[...]minimum conditions for allowing athletes to dedicate themselves freely to training, as well as to preparing for local, South-American, Pan-American, international, olympic and paralympic competitions”1 1 Available on https://www.sport.df.gov.br/scholarship-athlete/, access on Sept. 09. 2021. (SELDF, 2020SELDF: Secretaria do Estado de Esporte e Lazer. Distrito Federal. [Internet]. Bolsa-Atleta. Brasília: Governo do Distrito Federal; 2020 [cited 2021 Mar 30]. Available from: http://www.esporte.df.gov.br/bolsa-atleta/.
http://www.esporte.df.gov.br/bolsa-atlet...
).

With that in mind, this study aims to analyze the profile of high-performance athletes2 2 We regard as high-performance athletes those involved in systematized training process and participating in either national or international competitions. of the Federal District (FD) selected in 2014 by the Federal District Secretariat of Sport as recipients of the ASP/FD grant. The goal is to conduct a processual analysis of the factors that compose the dual career’s holistic model, highlighting its athletic, academic, and economic aspects.

METHODOLOGY

Our survey sample encompassed 25 athletes (13 males and 12 females) who reported receiving an Athletic Scholarship in 2014 and still maintained sport activity during the time of the data collection (from September 2017 to January 2018). The athletes were distributed between 16 different modalities (in teams and individually) and five scholarship categories: Student, District, National, International, and Olympic (Table 1). Considering the demanding athletic performance required to be granted with a national/international scholarship, we consider these athletes as being part of the Federal District’s sports elite at different moments of their trajectories.

Table 1
Sample Characteristics.

The list of recipients3 3 There was some difficulty finding consistent information on the program, with discrepancy in the lists provided on the website of the State Secretariat of Sport and Leisure, body visited to confirm the information. Due to logistic and time issues, we followed the first list found encompassing 70 athletes, who should confirm in the data collection instrument to have been recipients of the ASP/FD in 2014. We reinforce here the complexity of finding reliable data regarding the Athlete’s scholarship (Guimarães, 2009). Subsequently, the Secretariat of Sports sent us other data introducing 107 athletes who were recipients of the PBADF in 2014, with two absent respondents (M3 and M25), other four athletes who appeared in the list as recipients starting in 2015 (M5, M13, M15, and F22). Upon such inconsistence, we decided to maintain the athletes assuming the veracity of the affirmation and highlighting the issue on Table 1. The secretariat data allowed to advance in the discussion regarding the maintenance of the athlete’s condition as recipient of the PBA/DF. of the ASP/FD 2014 has been made available online by the government of the Federal District (GFD), with the publication of the athletes’ names and the contact information of their coaches. In order to invite them to participate in the research, the sampling procedure encompassed the following steps: a) contact with coaches and/or governing bodies to identify the athletes; b) phone call with the athletes to explain the research objectives and invite them to be part of the survey; c) sending of the questionnaire link to the SurveyMonkey site via WhatsApp or email, and d) repetition of the collection process as from phase “b”, upon delayed response to the questionnaire or possible mistakes that could be corrected by resending the questionnaire. The diagram (Figure 1) below illustrates the sampling procedure for the selection of the 25 athletes participating in this study:

Figure 1
Composition of the sampling procedure. Source: Elaborated by the authors.

Data collection was performed after the signing of an Informed Consent Form for subjects over 18 years old, and an Informed Consent for Minors for the underaged subjects. The questionnaire was organized based on the following four main topics a) Athletic Trajectory; b) Academic Trajectory; c) Balance between Sports and School, and d) Family Relationship with Sports and Education, with a retrospective approach. Anonymity was guaranteed to all participants, as well as to the institutions concerning future publications and public presentations of this study. During the second phase of the research, in 2020, we emailed the Federal District Secretariat of Sports and Leisure, requesting information regarding the athletes who received the ASP/FD grant, in order to analyze their continuity in the program, qualifying for the present investigation. The data generated a table containing information derived from the questionnaire (residence, dedication to sports, age, athlete’s and parents’ educational stage), along with the athlete’s continuity in the ASP/FD, in addition to the level specification of the granted scholarship.

All data collected herein was processed according to the literature, in compliance with the Research Ethics Committee protocol of the Health Science School of the University of Brasília, under Presentation Certificate for Ethical Consideration number 40152814,1,0000,0030.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Financing

According to the District Survey made by the National Household Sample Survey of 2018 (Company of Planning of Federal District, 2019Company of planning of Federal District [Internet]. Pesquisa Distrital por Amostra de Domicílios 2018; 2019 [cited 2022 May 23]. Available from: https://www.codeplan.df.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/PDAD_DF-Grupo-de-Renda-compactado.pdf.
https://www.codeplan.df.gov.br/wp-conten...
), most of the ASP/FD grant recipients reside in Administrative Regions (AR) of upper class neighborhoods (n=7) or upper middle class neighborhoods (n=12) – Table 2. Most of the lower middle class athletes were not able to maintain the ASP/FD and were classified for the student-athlete’s scholarship category – a crucial phase that is particularly demanding early in a career in sports, requiring financial investment from the athletes’ family in order to make a headway. In the cases of athletes residing in AR with upper-class family profiles, we infer that their families were able to contribute economically for their children’s continuity in high-performance sports careers (showing relevant results), thus allowing availability for public funding.

Table 2
Maintenance of ASP/FD x Average Income of RAs.

Therefore, regarding the importance of financing to maintain the continuity in sporting activities, Camargo (2020)Camargo PR. O programa Bolsa-Atleta: desenvolvimento da performance esportiva e política de Welfare State [dissertation]. Curitiba: Universidade Federal do Paraná; 2020. outlined several errors and issues related to the Athletic Scholarship Program of the Federal Government, including the following: a) impossibility of accrual of the grant and other funding sources; b) grant concession conditional to previous performance results, reducing opportunities of training athletes, which “[...] could encourage athletes to quit the sporting activities, as a consequence of the need to search opportunities in the job market” (Camargo, 2020Camargo PR. O programa Bolsa-Atleta: desenvolvimento da performance esportiva e política de Welfare State [dissertation]. Curitiba: Universidade Federal do Paraná; 2020., p. 75); c) waiting time between application and payday, which reached up to 417 days in 2015; d) stagnation of the offered value, among further problems. Thereby, it can become difficult to maintain sporting activities while trying to achieve a better performance and remaining eligible as recipient for other categories, in cases of lower-income athletes that rely on family financing. This scenario was observed in the present research, where there was a noticeable difficulty to maintain continuity in the program and to reach larger figures. Only one athlete with the aforementioned economic background was able to keep up with the program throughout two contract renewals (2014-2017, athlete F24) and to overcome the student scholarship level, receiving a national scholarship, no longer being part of the program in the following years. In this sense, in addition to reaching the required results, it is fundamental to understand that funding is an aspect to be considered for the development of a career in sports (Reis et al., 2015Reis RE, Moraes e Silva M, Figuerôa KM, Schausteck de Almeida B, Marinho Mezzadri F. Dez anos do programa federal “Bolsa-Atleta”: uma descrição das modalidades paralímpicas (2005-2014). Pensar en Mov Rev Ciencias del Ejerc y la Salud. 2015;13(2):1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/pensarmov.v13i2.20343.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/pensarmov.v13...
). This was reinforced by the data collected from the trajectories of athletes M4, F6 (upper class), M7, M18, and M19 (upper middle class), who were able to remain for at least one Olympic cycle (4 years) being part of the upper social stratification of the ASP/FD.

Such information leads us to reflect upon the athletes’ family economic conditions as a factor that allows the career development, and to ponder whether the scholarship money is indeed enough to be sustainable for the athlete to keep a career in sports. It is equally important to analyze the demands of each sports modality, along with the estimated and achieved peak performances, the improvement of sport management, as well as the development of public policies in the country (Camargo and Mezzadri, 2017Camargo PR, Mezzadri FM. Políticas públicas para o esporte: o programa Bolsa-Atleta e sua abrangência na base do handebol no Brasil. Pensar Prát. 2017;20(1):39-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rpp.v20i1.39927.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rpp.v20i1.3992...
; Reis et al., 2015Reis RE, Moraes e Silva M, Figuerôa KM, Schausteck de Almeida B, Marinho Mezzadri F. Dez anos do programa federal “Bolsa-Atleta”: uma descrição das modalidades paralímpicas (2005-2014). Pensar en Mov Rev Ciencias del Ejerc y la Salud. 2015;13(2):1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/pensarmov.v13i2.20343.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/pensarmov.v13...
), maximizing results with the adjustments required for efficiently implementing this type of program.

Athletic and academic profile of the athletes

The interviewed group did not show poor academic performance, which might suggest that the sporting activities’ demands have not impaired the student-athlete's school flow. Such issue is yet to be further clarified, since most of the modalities analyzed here have no well-established market to refer to for the provision of financial aid and legal protection to athletes according to the current Brazilian labor laws. This highlights the importance of education to ensure further economic autonomy and a place in the common market. However, in the absence of a legislation to support the dual-career condition of the student-athlete, efforts to establish such balance with relative success becomes the responsibility of the athletes and their families (Correia, 2018Correia CAJ. Projetos familiares na formação de atletas do futebol: apostas na profissionalização e na escolarização [thesis]. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 2018.; Rocha et al., 2020Rocha HPA, Miranda IS, Silva ALC, Costa FR. A dupla carreira esportiva no Brasil: um panorama na agenda das políticas públicas. Rev Com Censo Estud Educ do Dist Fed. 2020;7:52-9., 2021Rocha HPA, Pinto EA, Soares AJG. Marco legal da dupla carreira: perspectivas e limites do projeto de Lei No 4.393/2019. Rev Assoc Latinoam Estud Sociocult del Deport. 2021;13:39-53.). Rocha et al. (2021)Rocha HPA, Pinto EA, Soares AJG. Marco legal da dupla carreira: perspectivas e limites do projeto de Lei No 4.393/2019. Rev Assoc Latinoam Estud Sociocult del Deport. 2021;13:39-53. indicated that student-athletes in soccer tend to show a regular school flow, despite the fact that sports routine activities affected the athletes’ permanence time in school, either due to additional training or traveling for competitions. Our study shows that shorter school permanence time of student-athletes are also caused by the institution’s poor organization and predictability, especially regarding night school, affected by a series of contingencies.

Another issue that may influence these student-athletes' career management is associated with the perception of financial return possibilities within the heterogeneous and unfair market of sports modalities. Therefore, to consider getting an university degree as a way to enter the job market (Balassiano et al., 2005Balassiano M, Seabra AA, Lemos AH. Escolaridade, salários e empregabilidade: tem razão a teoria do capital humano? Rev Adm Contemp. 2005;9(4):31-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-65552005000400003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-65552005...
; Costa et al., 2021Costa FR, Miranda IS, Hagström L, Santos CRL, Rezende ALG. Dupla carreira esporte-educação: a realidade dos atletas da elite dos saltos ornamentais brasileiros. Movimento. 2021;27:e27016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.109456.
http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.109...
) may reflect on the type of investment made in their education and their career in sports considered to be less professionalized or with no prospects of financial return.

Organizing well-balanced routines that tend to the demands of both training and studying is a fundamental factor for achieving athletic or non-athletic career transitions more dynamically and positively for the student-athletes (Costa and Figueiredo, 2021Costa FR, Figueiredo AJ. Reflexões sobre a dupla carreira: a harmonia entre a Universidade pública e o esporte de alto rendimento. Rev Assoc Latinoam Estud Sociocult del Deport. 2021;13:1-16.). Category transitions can generate an unbalance that may affect performance results, placing the athlete in a tense and conflicting routine. The same occurs when passing from the basic education cycle (Aunola et al., 2018Aunola K, Selänne A, Selänne H, Ryba T. The role of adolescent athletes’ task value patterns in their educational and athletic career aspirations. Learn Individ Differ. 2018;63:34-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.03.004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018....
; Peserico et al., 2015Peserico CS, Kravchychyn C, Oliveira AAB. Análise da relação entre esporte e desempenho escolar: um estudo de caso. Pensar Prát. 2015;18(2):260-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rpp.v18i2.27965.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rpp.v18i2.2796...
) to higher education (Álvarez Pérez et al., 2014Álvarez Pérez PR, Pérez-Jorge D, López Aguilar D, González Herrera AI. Transición y adaptación a los estudios universitarios de los deportistas de alto nivel: la compleja relación entre aprendizaje y práctica deportiva. Rev Española Orientación y Psicopedag. 2014;25(2):74-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/reop.vol.25.num.2.2014.13521.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/reop.vol.25.nu...
; Miró Moyá et al., 2017Miró Moyá SL, Torregrosa M, Reguela S, Perez-Rivases A, Ramis Y. Competencias para la planificación de la carrera dual de deportistas de alto rendimiento. Rev Psicol Deporte. 2017;26:51-6.; Miró et al., 2018Miró S, Perez-Rivases A, Ramis Y, Torregrossa M. ¿Compaginar o elegir? La transición del bachillerato a la universidad de deportistas de alto rendimiento. Rev Psicol Deporte. 2018;27:59-68.). In some cases, whenever a transition period in training coincides with an academic transition, it can highly influence the athletes’ prioritization and their career project, where they may choose to continue with the athletic career to the detriment of their education, or vice versa (Rocha et al., 2021Rocha HPA, Pinto EA, Soares AJG. Marco legal da dupla carreira: perspectivas e limites do projeto de Lei No 4.393/2019. Rev Assoc Latinoam Estud Sociocult del Deport. 2021;13:39-53.).

Our data show that many athletes (13) prioritize investing in sports instead of in education. Such conflict faced by athletes reinforces the need to develop public policies that encompass the demands of a dual-career, allowing the successful management of both academic and athletic careers, thus seizing all opportunities available in both areas of development (Costa et al., 2020Costa FR, Torregrossa M, Figueiredo A, Soares AJG. Make it easier: a narrative review of dual-career empirical studies. Retos. 2020;41(41):104-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i41.81906.
http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i41.8...
; Costa and Figueiredo, 2021Costa FR, Figueiredo AJ. Reflexões sobre a dupla carreira: a harmonia entre a Universidade pública e o esporte de alto rendimento. Rev Assoc Latinoam Estud Sociocult del Deport. 2021;13:1-16.).

Although the data indicate that 13 out of the 25 athletes reported being in a phase where they prioritized sports over study, the other participants can be equally divided into two groups: those who reported being worried about reconciling both careers (6) and those who prioritized studying (6). Such difference in investment priorities while balancing both careers may be related to (a) the expectation level of some athletes regarding a successful career in sports, (b) the financial return of the referred successful career in sports, and (c) the possibilities of professional activity after the end of said career (Kerstajn et al., 2018Kerstajn R, Lupo C, Capranica L, Topic MD. Motivation towards sports and academics careers in elite winter sport Slovenian and Italian athletes: the role of internal and external factors. Ido Mov Cult J Martial Arts Anthropol. 2018;18:29-37.; Lopes and Nunomura, 2007Lopes P, Nunomura M. Motivação para a prática e permanência na ginástica artística de alto nível. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte. 2007;21:177-87. ).

Another point that is worth highlighting is that sporting achievements are associated with the pleasure and the satisfaction of training and competing (Soberlak and Côté, 2003Soberlak P, Côté J. The developmental activities of elite ice hockey players. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2003;15(1):41-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200305401.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200305401...
). Such feelings are able to motivate the continuity in the pursuit of a career in sports, even if financial return opportunities may not be really feasible (Baron-Thiene and Alfermann, 2015Baron-Thiene A, Alfermann D. Personal characteristics as predictors for dual career dropout versus continuation: a prospective study of adolescent athletes from German elite sport schools. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2015;21:42-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2...
).

The temporality of a career in sports rushes some decisions that cannot be delayed, which can be seen in the case of the many athletes that achieve their peak athletic performance at the same time they are starting university. The problem being that a career in sport does not wait, but university education can be delayed. For this reason, for those who had completed mandatory education (20 athletes), further education could be achieved at a slower pace or even postponed (Aunola et al., 2018Aunola K, Selänne A, Selänne H, Ryba T. The role of adolescent athletes’ task value patterns in their educational and athletic career aspirations. Learn Individ Differ. 2018;63:34-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.03.004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018....
; Costa et al., 2021Costa FR, Miranda IS, Hagström L, Santos CRL, Rezende ALG. Dupla carreira esporte-educação: a realidade dos atletas da elite dos saltos ornamentais brasileiros. Movimento. 2021;27:e27016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.109456.
http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.109...
). Being able to give full dedication to athletic activities increases the possibility of being successful in sports, which could be severely compromised if it does not occur at this stage of life (Azevedo et al., 2017Azevedo MF, Santos W, Costa FR, Soares AJG. Formação escolar e formação esportiva: caminhos apresentados pela produção acadêmica. Movimento. 2017;23(1):185-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.61300.
http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.613...
; Costa et al., 2021Costa FR, Miranda IS, Hagström L, Santos CRL, Rezende ALG. Dupla carreira esporte-educação: a realidade dos atletas da elite dos saltos ornamentais brasileiros. Movimento. 2021;27:e27016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.109456.
http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.109...
).

Conversely, out of the 17 athletes who no longer received the grant (in 2018, time of questionnaire application), five were still trying to balance sports and education but prioritizing the former, three were trying to reconcile both careers equally, and six were trying to balance by prioritizing education. Such reconciliation strategies indicate the dilemmas and difficulties of maintaining the student-athlete condition with the need to search for further job alternatives in the common market (Kerstajn et al., 2018Kerstajn R, Lupo C, Capranica L, Topic MD. Motivation towards sports and academics careers in elite winter sport Slovenian and Italian athletes: the role of internal and external factors. Ido Mov Cult J Martial Arts Anthropol. 2018;18:29-37.; Soares et al., 2011Soares AJG, Melo LBS, Costa FR, Bartholo TL, Bento JO. Jogadores de futebol no Brasil: mercado, formação de atletas e escola. Rev Bras Ciênc Esporte. 2011;33(4):905-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-32892011000400008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-32892011...
). In Brazil, the longer the time spent on the school system along with a degree of higher education will ensure a better job and better conditions for professionalization (Neri, 2009Neri M. Tempo de permanência na escola. Rio de Janeiro: FVG/IBRE, CPS; 2009.); which means that the athletes who try to balance a dual-career, often privileging their studies, do act rationally and according to their social context (Araújo and Barbosa, 2008Araújo HE, Barbosa F. O futuro da previdência e do trabalho. GV Exec. 2008;7(4):22-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/gvexec.v7n4.2008.34166.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/gvexec.v7n4.2...
).

International research has indicated the need to encourage a harmonious reconciliation between the several demands in the athlete’s routine (Costa et al., 2020Costa FR, Torregrossa M, Figueiredo A, Soares AJG. Make it easier: a narrative review of dual-career empirical studies. Retos. 2020;41(41):104-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i41.81906.
http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i41.8...
; Miró et al., 2018Miró S, Perez-Rivases A, Ramis Y, Torregrossa M. ¿Compaginar o elegir? La transición del bachillerato a la universidad de deportistas de alto rendimiento. Rev Psicol Deporte. 2018;27:59-68.; Torregrosa et al., 2016Torregrosa M, Chamorro JL, Ramis Y. Transición de júnior a sénior y promoción de carreras duales en el deporte: una revisión interpretativa. Rev Psicol Apl al Deport y el Ejerc Físico. 2016;1(1):1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5093/rpadef2016a6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5093/rpadef2016a6...
; Wylleman et al., 2013Wylleman P, Reints A, De Knop P. A developmental and holistic perspective on athletic career development. In: Sotiaradou P, De Bosscher V, editors. Managing high performance sport. New York: Routledge; 2013, p. 159–82.). In addition, a balanced routine is clearly important to prevent athletes from having either their academic or athletic careers jeopardized, or being penalized in their transition to the job market after the end of their career in sports (López de Subijana and Equiza Vaquero, 2018López de Subijana C, Equiza Vaquero X. La retirada en natación: la vida fuera del agua. Rev Española Educ Física y Deport. 2018;421:101-21.). Thus, it is necessary to contemplate the creation and improvement of devices, by both schools and universities (Álvarez Pérez et al., 2014Álvarez Pérez PR, Pérez-Jorge D, López Aguilar D, González Herrera AI. Transición y adaptación a los estudios universitarios de los deportistas de alto nivel: la compleja relación entre aprendizaje y práctica deportiva. Rev Española Orientación y Psicopedag. 2014;25(2):74-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/reop.vol.25.num.2.2014.13521.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/reop.vol.25.nu...
; Costa and Figueiredo, 2021Costa FR, Figueiredo AJ. Reflexões sobre a dupla carreira: a harmonia entre a Universidade pública e o esporte de alto rendimento. Rev Assoc Latinoam Estud Sociocult del Deport. 2021;13:1-16.; Mateu et al., 2020Mateu P, Inglés E, Torregrossa M, Marques RFR, Stambulova N, Vilanova A. Living life through sport: the transition of elite spanish student-athletes to a university degree in physical activity and sports sciences. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01367. PMid:32655454.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.013...
) to allow, for example: (a) an individualized education plan, (b) distance tutoring, (c) a special calendar, indispensable resources to provide athletes with the proper conditions for balancing their career in sports with their education (Bjornsen and Dinkel, 2017Bjornsen AL, Dinkel DM. Transition experiences of division-1 college student-athletes coach perspectives. J Sport Behav. 2017;40:245-68.; Navarro and McCormick, 2017Navarro K, McCormick H. Outcomes-based career preparation programs for contemporary student-athletes. J Appl Sport Manag. 2017;9(1):135-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/JASM-2017-V9-I1-7593.
http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/JASM-2017-V9-...
).

In the case of athletes with complete education, another challenge is imposed: the issue becomes balancing the dedication to training and participation in competitions with their professional occupation. Such conflict can be even more intense due to the fact that employees have specific economic and laboral interests, which is very different from the academic institutions who are committed to educating people (Guirola Gómez et al., 2018Guirola Gómez I, Torregrosa M, Ramis Y, Jaenes JC. Remando contracorriente: facilitadores y barreras para compaginar el deporte y los estudios. Rev Andal Med Deporte. 2018;11(1):12-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ramd.2016.08.002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ramd.2016.08...
; Pallarès et al., 2011Pallarès S, Azócar F, Torregrosa M, Selva C, Ramis Y. Modelos de trayectoria deportiva en waterpolo y su implicación en la transición hacia una carrera profesional alternativa. Cult Cienc Deporte. 2011;6(17):93-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v6i17.36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v6i17.36...
; Selva et al., 2013Selva C, Pallarès S, González MD. Una mirada a la conciliación a través de las mujeres deportistas. Rev Psicol Deporte. 2013;22:69-76.).

Psychosocial element: parents’ educational stage

The psychosocial factor and influence of the parents’ educational stage on the dual-career phenomenon may help us understand how athletes in our sample group decided to invest in their respective careers. According to our data, the configuration of athletes’ families describes the sociocultural reality of the Federal District as the state with the higher academic instruction level and, in parallel, with the best monthly income rates in Brazil (IBGE, 2019IBGE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa nacional por amostra de domicílios contínua trimestral: 1o trimestre de 2019. Brasil: IBGE; 2019.). Accordingly, there were 14 mothers and 13 fathers of the 25 athletes with complete higher education or with an academic degree, such as a specialization, master’s degree, or doctorate4 4 According to the 1st National Quarterly Research of Continuous Housing Sample 2019, the following states have the highest levels of instruction: 1st Federal District; 2nd São Paulo; 3rd Rio de Janeiro, respectively with 24.5%, 17.5%, and 16.3% of the population with complete high education. .

Parents with high instruction levels are a strong indication of family support that can influence the enrollment in universities and encourage academic progress (Neri, 2009Neri M. Tempo de permanência na escola. Rio de Janeiro: FVG/IBRE, CPS; 2009.). Costa (2012)Costa FR. A escola, o esporte e a concorrência entre estes mercados para jovens atletas mulheres no futsal de Santa Catarina [thesis]. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Gama Filho; 2012. found a similar context indicating that parents with a high educational stage appear to be the main influencing factor for the prioritization of education by futsal female athletes of Santa Catarina, who were part of a market that allowed neither an exclusive dedication to the sport nor a financial return to ensure autonomy.

We acknowledge that the social origin and academic support provided by the families are crucial factors in various successful or unsuccessful trajectories; however, these very same factors may affect the type of dedication and investment in sports for athletes in a dual-career condition. School surveys have demonstrated that family investment in education ends up exerting strong influence on the trajectory and continuity of children in the school system. Expectations regarding degrees (Barbosa and Sant’Anna, 2010Barbosa MLO, Sant’Anna MJG. As classes populares e valorização da educação no Brasil. In: Ribeiro LCQ, Koslinski MC, Alves F, Lasma C, editors. Desigualdades urbanas, desigualdades escolares. Rio de Janeiro: Letra Capital, Observatório das Metrópoles, IPPUR/UFRJ; 2010, p. 155-74.) or maintaining the children’s occupational status in line with the parents (Ribeiro, 2009RIBEIRO, CAC. Desigualdade de oportunidades no Brasil. Belo Horizonte: Argvmentvm; 2009., 2011RIBEIRO, CAC. Desigualdade de Oportunidades e Resultados Educacionais no Brasil. Revista de Ciências Sociais. 2011 [cited 2014 Abr 15];54(1):41-87. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/dados/v54n1/02.pdf.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/dados/v54n1/02....
) are part of the reproduction mechanisms of social classes. The participants in our research demonstrated that such mechanism is present when the search for higher education by the athlete is part of the reproduction of the family ethos, and even the high-performance sport is part of these middle-class families’ lifestyle. Indeed, regardless of the possibly significant investment in a career in sports, most athletes plan to enter a qualified job market with higher level professionalization after ending their athletic career.

CONCLUSIONS

It is noteworthy that the State engagement with direct funding of sports should not replace the participation of the private sector, civil society or means of communication, all factors that can help to subsidize sports in different levels and forms. Aside from the financial aspects, school institutions (either public or private) should have an active role in developing strategies to meet the special needs of student-athletes and stimulating the organization of public policies aimed at promoting dual-career in sports. We observed the following profile characteristics for athletes in the Federal District: a) had a good academic performance; b) most of them met the requirements for the national scholarship; c) were residents of upper or middle-upper class administrative regions. This may suggest that the consequent continuity in the program depends on an economic structure and a family that supports training and access to competitions. This data corroborates some literature findings, both national and international, regarding an effective reconciliation approach between sports and education.

Finally, the ASP/FD is a relevant factor for the continuity of athletes in training. However, it should be associated with other strategies for athletic development, such as (a) extensive human resources training and (b) investment in the production of scientific knowledge and technologies applied to sports according to the Brazilian reality. As for financing, the ASP/FD must be the object of a thorough assessment of results in order to, as part of the Organic Law of the FD, become a mandatory action for the State Secretariat of Sports and Leisure in the FD, and not only a governmental program subject to discontinuity.

Study limitations

This study was limited by the reduced sample size and predominantly descriptive instruments, given the variability of the group’s specific characteristics. For a further investigation, including for performing a qualitative analysis with a larger diversity of athletes and their respective affiliations, the group sample should be expanded and interviews and/or case studies conducted. The strategies established by the family environment, along with the barriers and enablers created by the academic and sports institutions are fundamental points of analysis and discussion for future studies.

  • 1
    Available on https://www.sport.df.gov.br/scholarship-athlete/, access on Sept. 09. 2021.
  • 2
    We regard as high-performance athletes those involved in systematized training process and participating in either national or international competitions.
  • 5
    Upper Income (average domestic income of R$15,635.00); upper-middle income (average domestic income de R$7.321,00); Middle-low income (average domestic income of R$ 3,123.00.).
  • 3
    There was some difficulty finding consistent information on the program, with discrepancy in the lists provided on the website of the State Secretariat of Sport and Leisure, body visited to confirm the information. Due to logistic and time issues, we followed the first list found encompassing 70 athletes, who should confirm in the data collection instrument to have been recipients of the ASP/FD in 2014. We reinforce here the complexity of finding reliable data regarding the Athlete’s scholarship (Guimarães, 2009Guimarães AS. A bolsa-atleta eleva o desempenho de seus beneficiários? Análise do período 2005-2008. Brasília: Senado Federal, Centro de Estudos da Consultoria do Senado; 2009.). Subsequently, the Secretariat of Sports sent us other data introducing 107 athletes who were recipients of the PBADF in 2014, with two absent respondents (M3 and M25), other four athletes who appeared in the list as recipients starting in 2015 (M5, M13, M15, and F22). Upon such inconsistence, we decided to maintain the athletes assuming the veracity of the affirmation and highlighting the issue on Table 1. The secretariat data allowed to advance in the discussion regarding the maintenance of the athlete’s condition as recipient of the PBA/DF.
  • 6
    We based on the year 2018 since it was the moment of the questionnaire application aiming to minimize possible data inconsistencies.
  • 4
    According to the 1st National Quarterly Research of Continuous Housing Sample 2019, the following states have the highest levels of instruction: 1st Federal District; 2nd São Paulo; 3rd Rio de Janeiro, respectively with 24.5%, 17.5%, and 16.3% of the population with complete high education.
  • FUNDING This study was funded by the Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF/CNPq, grant 0193-000658/2015); the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq (grant 313811/2020-2); and Cientista Nosso Estado - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (CNE-FAPERJ, grant E-26/202.859/2018).

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    06 June 2022
  • Date of issue
    2022

History

  • Received
    07 Mar 2022
  • Accepted
    13 May 2022
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