The design of a volleyball training drill: definition of parameters and assessment of drills’ contents

Machado, Thiago; Rangel, Wellington; Lamas, Leonardo

doi:10.1590/rbce.43.e006320

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REVIEW ARTICLE • Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Esporte 43 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/rbce.43.e006320 copy

The design of a volleyball training drill: definition of parameters and assessment of drills’ contents

Desenho de exercícios de treinamento de voleibol: definição de parâmetros e avaliação do conteúdo dos exercícios

Diseño de ejercicios de entrenamiento de voleibol: definición de parámetros y evaluación del contenido de los ejercicios

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to define a model of volleyball drills’ structure. A set of parameters has been designed and tested for: i) pertinence and accuracy; ii) criteria reliability; iii) practical application. Expert judges evaluated model’s pertinence, accuracy and criteria reliability. A sample of 50 drills was assessed for drills’ analysis. The model demonstrated pertinence and accuracy, with complete agreement among experts. Criteria were reliable (Kappa test results > 0.8). Analysis indicated significant differences in the frequency of model’s parameters (graph topology), for instance among attributes (basic complex - 30%) with manifold drills (46,7%) in the technical domain (100%). The model contributes with theoretical support for a coach’s key task of designing practice contents.

Keywords
Teaching; Model; Planning; Team sports

Content domain	Description
Strategic (ST)	Content that allows players to perform, without interference from the opponent, the actions and formations specified in the team strategy. Necessarily practiced without opposition. Examples: ’walk-through’ of court positioning, analysis of game excerpts from the opposing team, etc.
Collective Tactics (CT)	Composed of drills that reach the highest degree of similarity with the game in terms of the complexity of game problems, while maintaining the functional configuration of the sport. It is performed with opposition. Example: 6x6 situational.
Group Tactics (GT)	Practice of the interaction between players that, based on synchronized individual actions, coordinate themselves in order to continue a chain of situations coherent with the functional structure of the game and the team strategy. It encompasses between two and five players, with opposition. Example: 2x2 to 5x5 situational, numerical superiority or inferiority.
Individual Tactics (IT)	Practice of decision-making processes and respective physical implementations at the individual level in face of game problems. In specialized game systems, they are closely related to the specific role of each player. Example: attack in specific position against various types of block.
Technical (TC)	Practice of motor skills required in the game in order to be performed as efficiently as possible. Example: exchange of 1x1 overhead pass.

Parameter	Description
Opposition
Without opposition (W/O)	Absence of opponent
Formal (FM)	Number of opponents according to official rules
Modified (MF)	Number of opponents less than official rules
N/D (NA)	Parameter is not applicable
Interaction with the ball
Without ball (WB)	No contact with the ball
Catched (CD)	Retention after contact
Conventional (CV)	Contact according to the official rule
Control (CO)	Consecutive contacts to keep the ball in the air
Educative (ED)	Contact partially or fully compatible with official rules
N/D (NI)	Not applicable
Instruction
Theorectical (TH)	Stimulation to declarative knowledge. Performance analysis in games and practices (numerical, videos, etc)
Practical (PR)	Stimulation to procedural knowledge through training practice.

1^st Order	2^nd Order	Description	3rd Order
Opposition	Number of players		1x0, 1x1, 1x2, 2x0, etc.
	Regular (RG)	According to the official rules
	Altered (AT)	Different from the official rules
	N/D (NP)	Not applicable

			Hitter; Setter, Outside Hitter, Right Side Hitter, Middle Blocker; Libero
	Tactical roles
	Specific role (SP)	Player performs according to pre-defined tactical role
	Non-specified role (NS)	Every player performs each action


	Game field
	Unchanged (UC)	According to the official rules	Net height
			without net; lower; official; higher


	Changed (CH)	Different from the official rules	Court size
			irrelevant; lower; official; higher
	No field (NF)	Without field

Interaction with the ball
	Outcome
	Absent (AB)	Continuous action	Score
	After action (AA)	Achievement of a specific goal	absent; unitary; differentiated by objective
	After rally (AR)	Score a point according to official rules	absent; unitary; differentiated by objective
	N/D (NO)	Not applicable


	Game skills		Posture; displacement; overhead pass; forearm pass, serve; spike; tip; block; roll, diving
	Free (FR)	According to the player’s choice
	Specific (SPS)	According to pre-defined skill
	N/D (NSK)	Not applicable

Instruction			Target; Beacon; Corrector; Simulator; Facilitator; Distraction element
	Implement
	No implement (WI)	Absence of accessories
	With implement (WOI)	Presence of accessories


	Instructional resources		Filming; White board; Scout; Video
	No resources (NR)	Absence of accessories
	With resources (WR)	Presence of accessories

Unpredictability of the ball trajectory
*Start*
Low (LTS)	Ball trajectory is pre-defined and known
Medium (MTS)	Ball trajectory is limited in alternatives, which are known from the beginning
High (HTS)	Ball trajectory is unknown and has unlimited variability
N/D (NTS)	Not applicable
*Course*
Low (LTC)	Ball trajectory is pre-defined and known.
Medium (MTC)	Ball trajectory is limited in alternatives, which are known from the beginning
High (HTC)	Ball trajectory is unknown and has unlimited variability
N/D (NTC)	Not applicable
*End*
Low (LTE)	Ball should be attacked in specific regions
Medium (MTE)	Ball should be attacked in specific regions with attacking skills previously informed
High (HTE)	Balls attacked without any restriction of region or attacking action
N/D (NTE)	Not applicable
Players’ Displacement Complexity
*Start*
Low (LDS)	Initial positioning has few variations although adjusted to ball position
Medium (MDS)	Initial positioning may vary although without exchange of players’ positioning on court
High (HDS)	Player positioning may vary and players may exchange positions on court
N/D (NDS)	Not applicable
*Course*
Low (LDC)	Single action in a pre-defined displacement path
Medium (MDC)	Execution of two or more actions that demand exchange of directions with a pre-determined sequence
High (HDC)	Execution of two or more actions that demand exchange of directions with a sequence determined by the game dynamics
N/D (NDC)	Not applicable
*End*
Low (LDE)	Recovery without repositioning
Medium (MDE)	Repositioning and wait for a new sequence of pre-determined actions
High (HDE)	Repositioning and wait for a new sequence of actions determined by the game dynamics
N/D (NDE)	Not applicable

Spatial and temporal constraints
Rhythm
Low (LR)	Few actions performed in low velocity
Medium (MR)	Some sequential actions performed in moderate velocity
High (HR)	Several sequential actions performed in high velocity
N/D (NRT)	Not applicable
Amplitude of attention
Low (LA)	External stimuli that demand strict focus of attention
Medium (MA)	External stimuli that demand focus of attention similar to those of game actions
High (HA)	External stimuli that demand broad focus of attention
N/D (NAT)	Not applicable
Type of start
Commom (CM)	Offensive potential of the attack similar to the game
Free ball (FB)	Low offensive potential of the attack intending to keep the drill dynamic
N/D (NST)	Not applicable

Logistic parameters
Parameter	Description
Density
Low (LD)	Recovery time superior to activity time
Medium (MD)	Recovery and activity time are equivalent
High (HD)	Recovery time inferior to activity time
N/D (ND)	Not applicable
Concatenation	Type
	Out (OC)	Each player executes the task on its turn
	Per entry (PE)	A group of players is completely or partially replaced by another after performing a task
	Per entry (PE)	A group of players is completely or partially replaced by another after performing a task
	Per entry (PE)	A group of players is completely or partially replaced by another after performing a task
	Per entry (PE)	A group of players is completely or partially replaced by another after performing a task
	Per entry (PE)	A group of players is completely or partially replaced by another after performing a task
	Task relay (TR)	All players perform a task simultaneously but are separated by groups that alternate in the performance of different tasks (circuit)
	Role relay (RR)	Players of a group assume different roles in a task and alternate roles until all perform according to every role
	Simultaneous (SM)	All players perform the same task simultaneously
	N/D (NT)	Not applicable


	Substitution criterion
	Task conclusion (TS)	Players are replaced when accomplish a task
	Chosen by the coach (SC)	Players are replaced (or not) according to specific criteria defined by the coach (e.g. to loose in a dispute or after perform a specific task or continue to conclude the task successfully, etc)
	Without substituition (WS)	Have no substituition
Cyclic (CC)	An action (or a set of actions) is performed a single time or is repeated after interruption
Acyclical (AC)	A single action (or a set of actions) is performed several times without an interval
N/D (NC)	Not applicable

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[1] *Corresponding author: Thiago Machado. E-mail: thiago.costa@ifb.edu.br