Functional performance of inferior limbs in young athletes and professional futsal athletes

Desempenho funcional de membros inferiores de jovens atletas e de atletas profissionais de futsal

Rendimiento funcional de las extremidades inferiores de los atletas jóvenes y de los atletas profesionales de fútbol sala

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to analyze the functional performance of futsal athletes. Sixty evaluations from the professional and under-20 male categories were part of the sample. The results from Y balance test and from the hop tests were included and the mixed design analysis of variance, two mixed ANOVA (group and limb) with Bonferroni correction was used. The results showed symmetry between the limbs of both teams. In the category comparison, most of the results showed significant differences, with higher values for the professional team. The symmetry between the limbs is due to training characteristics. In comparison, the difference between categories can be assigned to biological maturation and also to a longer period of sports practice from the professionals.

Keywords:
Athletes; Evaluation; Functional physical performance; Lower limbs

RESUMO

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o desempenho funcional de atletas de futsal. Sessenta avaliações das categorias profissional e Sub-20 masculino fizeram parte da amostra. Foram incluídos os resultados do Y balance test e dos hop tests e utilizada a análise de variância (ANOVA) mista, com dois fatores (grupo e membro) com correção de Bonferroni. Os resultados demonstraram simetria entre os membros em ambas as equipes. Na comparação entre as categorias, a maioria dos resultados demonstrou diferenças significativas, com valores superiores do time profissional. A simetria entre os membros se deve às características de treinamento. Já a diferença entre as categorias pode ser atribuída à maturação biológica e também ao maior tempo de prática esportiva dos profissionais.

Palavras-chave:
Atletas; Avaliação; Desempenho físico funcional; Membros inferiores

RESUMEN

Se objetivó analizar el desempeño funcional de atletas de fútbol sala. Sesenta evaluaciones de las categorías profesional y Sub-20 masculino formaron parte de la muestra. Se incluyeron los resultados del Y balance test y de los hop tests y se utilizó el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) mixto, con dos factores (grupo y miembro) con corrección de Bonferroni. Los resultados demostraron simetría entre los miembros en ambos equipos. En la comparación entre las categorías, la mayoría de los resultados mostraron diferencias considerables, con valores superiores del equipo profesional. La simetría entre los miembros se debe a las características de entrenamiento. Ya la diferencia entre las categorías puede ser atribuida a la maduración biológica y también al mayor tiempo de práctica deportiva de los profesionales.

Palabras-clave:
Atletas; Evaluación; Desempeño físico funcional; Extremidades inferiores

INTRODUCTION

Futsal is one of the most popular team sports in the world (Spyrou et al., 2020). This sporting modality requires specific skills (passing, shooting, dribbling) and physical capacities (speed, agility, and direction changing) during its practice (Patti et al., 2022). Furthermore, rapid and explosive movements occur repeatedly in the sport (Castillo et al., 2022). These characteristics contribute to the emergence of musculoskeletal injuries related to the practice of this sport, leading teams to increasingly concern themselves with the evaluation of risk factors associated with the sport (Machado et al., 2022).

The lower limb region is the most affected by injuries during the practice of futsal, especially the knee, ankle, and quadriceps muscle, with the most common mechanism of injury being non-contact (Lago-Fuentes et al., 2020). In the preseason, functional hop tests and isokinetic evaluation are frequently used (Delvaux et al., 2023). These tests are widely used in athlete assessment and are clinical tools for evaluating lower limb function and generating qualitative and quantitative data on strength, proprioception, balance, and range of motion (Xixirry et al., 2019). Functional tests aim to represent, in a controlled manner, sports movement patterns and focus on the characteristics of power, strength, and agility present in sports competition (Negrete et al., 2021).

The Y balance test and the hop tests are functional tests frequently used in the assessment of individuals with musculoskeletal dysfunctions. According to the study by Plisky et al. (2006), the Y balance test helps in identifying neuromuscular deficits, improving the prescription of specific exercises to reduce injury risk and enhance physical performance. This test is performed on a single-leg stance, assessing instability in the lower limbs and dynamic balance, while the contralateral leg reaches in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions (Smith et al., 2015). The Y balance test, with standardized equipment and methods, showed good to excellent reliability and great reliability among adult and young athletes (Plisky et al., 2009). Meanwhile, the hop tests assess the strength and power of the lower limbs, with minimal time expenditure, and are useful tools for bilateral comparison of knee strength and function when returning athletes to sport (Farias et al., 2017). Therefore, the scientific literature presents limited studies that evaluated functional performance of futsal athletes and studies that made the comparisons between different levels of athletic performance. Thus, the main objective of this study was to analyze the functional performance of the lower limbs of male futsal athletes and to perform a comparison between limbs and between categories, through assessments that make up the database of a national futsal team.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was an observational, analytical, retrospective and comparative cross-sectional study. The research was approved (protocol number 6.202.073) by the Ethical Committee at the University of Caxias do Sul and conducted according to the Helsinki Declaration and 2012 Law N° 466 of the National Health Council, which approves the guidelines and rules for research involving humans. The study was conducted at the Physiotherapy Department of the Associação Carlos Barbosa de Futsal (ACBF), located at the Sérgio Luiz Guerra Municipal Events Center, in the city of Carlos Barbosa, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

The information provided by the ACBF database about the functional evaluations of futsal athletes from the professional and under-20 teams were part of this study sample. The number of evaluations selected was conveniently established and, therefore, determined intentionally and not by probability according to the number of available evaluations in the ACBF’s database. The results of functional evaluations of Y balance test and hop tests realized during the 2022 and 2023 pre-seasons were included in the study. On the other hand, evaluations of other categories, evaluations of other functional tests and evaluations of any another period were excluded. After approval by the Ethical Committee, the functional tests from the database were collected.

The method used for the Y balance test was previously described by Plisky et al. (2006) and the method used for the four hop tests selected (single, triple, crossover and timed hop test) were also described (Wiprich et al., 2022; Suzin et al., 2023). These evaluations were selected to evaluate inter-limb symmetries. For all components of the Y balance test and for the single, triple and crossover hop tests, the limb symmetry index (LSI) was calculated by the formula: LSI = (NDL mean distance – DL mean distance) / (DL mean distance + NDL mean distance) X 100 (%). However, for the timed hop test the formula was: LSI = (NDL mean – DL mean time) / (DL mean time + NDL mean time) X 100 (%) (Kobayashi et al., 2013). Differences lower than 10% indicate that the limbs are symmetric (Heil et al., 2020). Finally, the total performance of the Y balance test was determined by calculating the composite score (CS), given by the formula: CS = sum of three (anterior [ANT], posterolateral [PL] and posteromedial [PM]) directions/ 3 X lower limb length) X 100 (%). Values above 94% are considered normal (Plisky et al., 2006).

After verifying and confirming the assumptions of normality (Shapiro-Wilk test) and to compare the differences in the various variables of the Y balance test and hop tests between the groups (professional vs. under-20) and between the limbs (DL vs. NDL), a mixed design analysis of variance, two mixed ANOVA (group and limb) with Bonferroni correction was used. It was calculated the effect sizes (ES) eta squared (η²), observed statistical power (1-β) and statistical index (F). The effect size classification was defined as: negligible (N: η² < 0.01), small (S: η² = 0.01-0.09), medium (M: η² = 0.09-0.25) e large (L: η² > 0.25). For anthropometric characteristics comparisons between the groups, a two-tailed Student's t-test for unpaired was used. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Science software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, version 23.0), with an alpha of 0.05.

RESULTS

The anthropometric characteristics of the athletes are presented in Table 1. Professional athletes presented significantly higher mean values for age, body mass and body mass index. The period of training for both groups was six times per week; with a 120-minute of duration (divided into technical and tactical training). Forty (66.6%) reported dominance of the right and 20 (33.3%) of the left lower limb.

Table 1
Means ± standard deviations of anthropometric characteristics.

	Professional	Under-20	p
Age (years)	26.86 ± 5.52	18.14 ± 0.95	0.00
Height (m)	1.77 ± 0 .05	1.75 ± 0.07	0.54
Body mass (kg)	77.13 ± 7.53	70.64 ± 9.99	0.02
BMI (kg/m2)	24.42 ±.2.04	22.91 ± 2.76	0.02

• m, meters; kg, kilograms; BMI = body mass index; kg/m² = kilograms per square meter.

In the analysis of the Y balance test and the hop tests (Table 2), no differences between the limbs were found in the analyzed parameters of the Y balance test and the hop tests, independently of the group. Also, no significant interactions between group and limb were found.

Table 2
Analysis of the Y balance test and the hop tests.

	Professional		Under-20		Main Effect Group	Main Effect Limb	Interaction (Limb vs. Group)
	DL M ± SD (95%CI)	NDL M ± SD (95%CI)	DL M ± SD (95%CI)	NDL M ± SD (95%CI)	Sig ES (F; η2; 1-β)	Sig ES (F; η2; 1-β)	Sig ES (F; η2; 1-β)
CS (%)	98.78 ± 7.04 (101.5 - 96.1)	98.79 ± 7.58 (101.7 - 95.9)	98.32 ± 7.62 (101.2 - 95.4)	97.63 ± 7.62 (100.5 - 94.7)	0.558 N (0.345; 0.003; 0.090)	0.808 N (0.059; 0.001; 0.057)	0.802 N (0.063; 0.001; 0.057)
ANT (m)	0.68 ± 0.08 (0.71 - 0.65)	0.68 ± 0.08 (0.71 - 0.65)	0.74 ± 0.06 (0.76 - 0.72)	0.73 ± 0.06 (0.75 - 0.7)	0.000* S (16.090; 0.126; 0.978) Pro<Sub	0.492 N (0.476; 0.004; 0.105)	0.665 N (0.189; 0.002; 0.072)
PL (m)	1.05 ± 0.09 (1.09 - 1.02)	1.07 ± 0.09 (1.1 - 1.03)	1.01 ± 0.12 (1.06 - 0.97)	1.01 ± 0.12 (1.06 - 0.97)	0.012* S (6.488; 0.055; 0.714) Pro>Sub	0.720 N (0.129; 0.001; 0.065)	0.707 N (0.142; 0.001; 0.066)
PM (m)	1.07 ± 0.09 (1.1 - 1.03)	1.07 ± 0.10 (1.11 - 1.03)	0.97 ± 0.09 (1 - 0.94)	0.97 ± 0.08 (1 - 0.94)	>0.001* M (33.912; 0.232; 1.000) Pro>Sub	0.976 N (0.001; 0.000; 0.050)	0.911 N (0.012; 0.000; 0.051)
Single hop test (m)	1.89 ± 0.27 (2 - 1.79)	1.87 ± 0.31 (1.99 - 1.75)	1.71 ± 0.2 (1.78 - 1.63)	1.79 ± 0.19 (1.86 - 1.72)	0.005* S (8.337; 0.069; 0.817) Pro>Sub	0.490 N (0.479; 0.004; 0.105)	0.251 N (1.331; 0.012; 0.208)
Triple hop test (m)	5.78 ± 0.71 (6.05 - 5.51)	5.72 ± 0.74 (6 - 5.44)	5.45 ± 0.55 (5.66 - 5.24)	5.51 ± 0.53 (5.71 - 5.31)	0.023* S (5.277; 0.045; 0.625) Pro>Sub	0.991 N (0.000; 0.000; 0.050)	0.596 N (0.282; 0.003; 0.082)
Crossover hop test (m)	5.29 ± 0.73 (5.57 - 5.01)	5.24 ± 0.93 (5.6 - 4.89)	4.85 ± 0.69 (5.11 - 4.59)	4.89 ± 0.68 (5.15 - 4.64)	0.006* S (7.703; 0.064; 0.786) Pro>Sub	0.996 N (0.000; 0.000; 0.050)	0.753 N (0.099; 0.001; 0.061)
Timed hop test (s)	1.48 ± 0.16 (1.54 - 1.42)	1.52 ± 0.23 (1.61 - 1.43)	1.62 ± 0.17 (1.69 - 1.56)	1.6 ± 0.17 (1.67 - 1.54)	0.001* S (10.758; 0.088; 0.902) Pro>Sub	0.765 N (0.090; 0.001; 0.060)	0.386 N (0.757; 0.007; 0.139)

• DL: dominant limb; NDL: non-dominant limb; M: mean; SD: standard deviation; 95%CI: 95% confidential interval; Sig: p value for contrast analysis; ES: effect size classification (N: negligible η² [< 0.01]; S: small η² [0.01-0.09]; M: medium η² [0.09-0.25]; L: large η² [>0.25]); F: statistical index; η²: effect size eta squared; 1-β: observed statistical power; CS: composite score; ANT: anterior; PL: posterolateral; PM: posteromedial; m: meters; s: seconds. Significant comparisons are highlighted in bold and with a (*).

However, all hop tests results were higher in the professional group compared to the under-20, with a small effect size (single [p=0.005; F=8.337; η²=0.069; 1-β=0.817]; triple [p=0.023; F=5.277; η²=0.045; 1-β=0.625]; crossover [p=0.006; F=7.703; η²=0.064; 1-β=0.786]; timed [p=0.001; F=10.758; η²=0.088; 1-β=0.902]). In the Y balance test analysis, ANT direction was the unique parameter higher in the under-20 group (p=0.000; F=16.090; η²=0.126; 1-β=0.978), while the PL direction was higher in the professional group (p=0.012; F=6.488; η²=0.005; 1-β=0.714), both with a small effect size. The PM direction was also higher in the professional group (p>0.001; F=33.912; η²=0.232; 1-β=1.000) but presented a moderate effect size. Nevertheless, the CS values were above comparing to the normative values (<94%) in both limbs.

DISCUSSION

This research primarily aimed to analyze the functional performance of the lower limbs of young and professional futsal athletes, comparing between limbs and sports teams. The results showed symmetry between the limbs, indicating no statistically significant bilateral differences. However, comparing the teams, the professional team showed significantly superior results to the under-20 team in all hop tests and in the PL and PM directions of the Y balance test, while the ANT direction was higher in the under-20 team. Also, the analysis of the composite score of the Y balance test exhibited values above the 94% suggested by the literature (Plisky et al., 2009).

Functional tests are widely used clinical tools for lower limb functional assessment, providing qualitative and quantitative data on strength, proprioception, balance, and range of motion (Xixirry et al., 2019). Asymmetries between limbs refer to side-to-side differences in function or performance due to repetitive movement patterns over time (Loturco et al., 2019). Assessing potential lower limb asymmetries is crucial for generating functionality data to reduce injury risk and enhance performance (Lago-Fuentes et al., 2020).

The literature presents few studies that have conducted functional assessments with futsal athletes and these results corroborate with the findings of the present research. In limb comparison, results indicated symmetry in both sports teams across all tests. Rodrigues et al. (2021) showed no significant differences between dominant and non-dominant limbs in single and timed hop tests among 14 professional adult category futsal athletes. Similarly, Soares et al. (2021), evaluating 15 futsal athletes aged 11 to 13, found no significant differences between limbs across single, triple, crossover, and timed hop tests.

However, some studies showed asymmetry between the limbs. Silva et al. (2021) assessed 94 female athletes (63 futsal and 31 soccer, average age of 22) and observed significant differences only in the PL direction of the Y balance test between dominant and non-dominant limbs. Xixirry et al. (2019) also found significant differences in the Y balance test composite score between limbs in professional soccer athletes. In a group of 173 amateur and professional male soccer athletes (aged 14 to 33), only those in the youth category showed results below the Y balance test norms (González-Fernández et al., 2022). It is known that sports like futsal and soccer involve asymmetric movements, encouraging practitioners to prefer one lower limb for specific actions, potentially leading to asymmetries among athletes (Maly et al., 2021). Consequently, this can decrease sports performance and increase injury risk (Stedile et al., 2017). Nevertheless, possible adaptations from dominant limb preference can be minimized using similar training for both limbs (Iga et al., 2009). The equality training for both limbs explains the limbs symmetry in the athletes evaluated on the present study.

In the category comparison, the professional athletes outperforming the younger under-20 athletes in all hop tests and in the posterolateral and posteromedial directions of the Y balance test. The exception was in the anterior direction of the Y balance test, where younger athletes outperformed professionals, aligning with Francia et al.’s (2023) findings on adult football athletes' ankle stiffness compared to younger athletes. These differences could be attributed to the age gap and physical development phase between the groups, with younger athletes still undergoing physical growth and body composition changes (Desbrow, 2021). Development in athletes, from beginner to elite, involves physical growth, behavioral development, and biological maturation (Malina et al., 2015). Albaladejo-Saura et al. (2021) emphasize the significance of biological maturation, which significantly correlates with physical fitness levels and kinanthropometric variables. Silva et al. (2015) observed a prevalence of athletes born in the early part of the year, suggesting biological and maturation interactions in young and elite athletes.

Growth plays a crucial role in developing functional capacities, positively associated with unipodal functional performance, for example (Scinicarelli et al., 2022). Variables such as absolute muscular power, countermovement jumps, and squats can improve from late youth to mature phases (Loturco et al., 2014). Hence, under-20 athletes onwards should develop skills by increasing strength and power training frequency and volume throughout the season.

This research faces limitations, notably the convenience sampling. In addition, other age groups at different maturational stages and training levels might show different results, as could female athletes. Further studies on this topic are encouraged to explore potential differences between categories.

CONCLUSION

The study found symmetry between the limbs in functional evaluations for both, the professional and under-20 teams. Despite futsal's asymmetrical lower limb movement characteristics, training that similarly demands both limbs might contribute to this symmetry. However, the professional group showed significantly higher average values than the under-20 group across most functional test parameters, attributed to biological maturation and the professional athletes' longer sports practice duration.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank the Direction and Physiotherapy Department of the Associação Carlos Barbosa de Futsal (ACBF) for their support and assistance in developing this study.

• FUNDING
  The authors declare that no funding was received for this research.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  24 Mar 2025
• Date of issue
  2025

History

• Received
  09 Mar 2024
• Accepted
  09 Jan 2025