Cropping systems modify soil attributes and can affect their quality. Traditionally evaluated by laboratory analytical methods, soil attributes have been used as indicators of its quality and are very accurate. However, many times, analytical methods are of difficult access by the producer and high cost. Visual Soil Assessment (VSA) has been developed to help land managers to assess soil condition easily, reliably and cheaply on a field scale. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the VSA to assess soil quality, aiming to evaluate and monitor sustainable management practices. The experiments involved the following treatments: grain crop cultivated for twenty years and eight years under no-tillage system; grain crop with the use of sewage sludge in three application levels; cotton in conventional tillage; perennial crop and native forest. The experimental fields were located in an Oxisol within the Instituto Agronômico in Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized with eight treatments and four replications in plots 4 m wide and 25 m long. Soil samples were collected in July 2007 at the 0 - 0.20 m depth for physical analysis (aggregate stability, porosity, density, water holding capacity) and chemical analysis of soil fertility. Visual soil assessments were carried out in May 2008 with a single clod of 0 - 0.20 m side per plot for the following soil attributes: soil structure, soil color, soil porosity, number of earthworms, mottles, presence of tillage pan, and soil cover. For each indicator a visual score of zero (poor), 1 (moderate) and 2 (good) was given. Data were submitted to analysis of variance with the averages compared by Scott-Knott test at 5 % probability and to a multivariate analysis (principal component analysis). The results indicated that the intensive land use contributed to a reduction in its quality and that systems with low mobilization showed good physical quality expressed by soil aggregation, soil porosity and soil bulk density. The soil management treatments were classified in the decreasing order of soil quality, which was efficiently reproduced by the VSA index. The attributes showed correspondence between VSA and analytical soil results. The VSA method was an efficient tool to evaluate the soil quality and it showed to be sensitive to changes caused by soil management systems but its effectiveness must be confirmed for other soil types, uses and managements.
visual soil assessment; soil quality; soil physics
