Hardening and Stability of Plinthic Materials of the Araguaia River Floodplain under Different Drying Treatments

Martins, Angélica Pires Batista; Santos, Glenio Guimarães; Oliveira, Virlei Álvaro de; Maranhão, Deyvid Diego Carvalho; Collier, Leonardo Santos

doi:10.1590/18069657rbcs20170190

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Division 1 – Soil in Space and Time, Commission – Soil Genesis and Morphology • Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 42 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20170190 copy

Hardening and Stability of Plinthic Materials of the Araguaia River Floodplain under Different Drying Treatments

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Plinthite and petroplinthite occur frequently in Brazilian soils, but there is little information on the behavior of these materials. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of different drying periods on the hardening and stability of plinthic materials of soils in the floodplain of the Araguaia River and the João Leite stream in Goiás. Soil samples were collected, with the aid of 0.10 m high and 0.15 m diameter PVC cylinders, directly from the plinthic horizons of five profiles of Plintossolos Argilúvicos (Plinthosols). Plinthite and soil matrix subsamples were obtained from these samples. Homogeneous petroplinthite samples were collected from the concretionary horizon of a Plintossolo Pétrico (Plinthosol) profile, and these were separated into subsamples with the aid of a rock hammer. All subsamples were dried in two manners: air drying and drying in a forced ventilation oven for 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 days. Compressive strength and degree of stability were assessed. The results show a considerable variety of responses to the compressive force applied to the plinthite and petroplinthite samples in the same horizon and among the different profiles examined.

Keywords
deterioration of soil structure; dryness; hardness; iron oxide; plinthite

Profile	Location	Altitude	Geology⁽¹⁾ (1) Project Radambrasil (1981).	Original material⁽¹⁾ (1) Project Radambrasil (1981).	Local relief	Current use
		m
P1	13° 14′ S 50° 32′ W	221	Sedimentary Cover of Bananal	Alluvial sediments	Flat	Natural vegetation
P2	13° 10′ S 50° 31′ W	220	Sedimentary Cover of Bananal	Alluvial sediments	Flat	Soybean crop
P3	13° 12′ S 50° 31′ W	220	Sedimentary Cover of Bananal	Alluvial sediments	Flat	Natural vegetation
P4	13° 07′ S 50° 30′ W	222	Sedimentary Cover of Bananal	Alluvial sediments	Flat	Natural vegetation
P5	13° 15′ S 50° 31′ W	225	Estrondo Group	Weathering of mica-schist with grenade and sericite schist	Mildy rolling	Natural vegetation
P6	16° 28′ S 49° 06′ W	753	Anápolis-Itauçu Complex	Colluvial-alluvial sediments	Mildy rolling	Pasture

Horizon	Layer	CS	FS	Silt	Clay	TC
	m	------------------------ g kg⁻¹ --------------------
Profile 1 - Plintossolo Argilúvico Distrófico típico (Santos et al., 2013Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Oliveira JB, Coelho MR, Lumbreras JF, Cunha TJF Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 3. ed. rev. ampl. Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos; 2013.)/Plinthosol (WRB, 2015World Reference Base for Soil Resources - WRB: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: IUSS/ISRIC/FAO; 2015. (World Soil Resources Reports, 106).)
A	0.00-0.17	144	243	202	411	C
E	0.17-0.24	111	262	176	451	C
Btf1	0.24-0.33	104	244	181	471	C
Btf2	0.33-0.45	135	195	198	472	C
Btf3	0.45-0.65	115	218	236	431	C
Btf4	0.65-0.95	121	195	233	451	C
Btf5	0.95-1.10	142	154	232	472	C
Btf6	1.10-1.28+	109	121	256	514	C
Profile 2 - Plintossolo Argilúvico Eutrófico petroplíntico (Santos et al., 2013Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Oliveira JB, Coelho MR, Lumbreras JF, Cunha TJF Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 3. ed. rev. ampl. Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos; 2013.)/Plinthosol (WRB, 2015World Reference Base for Soil Resources - WRB: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: IUSS/ISRIC/FAO; 2015. (World Soil Resources Reports, 106).)
Ap1	0.00-0.06	29	281	321	369	CL
2Ap2	0.06-0.18	133	448	237	182	SL
3AE	0.18-0.27	175	455	229	141	SL
3EA	0.27-0.34	157	433	249	161	SL
3Efc	0.34-0.50	75	376	327	222	L
3Btfc1	0.50-0.61	71	354	312	263	CL
4Btfc2	0.61-0.76	91	358	329	222	L
4Btfc3	0.76-1.10⁺	89	366	323	222	L
Profile 3 - Plintossolo Argilúvico Distrófico típico (Santos et al., 2013Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Oliveira JB, Coelho MR, Lumbreras JF, Cunha TJF Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 3. ed. rev. ampl. Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos; 2013.)/Plinthosol (WRB, 2015World Reference Base for Soil Resources - WRB: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: IUSS/ISRIC/FAO; 2015. (World Soil Resources Reports, 106).)
A	0.00-0.10	162	168	321	349	CL
AE	0.10-0.18	174	162	295	369	CL
E	0.18-0.29	137	230	223	410	C
Btf1	0.29-0.50	111	201	216	472	C
Btf2	0.50-0.75	129	211	189	471	C
Btf3	0.75-1.04	141	203	185	471	C
Btf4	1.04-1.50	117	176	236	471	C
Btf5	1.50-1.70⁺	92	131	264	513	C
Profile 4 - Plintossolo Argilúvico Distrófico petroplíntico (Santos et al., 2013Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Oliveira JB, Coelho MR, Lumbreras JF, Cunha TJF Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 3. ed. rev. ampl. Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos; 2013.)/Plinthosol (WRB, 2015World Reference Base for Soil Resources - WRB: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: IUSS/ISRIC/FAO; 2015. (World Soil Resources Reports, 106).)
A	0.00-0.11	42	612	245	101	SL
AE	0.11-0.28	38	586	255	121	SL
Ef1	0.28-0.47	28	542	269	161	SL
Ef2	0.47-0.66	20	513	285	182	SL
Bfc	0.66-0.84	26	469	323	182	L
Bf1	0.84-1.03	20	448	330	202	L
Bf2	1.03-1.36	20	493	204	283	SCL
Btf1	1.36-1.71	59	366	229	346	CL
Btf2	1.71-1.98	37	225	370	368	CL
2Bf	1.98-2.55⁺	14	287	412	287	CL
Profile 5 - Plintossolo Pétrico Concrecionário típico (Santos et al., 2013Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Oliveira JB, Coelho MR, Lumbreras JF, Cunha TJF Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 3. ed. rev. ampl. Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos; 2013.)/Plinthosol (WRB, 2015World Reference Base for Soil Resources - WRB: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: IUSS/ISRIC/FAO; 2015. (World Soil Resources Reports, 106).)
Apc	0.00-0.09	154	395	167	284	SCL
Bc1	0.09-0.56	102	285	165	448	C
Bc2	0.56-1.03⁺	138	297	118	447	C
Profile 6 - Plintossolo Argilúvico Eutrófico típico (Santos et al., 2013Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Oliveira JB, Coelho MR, Lumbreras JF, Cunha TJF Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 3. ed. rev. ampl. Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos; 2013.)/Plinthosol (WRB, 2015World Reference Base for Soil Resources - WRB: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: IUSS/ISRIC/FAO; 2015. (World Soil Resources Reports, 106).)
Ap	0.00-0.17	319	272	123	286	SCL
AB	0.17-0.27	357	304	74	265	SCL
BAf	0.27-0.41	330	240	102	328	SCL
Btf1	0.41-0.57	282	228	99	391	SC
Btf2	0.57-0.76	211	174	118	497	C
Btf3	0.76-1.03	147	193	120	540	C
Btf4	1.03-1.20	145	195	162	498	C
2Bf1	1.20-1.40	255	323	136	286	SCL
2Bf2	1.40-1.63	283	244	124	349	SCL
2Cgf	1.63-1.75+	190	221	156	433	C

Material	SiO₂	AI₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	TiO₂	MgO	K2O	V₂O₅	Z_rO₂
	___________________________________%___________________________________
	Profile 1 -Plintossolo Argilúvico Distrófico típico (Santos et al., 2013Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Oliveira JB, Coelho MR, Lumbreras JF, Cunha TJF Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 3. ed. rev. ampl. Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos; 2013.)/Plinthosol (WRB, 2015World Reference Base for Soil Resources - WRB: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: IUSS/ISRIC/FAO; 2015. (World Soil Resources Reports, 106).)
PL	44.81	35.40	17.51	1.16	n.d.	1.01	0.06	0.05
SM	50.85	38.87	7.49	1.53	n.d.	1.14	n.d.	0.06
	Profile 2 - Plintossolo Argilúvico Eutrófico petroplíntico (Santos et al., 2013Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Oliveira JB, Coelho MR, Lumbreras JF, Cunha TJF Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 3. ed. rev. ampl. Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos; 2013.)/Plinthosol (WRB, 2015World Reference Base for Soil Resources - WRB: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: IUSS/ISRIC/FAO; 2015. (World Soil Resources Reports, 106).)
PL	55.53	21.81	21.23	0.98	n.d.	n.d.	0.05	0.08
SM	73.07	21.71	2.47	1.12	0.86	0.67	n.d.	0.10
	Profile 3 -Plintossolo Argilúvico Distrófico típico (Santos et al., 2013Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Oliveira JB, Coelho MR, Lumbreras JF, Cunha TJF Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 3. ed. rev. ampl. Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos; 2013.)/Plinthosol (WRB, 2015World Reference Base for Soil Resources - WRB: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: IUSS/ISRIC/FAO; 2015. (World Soil Resources Reports, 106).)
PL	50.58	30.15	15.85	1.22	1.04	1.02	n.d.	n.d.
SM	58.03	32.84	5.26	1.43	1.34	1.07	n.d.	n.d.
	Profile 4 - Plintossolo Argilúvico Distrófico petroplíntico (Santos et al., 2013Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Oliveira JB, Coelho MR, Lumbreras JF, Cunha TJF Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 3. ed. rev. ampl. Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos; 2013.)/Plinthosol (WRB, 2015World Reference Base for Soil Resources - WRB: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: IUSS/ISRIC/FAO; 2015. (World Soil Resources Reports, 106).)
PL	56.71	19.29	22.93	0.93	n.d.	n.d.	0.06	0.07
SM	76.03	19.80	1.34	1.15	0.76	0.67	n.d.	0.10
	Profile 5 - Plintossolo Pétrico Concrecionário típico (Santos et al., 2013Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Oliveira JB, Coelho MR, Lumbreras JF, Cunha TJF Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 3. ed. rev. ampl. Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos; 2013.)/Plinthosol (WRB, 2015World Reference Base for Soil Resources - WRB: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: IUSS/ISRIC/FAO; 2015. (World Soil Resources Reports, 106).)
PP	42.55	17.74	38.77	0.68	n.d.	n.d.	0.13	0.05
	Profile 6 -Plintossolo Argilúvico Eutrófico típico (Santos et al., 2013Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Oliveira JB, Coelho MR, Lumbreras JF, Cunha TJF Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 3. ed. rev. ampl. Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos; 2013.)/Plinthosol (WRB, 2015World Reference Base for Soil Resources - WRB: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: IUSS/ISRIC/FAO; 2015. (World Soil Resources Reports, 106).)
SM	61.95	29.03	3.33	3.55	1.21	0.46	n.d.	0.11

Material	Period	Profile 1	Profile 2	Profile 3	Profile 4	Profile 5
Material	Period	Strength⁽¹⁾ (1) The compressive strength of plinthite and petroplinthite subsamples was assessed with the use of universal mechanical testing equipment (Instron®, model 3367, Grove City, USA) with a 30 kilonewton (kN) load cell.
	day	_______________________________N cm⁻³_________________________
Natural condition
		45.38 ± 2.57⁽²⁾ (2) 95 % confidence interval (p<0.05).	94.05 ± 4.24	58.51 ± 6.89	121.32 ± 4.37	268.17 ± 8.53
Air drying
Plinthite	10	163.04 ± 19.65	524.29 ± 70.19	173.15 ± 19.66	298.65 ± 20.45	n.a.⁽³⁾ (3) n.a. = not analyzed.
Plinthite	20	131.52 ± 10.84	450.53 ± 113.94	162.21 ± 13.98	333.05 ± 56.09	n.a.
Plinthite	40	151.33 ± 19.57	497.67 ± 37.50	69.00 ± 9.90	406.77 ± 91.12	n.a.
Plinthite	80	159.21 ± 39.18	216.52 ± 36.91	101.67 ± 17.03	232.39 ± 46.87	n.a.
Plinthite	160	126.61 ± 27.33	412.66 ± 88.47	329.84 ± 63.68	78.38 ± 10.34	n.a.
Petroplinthite	10	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	532.93 ± 43.22
Petroplinthite	20	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	478.79 ± 43.98
Petroplinthite	40	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	514.45 ± 66.69
Petroplinthite	80	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	296.57 ± 47.56
Petroplinthite	160	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	485.61 ± 19.66
Oven drying
Plinthite	10	221.35 ± 16.41	511.37 ± 39.81	168.41 ± 24.94	639.48 ± 85.62	n.a.
Plinthite	20	166.86 ± 41.40	184.60 ± 45.36	116.70 ± 32.02	332.00 ± 52.58	n.a.
Plinthite	40	117.29 ± 12.90	393.95 ± 48.08	150.33 ± 42.33	344.07 ± 42.79	n.a.
Plinthite	80	229.26 ± 48.10	542.47 ± 64.28	668.69 ± 160.22	113.91 ± 19.43	n.a.
Plinthite	160	107.14 ± 13.77	372.22 ± 60.21	167.11 ± 39.40	151.16 ± 20.89	n.a.
Petroplinthite	10	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	374.86 ± 40.67
Petroplinthite	20	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	585.19 ± 64.14
Petroplinthite	40	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	563.66 ± 25.94
Petroplinthite	80	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	468.38 ± 76.58
Petroplinthite	160	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	482.76 ± 16.41

Material	Period	Profile 1	Profile 2	Profile 3	Profile 4	Profile 6
Material	Period	Strength⁽¹⁾ (1) The compressive strength of plinthite and petroplinthite subsamples was assessed with the use of universal mechanical testing equipment (Instron®, model 3367, Grove City, USA) with a 30 kilonewton (kN) load cell.
	day	____________________________________N______________________________________
Natural condition
		27.17 ± 0.75⁽²⁾ (2) 95% confidence interval (p<0.05).	51.42 ± 0.82	13.53 ± 1.03	36.10 ± 1.16	35.93 ± 0.66
Air drying
Matrix	10	199.87 ± 9.75	283.72 ± 17.98	186.66 ± 11.35	199.44 ± 4.95	276.79 ± 4.78
Matrix	20	199.97 ± 9.34	348.80 ± 15.07	183.69 ± 3.79	172.02 ± 6.72	278.51 ± 11.73
Matrix	40	216.91 ± 8.59	284.70 ± 16.47	177.37 ± 15.36	165.83 ± 3.87	293.94 ± 22.63
Matrix	80	159.76 ± 14.83	232.25 ± 12.95	185.11 ± 7.40	189.44 ± 4.25	285.45 ± 11.22
Matrix	160	251.18 ± 11.76	264.53 ± 8.94	256.64 ± 14.78	180.31 ± 14.38	313.19 ± 9.38
Oven drying
Matrix	10	150.98 ± 11.38	180.45 ± 14.74	187.90 ± 16.46	165.67 ± 5.05	226.88 ± 10.18
Matrix	20	199.58 ± 12.17	175.63 ± 8.76	220.17 ± 17.05	203.86 ± 4.36	270.23 ± 11.43
Matrix	40	183.19 ± 17.22	299.40 ± 27.62	234.87 ± 24.74	179.35 ± 11.26	294.96 ± 11.63
Matrix	80	256.11 ± 15.00	281.59 ± 21.60	257.85 ± 19.92	202.56 ± 6.88	272.15 ± 10.37
Matrix	160	200.42 ± 12.19	255.17 ± 10.78	288.57 ± 16.66	211.14 ± 8.78	310.40 ± 20.12

Profile	Material	>2.00 mm⁽¹⁾ (1) Set of sieves.	1.00 mm	0.50 mm	0.25 mm	0.106 mm	<0.106 mm
Profile	Material	Stability⁽²⁾ (2) The stability of plinthite and petroplinthite subsamples was analyzed through wet sieving on a Yoder shaker apparatus (Donagema et al., 2011).
		___________________________________%______________________________________________
Air drying
P1	PL	97.11 ± 0.23⁽³⁾ n.d. = not detected	0.09 ± 0.05	0.16 ± 0.07	0.20 ± 0.08	1.23 ± 0.19	1.21 ± 0.11
P2	PL	97.75 ± 0.10	0.09 ± 0.04	0.05 ± 0.03	0.11 ± 0.05	1.13 ± 0.14	0.87 ± 0.09
P3	PL	96.86 ± 0.27	0.31 ± 0.08	0.31 ± 0.08	0.32 ± 0.09	1.13 ± 0.18	1.07 ± 0.14
P4	PL	97.67 ± 0.10	0.04 ± 0.03	0.03 ± 0.02	0.18 ± 0.06	1.29 ± 0.12	0.79 ± 0.09
P5	PP	99.06 ± 0.06	0.11 ± 0.03	0.03 ± 0.02	0.12 ± 0.03	0.35 ± 0.06	0.33 ± 0.04
Oven drying
P1	PL	97.13 ± 0.43	0.15 ± 0.08	0.36 ± 0.17	0.50 ± 0.16	0.58 ± 0.19	1.28 ± 0.12
P2	PL	98.14 ± 0.08	0.13 ± 0.03	0.15 ± 0.05	0.21 ± 0.05	0.69 ± 0.12	0.68 ± 0.09
P3	PL	98.08 ± 0.09	0.05 ± 0.02	0.19 ± 0.06	0.19 ± 0.05	0.67 ± 0.11	0.82 ± 0.11
P4	PL	97.61 ± 0.22	0.04 ± 0.04	0.12 ± 0.07	0.20 ± 0.09	0.93 ± 0.16	1.10 ± 0.13
P5	PP	99.30 ± 0.05	0.02 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.02	0.27 ± 0.04	0.34 ± 0.04

Profile	Material	Period	>2.00 mm⁽¹⁾ (1) Set of sieves.	1.00 mm	0.50 mm	0.25 mm	0.106 mm	<0.106 mm
Profile	Material	Period	Stability⁽²⁾ (2) The stability of plinthite and petroplinthite subsamples was analyzed through wet sieving on a Yoder shaker apparatus (Donagema et al., 2011).
		day	________________________________________%_____________________________________
Air drying
P1	PL	10	97.80 ± 0.26⁽³⁾ (3) 95 % confidence interval (p<0.05).	0.00 ± 0.00	0.07 ± 0.07	0.16 ± 0.10	1.09 ± 0.22	0.88 ± 0.15
P1	PL	20	94.76 ± 0.27	0.14 ± 0.14	0.20 ± 0.14	0.61 ± 0.25	2.87 ± 0.35	1.42 ± 0.33
P1	PL	40	97.61 ± 0.28	0.00 ± 0.00	0.20 ± 0.20	0.00 ± 0.00	1.21 ± 0.21	0.98 ± 0.19
P1	PL	80	97.66 ± 0.23	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.21 ± 0.21	0.84 ± 0.37	1.29 ± 0.22
P1	PL	160	97.72 ± 0.23	0.29 ± 0.21	0.33 ± 0.23	0.00 ± 0.00	0.16 ± 0.16	1.50 ± 0.27
P2	PL	10	98.03 ± 0.17	0.08 ± 0.08	0.07 ± 0.05	0.07 ± 0.05	0.91 ± 0.26	0.84 ± 0.18
P2	PL	20	97.35 ± 0.19	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.30 ± 0.20	1.68 ± 0.29	0.67 ± 0.09
P2	PL	40	97.43 ± 0.22	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	1.36 ± 0.40	1.21 ± 0.24
P2	PL	80	98.35 ± 0.16	0.17 ± 0.17	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.46 ± 0.28	1.02 ± 0.18
P2	PL	160	97.56 ± 0.20	0.18 ± 0.12	0.20 ± 0.11	0.20 ± 0.08	1.22 ± 0.21	0.64 ± 0.22
P3	PL	10	97.00 ± 0.24	0.46 ± 0.20	0.52 ± 0.16	0.32 ± 0.16	0.61 ± 0.13	1.09 ± 0.24
P3	PL	20	97.88 ± 0.31	0.05 ± 0.05	0.14 ± 0.14	0.18 ± 0.12	1.15 ± 0.36	0.60 ± 0.21
P3	PL	40	95.85 ± 0.50	0.53 ± 0.26	0.31 ± 0.23	0.25 ± 0.25	1.26 ± 0.42	1.80 ± 0.44
P3	PL	80	94.88 ± 0.31	0.23 ± 0.11	0.38 ± 0.20	0.65 ± 0.28	2.43 ± 0.33	1.43 ± 0.27
P3	PL	160	98.71 ± 0.06	0.29 ± 0.11	0.17 ± 0.08	0.22 ± 0.11	0.17 ± 0.11	0.44 ± 0.04
P4	PL	10	97.55 ± 0.22	0.00 ± 0.00	0.07 ± 0.07	0.07 ± 0.07	1.09 ± 0.39	1.22 ± 0.36
P4	PL	20	98.43 ± 0.15	0.10 ± 0.10	0.00 ± 0.00	0.27 ± 0.14	0.58 ± 0.22	0.62 ± 0.09
P4	PL	40	97.86 ± 0.11	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.10 ± 0.10	1.47 ± 0.15	0.57 ± 0.06
P4	PL	80	97.07 ± 0.17	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.14 ± 0.14	2.00 ± 0.09	0.79 ± 0.09
P4	PL	160	97.44 ± 0.11	0.08 ± 0.08	0.09 ± 0.06	0.32 ± 0.16	1.33 ± 0.15	0.74 ± 0.16
P5	PP	10	98.85 ± 0.07	0.19 ± 0.07	0.14 ± 0.07	0.33 ± 0.10	0.16 ± 0.04	0.33 ± 0.15
P5	PP	20	98.69 ± 0.09	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.11 ± 0.07	0.94 ± 0.07	0.26 ± 0.02
P5	PP	40	99.07 ± 0.08	0.09 ± 0.09	0.00 ± 0.00	0.06 ± 0.06	0.31 ± 0.13	0.47 ± 0.07
P5	PP	80	99.46 ± 0.11	0.00 ± 0.00	0.03 ± 0.03	0.06 ± 0.04	0.20 ± 0.05	0.25 ± 0.05
P5	PP	160	99.23 ± 0.09	0.30 ± 0.07	0.00 ± 0.00	0.03 ± 0.03	0.09 ± 0.09	0.35 ± 0.08
Oven drying
P1	PL	10	92.49 ± 0.61	0.53 ± 0.34	1.56 ± 0.72	2.21 ± 0.32	1.24 ± 0.83	1.97 ± 0.44
P1	PL	20	97.36 ± 0.26	0.00 ± 0.00	0.26 ± 0.17	0.00 ± 0.00	1.20 ± 0.30	1.18 ± 0.19
P1	PL	40	98.48 ± 0.23	0.07 ± 0.07	0.00 ± 0.00	0.28 ± 0.18	0.20 ± 0.15	0.97 ± 0.23
P1	PL	80	98.50 ± 0.16	0.14 ± 0.14	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.26 ± 0.17	1.10 ± 0.08
P1	PL	160	98.83 ± 0.03	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	1.17 ± 0.03
P2	PL	10	98.30 ± 0.19	0.15 ± 0.04	0.30 ± 0.21	0.18 ± 0.06	0.60 ± 0.26	0.47 ± 0.18
P2	PL	20	97.96 ± 0.09	0.10 ± 0.06	0.12 ± 0.07	0.33 ± 0.17	0.37 ± 0.14	1.12 ± 0.21
P2	PL	40	98.00 ± 0.11	0.08 ± 0.03	0.06 ± 0.04	0.33 ± 0.08	0.35 ± 0.11	1.18 ± 0.15
P2	PL	80	97.94 ± 0.12	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.07 ± 0.04	1.68 ± 0.18	0.31 ± 0.09
P2	PL	160	98.51 ± 0.28	0.34 ± 0.12	0.24 ± 0.12	0.17 ± 0.13	0.42 ± 0.23	0.32 ± 0.04
P3	PL	10	97.74 ± 0.25	0.01 ± 0.01	0.41 ± 0.25	0.00 ± 0.00	0.20 ± 0.20	1.64 ± 0.22
P3	PL	20	97.67 ± 0.25	0.17 ± 0.06	0.06 ± 0.06	0.37 ± 0.10	1.05 ± 0.33	0.68 ± 0.18
P3	PL	40	98.59 ± 0.07	0.02 ± 0.02	0.00 ± 0.00	0.08 ± 0.05	0.41 ± 0.17	0.90 ± 0.13
P3	PL	80	98.36 ± 0.07	0.00 ± 0.00	0.20 ± 0.13	0.13 ± 0.08	0.73 ± 0.20	0.58 ± 0.17
P3	PL	160	98.07 ± 0.08	0.05 ± 0.05	0.30 ± 0.10	0.39 ± 0.17	0.97 ± 0.20	0.22 ± 0.09
P4	PL	10	95.51 ± 0.45	0.00 ± 0.00	0.32 ± 0.32	0.83 ± 0.36	1.55 ± 0.55	1.79 ± 0.42
P4	PL	20	97.70 ± 0.23	0.19 ± 0.19	0.17 ± 0.11	0.07 ± 0.07	0.93 ± 0.28	0.94 ± 0.27
P4	PL	40	98.18 ± 0.21	0.00 ± 0.00	0.11 ± 0.11	0.09 ± 0.09	0.57 ± 0.26	1.05 ± 0.14
P4	PL	80	98.40 ± 0.38	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	1.12 ± 0.39	0.48 ± 0.18
P4	PL	160	98.26 ± 0.12	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.45 ± 0.18	1.29 ± 0.17
P5	PP	10	99.51 ± 0.04	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.20 ± 0.06	0.29 ± 0.05
P5	PP	20	99.11 ± 0.06	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.49 ± 0.08	0.40 ± 0.06
P5	PP	40	99.09 ± 0.06	0.05 ± 0.05	0.07 ± 0.05	0.21 ± 0.08	0.37 ± 0.09	0.21 ± 0.02
P5	PP	80	99.63 ± 0.04	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	0.14 ± 0.06	0.23 ± 0.04
P5	PP	160	99.16 ± 0.12	0.05 ± 0.05	0.03 ± 0.03	0.02 ± 0.02	0.14 ± 0.09	0.60 ± 0.15

Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo Secretaria Executiva , Caixa Postal 231, 36570-000 Viçosa MG Brasil, Tel.: (55 31) 3899 2471 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: sbcs@ufv.br

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[1] *Corresponding author: E-mail: gleniogm@gmail.com