Use of the test bench for spray drift assessment under subtropical climate conditions

Precipito, Laís M. B.; Ferreira, Luiz A. I.; Paduan, Natãny A.; Lima, Julião S. de S.; Oliveira, Rone B. de

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n3p223-229

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Articles • Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 27 (3) • Mar 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n3p223-229 copy

Use of the test bench for spray drift assessment under subtropical climate conditions¹ 1 Research developed at Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, Núcleo de Investigação em Tecnologia de Aplicação e Máquinas Agrícolas, Bandeirantes, PR, Brazil

Uso do test bench para avaliação da deriva de pulverização em condições climáticas subtropicais

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

HIGHLIGHTS:

In regions with a subtropical climate, bench testing can be used to verify the drift potential.

High temperatures, low relative humidities, higher working pressures, and higher wind speeds lead to greater potential for drift.

Variations in the height of the spray boom did not show any changes in the drift potential.

ABSTRACT

As an alternative to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) method 22866, a method for the field measurement of spray drift was developed in the Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Environmental Economics and Engineering of the University of Turin, Italy. This new method, termed “test bench,” can be applied for wind conditions beyond those covered in ISO 22866. The aim of this study was to quantify the drift potential of three nozzles at two working pressures and two sprayer boom heights using the test bench method, under subtropical climate conditions. The experiment was conducted at Bandeirantes, Paraná State, Brazil, from 2018 to 2019 in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments, wherein three nozzles were used at the minimum and maximum working pressures, and two boom heights were tested, with four replicates for each combination. The following nozzles were used: XR11002 (100 and 400 kPa), AIXR11002 (100 and 600 kPa), and ATR 2.0 (400 and 2000 kPa), operating at boom heights of 0.50 and 1.00 m. The test bench method allows for drift assessment under subtropical climate conditions, and the results revealed that changes in meteorological conditions, nozzles, and pressure are key factors affecting the drift potential of boom sprayers. Relative air humidity and working pressure were the most important determining factors of the drift potential of the nozzles, whereas boom height had no effect on drift potential.

Key words:
spraying technologies; nozzles; agrometeorological conditions

Treatment	Nozzle	Model	Pressure (kPa)	Boom height (m)	Flow rate (L min^-1)	Application rate (L ha^-1)
1	XR11002	Flat fan nozzle	100	0.5	0.46	100
2	XR11002		400	0.5	0.91	200
3	XR11002		100	1.0	0.46	100
4	XR11002		400	1.0	0.91	200
5	AIXR11002	Air-induction flat fan nozzle	100	0.5	0.46	100
6	AIXR11002		600	0.5	1.12	245
7	AIXR11002		100	1.0	0.46	100
8	AIXR11002		600	1.0	1.12	245
9	ATR 2.0	Hollow cone nozzle	400	0.5	0.65	141
10	ATR 2.0		2000	0.5	1.44	315
11	ATR 2.0		400	1.0	0.65	141
12	ATR 2.0		2000	1.0	1.44	315

Treatment/ Replicate	Height (m)	RH (%)	Temperature (°C)	Wind speed (m s^-1)	Pressure (kPa)	DP (%)	Nozzle type
Group 1 (ATR 200 and 400 kPa) at 0.5 and 1.0 m boom height)
11/3	1.0	63.8	28.8	3.8	400	33.5	ATR 2.0
11/2	1.0	68.1	27.6	3.2	400	31.7	ATR 2.0
11/1	1.0	71.7	26.4	2.6	400	32.2	ATR 2.0
9/4	0.5	77.1	24.7	1.7	400	22.2	ATR 2.0
9/3	0.5	77.9	24.4	1.8	400	28.4	ATR 2.0
9/2	0.5	79.1	23.8	1.9	400	22.5	ATR 2.0
9/1	0.5	80.0	23.4	2.5	400	22.7	ATR 2.0
Mean		74	25.6	2.5		27.6
Group 2 (XR11002 and AIXR11002 at 100 kPa and 0.5 and 1.0 m boom height)
5/3	0.5	60.7	30.4	0.3	100	35.8	AIXR11002
5/2	0.5	61.4	30.6	1.3	100	51.2	AIXR11002
5/4	0.5	62.7	30.1	0.0	100	32.4	AIXR11002
5/1	0.5	61.7	30.4	0.1	100	42.3	AIXR11002
7/4	1.0	60.3	30.8	0.1	100	57.4	AIXR11002
7/2	1.0	62.2	30.9	0.1	100	40.6	AIXR11002
3/4	1.0	59.3	32.3	1.1	100	60.3	XR11002
7/3	1.0	60.3	30.7	0.0	100	35.4	AIXR11002
7/1	1.0	61.8	31.0	0.1	100	48.0	AIXR11002
3/2	1.0	64.2	31.8	0.6	100	52.6	XR11002
3/3	1.0	63.3	31.8	0.8	100	31.8	XR11002
3/1	1.0	60.4	33.2	0.0	100	20.3	XR11002
Mean		61.5	31.2	0.4		42.9
Group 3 (ATR at 2000 kPa and 1.0 m boom height)
12/2	1.0	40.0	38.7	6.6	2000	244.0	ATR 2.0
12/4	1.0	40.1	39.1	5.9	2000	116.5	ATR 2.0
12/3	1.0	40.7	38.6	6.1	2000	144.8	ATR 2.0
12/1	1.0	39.9	38.9	5.5	2000	111.3	ATR 2.0
Mean		40.2	38.9	6.0		154.2
Group 4 (ATR at 2000 kPa and 0.5 m boom height)
10/4	0.5	47.8	37.6	2.3	2000	131.6	ATR 2.0
10/2	0.5	57.7	33.8	1.5	2000	98.5	ATR 2.0
10/3	0.5	55.7	34.5	1.5	2000	176.3	ATR 2.0
10/1	0.5	57.3	34.0	1.6	2000	126.2	ATR 2.0
Mean		54.6	35.0	1.8		133.2
Group 5 (AIXR11002 at 600 kPa with 1.0 m boom height and XR11002 at 100 and 400 kPa with 0.5 m boom height)
8/4	1.0	44.1	38.1	1.8	600	67.0	AIXR11002
2/4	0.5	44.5	39.0	1.9	400	112.4	XR11002
2/3	0.5	52.1	34.8	1.5	400	73.8	XR11002
8/1	1.0	32.9	44.4	2.8	600	64.1	AIXR11002
2/2	0.5	48.9	36.9	6.9	400	127.4	XR11002
1/4	0.5	39.4	40.8	8.7	100	62.9	XR11002
2/1	0.5	41.0	40.7	3.3	400	85.0	XR11002
1/3	0.5	39.1	42.4	3.1	100	75.3	XR11002
1/2	0.5	40.5	40.8	5.3	100	76.8	XR11002
Mean		42.5	39.8	3.9		82.7
Group 6 (XR11002 and ATR at 400 kPa with 1.0 m boom height and AIXR11002 at 600 kPa with 0.5 m boom height)
11/4	1.0	58.4	30.3	6.2	400	31.3	ATR 2.0
4/3	1.0	54.8	34.8	4.8	400	28.4	XR11002
4/2	1.0	58.9	33.3	5.1	400	41.4	XR11002
8/3	1.0	48.2	35.7	3.3	600	66.5	AIXR11002
8/2	1.0	48.9	35.8	4.3	600	65.5	AIXR11002
4/4	1.0	51.7	36.4	4.7	400	67.3	XR11002
4/1	1.0	58.7	33.3	3.4	400	48.1	XR11002
6/2	0.5	49.9	34.3	5.8	600	49.2	AIXR11002
6/4	0.5	43.8	37.9	4.4	600	50.5	AIXR11002
6/3	0.5	50.4	34.1	5.3	600	49.6	AIXR11002
6/1	0.5	46.9	35.2	4.7	600	48.7	AIXR11002
1/1	0.5	50.0	26.9	2.9	100	72.6	XR11002
Mean		51.7	34.0	4.6		51.6

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[1] * Corresponding author - E-mail: rone@uenp.edu.br

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Use of the test bench for spray drift assessment under subtropical climate conditions1 1 Research developed at Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, Núcleo de Investigação em Tecnologia de Aplicação e Máquinas Agrícolas, Bandeirantes, PR, Brazil

Uso do test bench para avaliação da deriva de pulverização em condições climáticas subtropicais

HIGHLIGHTS:

ABSTRACT

Use of the test bench for spray drift assessment under subtropical climate conditions¹ 1 Research developed at Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, Núcleo de Investigação em Tecnologia de Aplicação e Máquinas Agrícolas, Bandeirantes, PR, Brazil