Growth and yield of potatoes cultivated in different planting methods under greenhouse and open field conditionsABSTRACT
Potato farming is ranked fourth in terms of global production. However, climatic variations affect crop planning, which decreases yield. As such, new cultivation techniques have been adopted to mitigate these effects and need investigation. This study aimed to assess the growth and yield of potato plants cultivated using different planting methods under greenhouse and open field conditions. The study design was completely randomized, with four treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme. The first factor was growing conditions (greenhouse or open field), and the second was the planting method (in bags or directly in the soil). Soil planting in a greenhouse produced the highest root, stem, leaf, tuber, and total dry and fresh weight values. These conditions also accumulated more growing degree days (2392 °C) than plants in the open field (1774 °C). The largest leaf areas (4389 cm²) were recorded in plants sown directly in the soil in the greenhouse when compared to the average of the other treatments (2078 cm²), and peaked at 113 days after planting (DAP), whereas maximum values in the open field were reached at 92 DAP. No significant differences were observed between potato plants for total chlorophyll content, with an average of 44.4 SPAD units. The greenhouse treatments showed higher stomatal conductance (gs) (451.7 mmol m-2 s-1) than those in the open field (221 mmol m-2 s-1).
Key words:
Solanaceae; Diacol Capiro; SPAD; growing degree days; stomatal conductance
HIGHLIGHTS:
Potato plants grown in soil in a greenhouse showed the highest production and plant biomass.
Under greenhouse conditions, potato plants accumulate more growing degree days, resulting in a larger leaf area.
The total fresh and dry weight of potato plants grown in the greenhouse fit a sigmoid logistic model.
RESUMO
O cultivo da batata ocupa o quarto lugar em importância em termos de produção mundial. Porém, as variações climáticas afetam o planejamento da cultura, o que diminui a produtividade. Portanto, novas técnicas de cultivo têm sido adotadas para mitigar esses efeitos, necessitando de avaliação. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o crescimento e a produtividade de plantas de batata cultivadas com diferentes métodos de plantio sob cobertura plástica e condições de campo aberto. Foi implementado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos, dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 × 2. O primeiro fator foi a condição da cultura (estufa ou campo aberto) e o segundo foi o método de plantio (em sacos ou diretamente no solo). O plantio em casa de vegetação e no solo apresentaram os maiores valores de massa seca e fresca total e raízes, caules, folhas e tubérculos. Essas condições também acumularam maior número de graus-dia de crescimento (2392 °C) em comparação à cultura semeada em campo aberto (1774 °C). As plantas em casa de vegetação e solo apresentaram os maiores valores de área foliar (4.389 cm2) em relação à média dos demais tratamentos (2.078 cm2), e atingiram valores máximos aos 113 dias após o plantio (DAP), enquanto no campo aberto, os valores máximos foram atingidos aos 92 DAP. O teor de clorofila total das plantas de batata não apresentou diferenças significativas e teve média de 44,4 unidades SPAD. Os tratamentos em casa de vegetação apresentaram maior condutância estomática (gs) (451,7 mmol m-2 s-1) em comparação aos tratamentos plantados em campo aberto (221 mmol m-2 s-1).
Palavras-chave:
Solanaceae; Diacol Capiro; SPAD; graus-dia de calor; condutância estomática
Introduction
Grown in over 150 countries, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is among the ten most widely consumed staple foods worldwide (George et al., 2017), making it highly relevant for food security (Koch et al., 2024).
The increase in climate variability has resulted in prolonged periods of heat and drought. It is a constant threat to potato production since the crop is vulnerable to temperatures above 27 °C, which causes estimated yield losses between 9 and 32%. Climate variations also affect critical factors such as photoperiod and temperature, directly influencing tuberization (Koch et al., 2024), as well as crop planning, planting dates, agricultural practices, and the incidence of pests and diseases, suggesting the need for new crop management technologies (Nasir & Toth, 2022).
In this respect, growing crops under greenhouse conditions is important because it allows climate variations to be controlled, generates higher yields, facilitates year-round production, shortens the crop cycle, improves the efficiency of chemical inputs, and ensures better management of water and soil resources (D’Amico et al., 2023). Akpenpuun & Mijinyawa (2018) tested different Irish potato varieties and found that production was significantly higher during drought in the greenhouse than in the open field.
On the other hand, planting in plastic bags is a recently adopted technique that contributes to maintaining soil moisture content, reduces evaporation levels and phytosanitary product use, enables better weed control, regulates soil temperature, and prevents soil erosion (Abbate et al., 2023). Rumhungwe et al. (2016) observed low yields of 0.15 to 0.78 kg per plant, which were attributed to the lack of information on this planting method, indicating that additional testing is needed to improve crop yields.
As such, this study aimed to assess the growth and yield of ‘Diacol Capiro’ potato plants cultivated using different planting methods under greenhouse and open field conditions.
Materials and Methods
The study was conducted from June 13 to November 14, 2023, in a greenhouse on the ‘La María’ farm belonging to the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia (UPTC), in the municipality of Tunja (Boyacá) (5° 33’ N; 73° 24’ W; 2,696 m.a.s.l.). The average temperature recorded during the crop cycle was 20.9 °C inside the greenhouse and 14.7 °C in the open field, with relative humidity of 69.4 and 76.9%, respectively. Total rainfall during the crop cycle was 234.5 mm, and daily rainfall is shown in Figure 1.
The ‘Diacol Capiro’ potato variety, also known as R-12, was used. This variety is characterized by a 165-day vegetative period at altitudes between 2,000 and 3,200 m. Its tubers are numerous, round, and slightly flattened in shape and its roots can reach a depth of 0.5 m. It is the second most planted variety in Colombia and although consumed fresh, is largely used in industrial processing (potato chips and French fries) due to its good frying characteristics (Herrera & Porras, 2015).
The study design was completely randomized, with four treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme. The first factor was growing conditions (greenhouse or open field), and the second was the planting method (in bags or directly in the soil). Each treatment consisted of six replications, totaling 24 experimental units (EU). Each EU covered an area of 15.75 m2, containing three rows of seven plants each, totaling 21 plants per EU, 126 plants per treatment, and 504 plants in the study. Plants were spaced 0.4 m apart, with 1 m between rows.
The greenhouse was gable style and covered in plastic, with an eave height of 5.5 m, ridge height of 4 m, and width of 6 m. The substrate used for bag planting was a mixture of rice husks and black soil at a ratio of 50:50. Bag dimensions were 60 cm × 60 cm, with a gauge of 8 and capacity of 32 to 37 L. The topography of the lot is flat, with clayey-textured soil classified as Inceptisol and particle size distribution of 50.88, 29.12, and 20 dag kg-1 of clay, sand, and silt, respectively. Soil apparent density was 1.57 g cm-3, pH 5.57, and electrical conductivity 0.10 dS m-1, 1.29% organic matter, 5.46 mg kg-1 of phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) contents of 5.62, 2.66, 0.14, and 0.07 cmolc kg-1, respectively.
The rice husk used had an apparent density of 0.12 g cm-3, volumetric moisture content of 11%, electrical conductivity of 0.03 dS m-1, and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) contents of 5.5, 0.9, 3.0, 1.2, and 1.1 g kg-1, respectively (Calderón & Cevallos, 2021). Irrigation in the greenhouse was performed every two days for 30 minutes, using 2 L h⁻1 drippers spaced 40 cm apart. Fertilization was carried out thirty days after planting (DAP), using 12, 20, and 25 g m-2 of diammonium phosphate, urea, and potassium chloride, respectively. Another application was performed at 60 DAP, with 6 g m-2 of calcium nitrate, 10 g m-2 of urea, and other minor elements. Diseases such as early blight (Alternaria solani), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), and powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) and insects pests such as the flea beetle (Epitrix spp.), moth (Tecia solanivora), and leaf miner (Scrobipalpula absoluta), were controlled via biweekly applications of mancozeb (1 kg ha-1), metalaxyl (1 kg ha-1), azoxystrobin (500 cm³ ha-1), difenoconazole (500 cm³ ha-1), ziram (1.25 kg ha-1), and sulfur (1 L ha-1). It should be noted that potatoes in the greenhouse were exposed to S. pannosa attacks, which are not commonly observed in the field, whereas Epitrix attacks were more significant in the open-field experiment and did not occur in greenhouses.
Two plants per EU were assessed every 21 days, using 32 plants for each of the seven destructive measurements carried out throughout the 155-day crop cycle, the normal estimated duration for the area. The fresh weight of each plant part (root, leaves, stems, tubers, and seed) was measured in each EU using a VîBRΛ AJ220E electronic balance (Shinko Denshi Co., Ltd, Japan) with 0.001 g precision. Dry weight was obtained by drying the samples in a Memmert UN110 oven (Memmert GmbH + Co. KG, Schwabach, Germany) at 70 °C for 48 hours and then weighing them. Relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) was determined with an MC-100 chlorophyll concentration meter (Apogee Instruments, Inc., UT, USA), taking three measurements in the middle third of each plant. Stomatal conductance (gs) was measured with an SC-1 meter (Decagon Devices Inc., Pullman, WA, USA) and expressed in mmol m-2 s-1. Leaf area was obtained by photographing the leaves against a black background with a 4 cm² red square as reference, using a camera fixed on a tripod at a height of 50 cm. The resulting images were analyzed using Easy Leaf Area software (Lobet, 2017).
Cumulative growing degree days (CGDD) were calculated using temperatures recorded with a UT330A datalogger (Uni-Trend Technology Co., Ltd., China) and Eq. 1, where Tmax and Tmin are the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, respectively, and Tbase is the base temperature (2 °C) (Struik, 2007).
Crop growth was analyzed based on total dry and fresh weight, adjusted to a sigmoid logistic model (Kawano et al., 2020), since it exhibited the highest correlation coefficients (r) according to Eq. 2.
where:
f(t) - is the total dry (ToDW) and fresh weight (ToFW) in grams according to the cumulative growing degree days (CGDD) in °C;
α - cumulative maximum value of the variable in grams;
b - constant related to the relative growth rate; and
c - the CGDD where the variable reached the maximum growth rate.
The model was derived from Eq. 1 and the maximum growth rates for each treatment were obtained by substituting the c values.
Based on the data obtained, normality and homogeneity of variances were analyzed to check the assumptions of analysis of variance (ANOVA), which was performed before mean comparison via Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Next, principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to assess the relationship between the parameters measured. Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS OnDemand for Academics program (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) in SAS 9.2 software.
Results and Discussion
Significant differences were observed for root fresh weight (RFW) in the interaction, between planting methods and crop conditions, starting 50 days after planting (DAP) (554.3 and 723.1 CGDD in the open field and greenhouse, respectively) and continuing throughout the crop cycle (155 DAP; 1,774.4 and 2,392 CGDD in the open field and greenhouse, respectively) (Table 1). Planting in soil in the greenhouse (G&S) produced the highest RFW values, with significant differences throughout the crop cycle, exceeding the average of the other treatments by 72.2% towards the end of the cycle (Figures 2A to D), which exhibited similar behavior. In this respect, Struik (2007) found that the higher temperatures in greenhouse (average of 17.4 °C) compared to open field conditions (average of 13.4 °C) not only favors stolon formation, but increases stolon branching as well as root length and diameter and the number of root hairs.
Effect of different growing conditions and planting methods on the fresh weight of different potato plant parts in the greenhouse and bag (A), greenhouse and soil (B), open field and bag (C), and open field and soil (D) treatments
Analysis of RFW over time showed a significant increase at 71 DAP in the G&S treatment, followed by a decline at 113 DAP and a slight increase near 155 DAP. Similar behavior was observed in the other treatments, except RFW peaked at 50 DAP. This trend is similar to Johansen et al. (2015), who observed maximum water and nutrient absorption at around 45 DAP, favoring greater root biomass accumulation. This was followed by a slight growth of less than 1 cm d-1, which ceased towards the end of the crop cycle. This behavior is also attributed to the horizontal root growth typical of potato plants.
Interaction between planting methods and growing conditions exhibited significant root dry weight (RDW) differences starting at 71 DAP (Table 1). The highest RDW values throughout the crop cycle were recorded in the G&S treatment (Figure 3), exceeding the other treatments by 142.7% at harvest (155 DAP). This indicates that planting in soil in the greenhouse promoted greater RDW than RFW gains. RDW tended to increase in all the treatments up to 50 DAP, whereafter only G&S maintained constant values until the end of the crop cycle. In the other treatments, RDW declined until 71 DAP, followed by a slight increase until harvest. The increase and subsequent decrease in RDW can be attributed to stolons in the initial measurements since these parts were not separated to obtain RDW.
Effect of growing conditions and planting methods on the dry weight of different plant parts in potato in the greenhouse and bag (A), greenhouse and soil (B), open field and bag (C), and open field and soil (D) treatments
Parental tuber fresh weight (PTFW) showed no significant differences between treatments, except at 71 DAP, when the highest values were obtained in plants grown in the greenhouse and planted in bags (G&B) and in the open field and bags (OF&B). This suggests that planting in a bag affected (decreasing or delaying) the translocation of photoassimilates provided by seeds for stem and leaf formation.
Similarly, stem fresh weight (SFW) decreased throughout the crop cycle, and no seeds were observed from 134 DAP onwards. For parental tuber dry weight (PTDW), there were no significant differences between treatments; however, photoassimilate translocation was more pronounced than that observed for PTFW, indicating that the parental tuber provides a larger amount of photoassimilates than water for new shoot formation.
Significant differences were observed for SFW and stem dry weight (SDW) in all the measurements throughout the crop cycle (Table 1), particularly in G&S, with values 390 and 515% higher, respectively, than those obtained under the other conditions assessed. This indicates that greenhouse conditions improved the growth and vigor of potato plant stems, similar to the findings of Sommerfeldt & Knutson (1968), who found that lower temperatures (12.8 compared to 21.1 °C) delayed shoot growth and elongation. Additionally, Struik (2007) reported that high temperatures increase the number of lateral and apical stems and SDW since they favor plant height and branching. Similarly, SFW and SDW displayed an increasing trend during crop growth, indicating that the stems accumulate mass throughout the crop cycle and contribute little to tuber production.
There were significant differences in leaf fresh (LFW) and dry weight (LDW) between planting methods and growing conditions throughout crop development. The G&S treatment produced the highest LFW and LDW (451.7 and 52.7 g, respectively) compared to the average values of the other conditions studied (172.2 and 17.6 g, respectively). Struik (2007) found that leaf emergence in potato crops is most efficient at 28 °C and that increasing temperatures positively affect the final leaf count. The temperature differential inside the greenhouse was 24.3 and 11.5 °C in the field. In this respect, the larger day-to-night temperature variation within the greenhouse optimized photosynthesis during the day and facilitated reserve accumulation at night, enhancing translocation to the tubers (Escuredo et al., 2020).
LFW increased up to 113 DAP and then declined towards the end of the crop cycle (Figures 2A to D). Similarly, LDW increased up to 92 DAP in G&S until 113 DAP in the other treatments, decreasing thereafter (Figures 3A to D). This confirms the effect of temperature in accelerating photosynthetic processes and the resulting dry weight gain. This decrease is attributed to photoassimilate translocation from the leaves in the upper and middle portions of the plant to the tubers, which can reach 68% of the C accumulated in the plant under normal conditions. However, translocation depends on plant age, stem position, and leaf ontogenesis stage (Golovko & Tabalenkova, 2019).
Tuber fresh (TFW) and dry weight (TDW) differed significantly between the conditions and planting methods assessed during crop growth (Table 1), with values 143 and 126% higher, respectively, than those obtained in the other treatments (Figure 2 and Figure 3). The first tubers emerged at 50 DAP, and tuber filling began at around 71 DAP, increasing until harvest (155 DAP). Santos et al. (2010) found that the greatest demand for photoassimilates by tubers in Diacol Capiro potatoes was at 98 DAP, while in G&S it occurred at 92 DAP, and 113 DAP for the other treatments. This highlights the role of the higher temperatures provided by greenhouse conditions, increasing the demand potential of tubers and resulting in greater production. Muhie (2022) found that optimal potato production requires nighttime temperatures below 18 °C, which favor tuberization regardless of whether the daytime temperature is between 25 and 27 °C or 30 and 35 °C.
On the other hand, Goloko & Tabalenkova (2019) recorded TDW production of 168 g per plant, whereas in the present study values of 280, 662, 259, and 248 g were recorded at 155 DAP in the G&B, G&S, OF&B, and OF&S treatments, respectively. These values are higher largely because the variety studied (Diacol Capiro) is primarily used in agroindustry (which prefers larger potatoes), along with the effect of temperature on increased tuberization in potato plants.
Significant differences in the number of tubers per plant were observed from 113 DAP onwards and between growing conditions and planting methods, with the greenhouse and open field conditions reaching 31 and 18 tubers, respectively. Planting in a bag produced an average of 16 tubers and in soil 33.
Total fresh (ToFW) and dry weight (ToDW) showed significant statistical differences between treatments during the measurements carried out (Table 1; Figures 2C, 2D, 3C, and 3D). G&S exhibited 161 and 152% greater ToFW and ToDW production, respectively, in relation to the other treatments. This emphasizes the importance of planting in a greenhouse, moisture retention, and soil nutrient contribution, especially nitrogen (Xing et al., 2020), with greenhouse planting in the soil producing greater biomass in all the plant parts when compared to treatments where plants were sown directly in the substrate.
In plants in the greenhouse, ToFW increased slowly up to 71 DAP, with the rate of weight gain then accelerating until 134 DAP, followed by a slight increase until harvest, fitting a sigmoid logistic model as reported by Goeser et al. (2012). By contrast, growth was slow for plants in the open field up to 134 DAP, with accelerated growth observed at harvest (155 DAP).
There were significant differences between treatments for leaf area (LA) throughout the crop cycle (Figure 4A), with the highest value (4389 cm²) observed in G&S compared to the average of the other treatments (2078 cm²). In the greenhouse treatments (G&S and G&B), LA increased up to 113 DAP, but peaked at 92 DAP in OF&S. Towards the end of the growing cycle, LA declined in all the treatments due to the translocation of photoassimilates for tuber filling. In this respect, Paul et al. (2017) noted that up to 80% of the carbon fixed in photosynthesis is translocated by mature leaves. However, the OF&B treatment exhibited constant growth during the crop cycle, indicating a probable delay in plant development under these conditions.
Effect of different growing conditions and planting methods on potato leaf area (A), and SPAD (B).
It should be noted that the greenhouse treatments (20.9 °C) with similar planting methods were always superior to their open-field counterparts (14.7 °C). According to Struik (2007), leaf areas are larger at high temperatures because the leaf emergence rate is optimal at temperatures close to 28 °C, with the greatest growth occurring at 25 °C. High temperatures also affect the final number of leaves per plant, improve photosynthetic efficiency, accelerate plant metabolism, and stimulate the production of hormones that promote new leaf growth (Yamori et al., 2014).
Total chlorophyll content (expressed in SPAD units) did not differ significantly between treatments, except at 71 and 134 DAP, when the highest values were recorded in G&S and OP&B, respectively (Figure 4B). This lack of significance can be attributed to the fact that chlorophyllase only acts above 60 °C, indicating that despite the different conditions used, temperatures were not extreme enough to degrade photosynthetic pigments (Yánez-Segovia et al., 2023). The average SPAD value obtained for the Diacol Capiro plants was 44.4 ± 2.7, lower than the 53, 52, and 47 SPAD units reported by Burgos-Ávila et al. (2021) for the same variety in open field conditions at 60, 80, and 100 DAP, respectively. Similarly, Romero et al. (2017) reported 41 SPAD for the Diacol Capiro variety, while Rahman et al. (2024) obtained 39 and 45 SPAD at 40 DAP for potato plants under natural light and different LED light spectrums, respectively.
The average total chlorophyll content differed significantly over time across all the treatments. SPAD values increased from 50 (39.53) to 113 DAP (53.13), and then declined until harvest (44.36 SPAD). Romero et al. (2017) noted a decline in chlorophyll total after 95 DAP (32 SPAD), accompanied by leaf yellowing and senescence. Chlorophyll content is a good indicator of plant photosynthetic capacity and health, SPAD values have been positively correlated with tuber yield and quality (Yánez-Segovia et al., 2023).
Stomatal conductance (gs) differed significantly between treatments, except for the measurement performed at harvest (155 DAP). In general, greenhouse treatments produced higher gs values (451.7 mmol m-2 s-1) than their open-field counterparts (221 mmol m-2 s-1) (Figure 5). Stomatal conductance varied throughout the crop cycle, decreasing up to 71 DAP (179.5 mmol m-2 s-1), then rising until 113 DAP (502.1 mmol m-2 s-1), and declining at harvest (200 mmol m-2 s-1) with plant senescence. This pattern is similar to that observed by Li et al. (2021). Additionally, the values obtained in the open field are comparable to the average of 210 mmol m-2 s-1 reported by Ramirez et al. (2016) for plants submitted to different irrigation treatments. Similarly, Huntenburg et al. (2023) recorded 149 and 321 mmol m-2 s-1 for plants in water stress and well-watered conditions, respectively. In the Diacol Capiro variety, Rodríguez-Pérez et al. (2017) obtained an average gs of 197 mmol m-2 s-1 in well-watered plants.
Effect of different growing conditions and planting methods of potato crops on stomatal conductance
Stomatal conductance reflects the balance between photosynthesis and transpiration, optimizing plant performance and adaptability to different conditions (Faralli et al., 2019). The gs values recorded for OF&S plants correlated significantly with temperatures recorded in the open field at the time of measurement (r = 0.71). Similarly, the values of the G&B potato crop correlated with greenhouse temperature at measurement (r = 0.73), demonstrating that temperature plays an important role in gs.
Growth analysis using sigmoid logistic models indicated a good fit for ToDW in all treatments (Table 2). However, for ToFW, only G&B and G&S fit the logistic model, while OF&B and OF&S did not converge and were fit to a linear model for the final growth phase. This likely indicates that planting in the open field did not accumulate enough growing degree days (155 DAP) to reach full harvest maturity.
In G&S, the highest parameter a values were observed for both ToDW and ToFW, indicating that this treatment achieved the highest biomass production compared to the others. Likewise, treatments in soil produced higher ToDW and ToFW than those planted in bags. The greenhouse treatments exhibited the highest ToDW accumulation rate, likely because the higher temperatures favor photosynthetic activity. Furthermore, the controlled conditions in a greenhouse help manage pests and diseases (Pandey et al., 2023). The phenological cycle was shorter under greenhouse conditions, since the time needed to reach the highest accumulation rates decreased by up to 42 days compared to open field treatments.
Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated a correlation between the variables measured, with the first (59.93%) and second components (13.16%) explaining 73.09% of data variance. Figure 6 shows a positive significant correlation between leaf area and LFW (r = 0.8448), SFW (r = 0.6897), LDW (r = 0.8576), and SDW (r = 0.6637). This suggests that measuring LA is an important estimate of LDW and LFW since these parameters showed the highest correlation. Leaf fresh and dry weight could be calculated based on images without destructive measurements, and LA can be estimated by measuring LFW. Similarly, SFW showed a strong correlation with SDW (r = 0.9141) and ToFW (r = 0.9055), Rahman et al. (2024) reported a strong correlation between total dry weight and stem length.
Relationship between the parameters evaluated in potato plants growing with different planting methods under greenhouse and open field conditions
LFW displayed a strong correlation with LDW (r = 0.9488), ToFW (r = 0.8663), SDW (r = 0.8724), and ToDW (r = 0.8428), indicating that potato LFW is a good indicator of plant total weight. Similarly, TFW showed a strong correlation with TDW (r = 0.9488), ToFW (r = 0.9838), and ToDW (r = 0.9515), suggesting that tuber weight is the best indicator of total biomass production. Furthermore, root parameters did not correlate with other growth and production variables in the open field, whereas in the greenhouse, RFW and RDW were related to LDW. On the other hand, PTFW and PTDW were weakly correlated with the other variables measured, in line with Rahman et al. (2024).
Conclusions
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Planting potato crops in soil in a greenhouse favors root, stem, leaf, and tuber dry and fresh weight accumulation.
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Potato plants grown in a greenhouse exhibited higher stomatal conductance, accumulated more growing degree days, and a larger leaf area than those grown in the open field.
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The sigmoid logistic model showed a good fit for total dry and fresh weight accumulation in potato plants grown in a greenhouse.
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Planting potato in soil in a greenhouse at an average temperature of 21 °C enhances crop production.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the members of the agricultural research group (GIA in Spanish) for their collaboration in developing this project.
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Financing statement
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This research was funded with resources from call for research proposals no. 890 of Minciencias, within the framework of project 82237 entitled “Design, development, and validation of a model for early detection of Late Blight in Diacol Capiro potato crops through analysis of acquired spectral images in the departments of Boyacá and Cundinamarca”, and call 02 of 2024 - Mechanism 01 of Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, SGI 3683.
Data availability
There are no supplementary sources.
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
28 Apr 2025 -
Date of issue
Aug 2025
History
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Received
23 June 2024 -
Accepted
04 Mar 2025 -
Published
31 Mar 2025
DAP - Days after planting
CGDD - Cumulative growth degree day
CGDD - Cumulative growth degree day
ns - not significant; * and ** - indicate significant differences between treatments according to ANOVA (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively); DAP - days after planting. Means with different letters at the same measurement time indicate significant differences between planting methods and growing conditions according to Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), illustrated by the vertical bars.
ns - not significant; ** indicates significant differences between treatments according to ANOVA (p < 0.01). DAP - days after planting. Means with different letters at the same measurement time indicate significant differences between planting methods and growing conditions according to Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), illustrated by the vertical bars.
RFW - Root fresh weight; RDW - Root dry weight; PTFW - Parental tuber fresh weight; PTDW - Parental tuber dry weight; SFW - Stem fresh weight; SDW- Stem dry weight; LFW - Leaf fresh weight; LDW - Leaf dry weight; TFW - Tuber fresh weight; TDW - Tuber dry weight; ToFW - Total fresh weight; ToDW - Total dry weight; gs - stomatal conductance; LA - Leaf area.